1 Uploading PFT Dataframes

1.1 Simmons

#Need to import the correct sheet from the original Simmons file
outfile1 <- here("Simmons_fILDPts_PFTs_2022_03_28.xlsx")
Simm_pft <- read_excel(outfile1, na="")

1.1.1 Correct formatting for Simm_pft dataframe

Simm_pft <- Simm_pft %>% mutate_at(vars(pft_date, tx_date, dob, death_date, last_updated, dx_date, UPMC_lastvisit, Simmons_lastvisit, consent_date, first_pft_date), as.Date, format="%m/%d/%Y")
str(Simm_pft)
## tibble [8,639 × 43] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                  : num [1:8639] 1097 1097 1405 1405 1405 ...
##  $ pft_date            : Date[1:8639], format: "2002-09-26" "2002-01-18" ...
##  $ fvc_pct             : num [1:8639] 31.3 31.9 65.7 64.7 61.8 ...
##  $ dlco_pct            : num [1:8639] NA NA 39.3 47.1 41.7 ...
##  $ tx_date             : Date[1:8639], format: NA NA ...
##  $ dob                 : Date[1:8639], format: "1937-08-15" "1937-08-15" ...
##  $ ADI_state           : num [1:8639] 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ...
##  $ ADI_nat             : num [1:8639] 67 67 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 ...
##  $ lat                 : num [1:8639] 41.1 41.1 40.4 40.4 40.4 ...
##  $ lon                 : num [1:8639] -80 -80 -79.8 -79.8 -79.8 ...
##  $ City                : chr [1:8639] "HARRISVILLE" "HARRISVILLE" "MONROEVILLE" "MONROEVILLE" ...
##  $ State               : chr [1:8639] "PA" "PA" "PA" "PA" ...
##  $ zip5                : chr [1:8639] "16038" "16038" "15146" "15146" ...
##  $ death_date          : Date[1:8639], format: "2008-12-09" "2008-12-09" ...
##  $ last_updated        : Date[1:8639], format: "2021-01-27" "2021-01-27" ...
##  $ dx_date             : Date[1:8639], format: "2002-01-24" "2002-01-24" ...
##  $ UPMC_lastvisit      : Date[1:8639], format: "2008-10-15" "2008-10-15" ...
##  $ Simmons_lastvisit   : Date[1:8639], format: NA NA ...
##  $ pkyrs               : num [1:8639] NA NA 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 ...
##  $ consent_date        : Date[1:8639], format: "2003-02-27" "2003-02-27" ...
##  $ first_pft_date      : Date[1:8639], format: "2002-01-18" "2002-01-18" ...
##  $ first_fvc_pct       : num [1:8639] 31.9 31.9 53.6 53.6 53.6 ...
##  $ first_dlco_pct      : num [1:8639] NA NA 38.1 38.1 38.1 ...
##  $ first_pft_timefromdx: num [1:8639] -0.0164 -0.0164 0 0 0 ...
##  $ status              : num [1:8639] 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ age_dx              : num [1:8639] 64.4 64.4 44.7 44.7 44.7 ...
##  $ time_censoring      : num [1:8639] 6.72 6.72 19.93 19.93 19.93 ...
##  $ time_death          : num [1:8639] 6.87 6.87 NA NA NA ...
##  $ time_tx             : num [1:8639] NA NA 18 18 18 ...
##  $ time_deathORtx      : num [1:8639] 6.87 6.87 18.05 18.05 18.05 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor  : num [1:8639] 6.87 6.87 18.05 18.05 18.05 ...
##  $ sex                 : chr [1:8639] "F" "F" "F" "F" ...
##  $ race                : chr [1:8639] "B" "B" "W" "W" ...
##  $ ethnicity           : chr [1:8639] "N" "N" "N" "N" ...
##  $ died                : chr [1:8639] "1" "1" "0" "0" ...
##  $ txed                : chr [1:8639] "0" "0" "1" "1" ...
##  $ deadORtx            : chr [1:8639] "1" "1" "1" "1" ...
##  $ dx_type             : chr [1:8639] "Primary" "Primary" "Primary" "Primary" ...
##  $ dx                  : chr [1:8639] "SSC_ILD" "SSC_ILD" "SSC_ILD" "SSC_ILD" ...
##  $ smokeHx             : chr [1:8639] NA NA "Former" "Former" ...
##  $ dich_Race           : chr [1:8639] "Non-White" "Non-White" "White" "White" ...
##  $ dich_smoking        : chr [1:8639] NA NA "Ever" "Ever" ...
##  $ dx_group            : chr [1:8639] "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" ...

1.1.2 Create PFT ID variable

This will make it easier to identify any cells with issues and replace them if needed

Simm_pft <- Simm_pft %>% mutate(pft_id=1:8639)

1.1.3 Select Necessary PFT Columns

Simm_pft <- Simm_pft %>% dplyr::select(ID, pft_date, fvc_pct, dlco_pct)
str(Simm_pft)
## tibble [8,639 × 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : num [1:8639] 1097 1097 1405 1405 1405 ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:8639], format: "2002-09-26" "2002-01-18" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:8639] 31.3 31.9 65.7 64.7 61.8 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:8639] NA NA 39.3 47.1 41.7 ...

1.1.4 Make cohort column

Simm_pft$cohort <- "Simmons"

1.2 PFF

#Need to import the correct sheet from the original PFF file
outfile1 <- here("PFF_FormatData_2021_10_06.xlsx")
PFF_FVC <- read_excel(outfile1, sheet="FVC", na="")

PFF_DLCO <- read_excel(outfile1, sheet="DLCO", na="")

1.2.1 Correct formatting for PFF_FVC dataframe

PFF_FVC <- PFF_FVC %>% dplyr::select(SSID, TestDays, pctFVC)
str(PFF_FVC)
## tibble [9,118 × 3] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ SSID    : chr [1:9118] "02R0456" "02R0456" "02R0462" "02R0462" ...
##  $ TestDays: num [1:9118] -98 -63 -84 -644 415 ...
##  $ pctFVC  : num [1:9118] 58.3 58.5 54.4 61.5 78.2 ...

1.2.2 Correct formatting for DLCO dataframe

PFF_DLCO <- PFF_DLCO %>% dplyr::select(SSID, TestDays, pctDLCOuncorr)
str(PFF_DLCO)
## tibble [7,643 × 3] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ SSID         : chr [1:7643] "02R0456" "02R0456" "02R0462" "02R0462" ...
##  $ TestDays     : num [1:7643] -63 -98 -84 -644 1106 ...
##  $ pctDLCOuncorr: num [1:7643] 28.8 26.8 32.7 52.9 57.8 ...

1.2.3 Get updated PFF ID

I created a new ID for PFF that is only numbers that is distinct from CARE and Simmons IDs and allows us to get rid of the SSID

outfile2 <- here("PFF_fILD_AllConstituentsMatched_2022_07_28.xlsx")
PM_PFF <- read_excel(outfile2, na="")
PM_PFF$ID <- paste("11111", PM_PFF$ID, sep="")
PM_PFF <- PM_PFF %>% dplyr::select(ID, SSID, consent_date)
PM_PFF$consent_date <- as.Date(PM_PFF$consent_date)

1.2.4 Make pft_date

PFF_FVC <- right_join(PM_PFF, PFF_FVC, by="SSID")
PFF_DLCO <- right_join(PM_PFF, PFF_DLCO, by="SSID")
PFF_FVC <- PFF_FVC %>% mutate(pft_date = as.Date(consent_date + lubridate::days(TestDays)))
PFF_FVC <- PFF_FVC %>% rename("fvc_pct"="pctFVC")
PFF_DLCO <- PFF_DLCO %>% mutate(pft_date = as.Date(consent_date + lubridate::days(TestDays)))
PFF_DLCO <- PFF_DLCO %>% rename("dlco_pct"="pctDLCOuncorr")

1.2.6 Combine FVC and DLCO dataframes

str(PFF_FVC)
## tibble [7,133 × 7] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : chr [1:7133] "111111" "111111" "111111" "111111" ...
##  $ SSID              : chr [1:7133] "24R0406" "24R0406" "24R0406" "24R0406" ...
##  $ consent_date      : Date[1:7133], format: "2016-09-23" "2016-09-23" ...
##  $ TestDays          : num [1:7133] 1266 1043 699 531 406 ...
##  $ fvc_pct           : num [1:7133] 69.6 75.4 59.9 64.8 57.2 ...
##  $ pft_date          : Date[1:7133], format: "2020-03-12" "2019-08-02" ...
##  $ fvc_timefromcensor: num [1:7133] 3.47 2.86 1.91 1.45 1.11 ...
PFF_FVC <- PFF_FVC %>% dplyr::select(ID, pft_date, fvc_pct)
str(PFF_DLCO)
## tibble [5,892 × 7] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                 : chr [1:5892] "111111" "111111" "111111" "111111" ...
##  $ SSID               : chr [1:5892] "24R0406" "24R0406" "24R0406" "24R0406" ...
##  $ consent_date       : Date[1:5892], format: "2016-09-23" "2016-09-23" ...
##  $ TestDays           : num [1:5892] 1266 1043 0 406 111 ...
##  $ dlco_pct           : num [1:5892] 75.3 73.2 80.4 76.9 72.3 ...
##  $ pft_date           : Date[1:5892], format: "2020-03-12" "2019-08-02" ...
##  $ dlco_timefromcensor: num [1:5892] 3.466 2.856 0 1.112 0.304 ...
PFF_DLCO <- PFF_DLCO %>% dplyr::select(ID, pft_date, dlco_pct)
PFF_pft <- full_join(PFF_FVC, PFF_DLCO, by=c("ID","pft_date"))
PFF_pft <- PFF_pft %>% filter(!is.na(ID))

1.2.7 Make cohort column

PFF_pft$cohort <- "PFF"

1.3 CARE-PF

#Need to import the correct sheet from the original Simmons file
outfile1 <- here("CAREPF_AllPts_PFTs_2021_06_01.xlsx")
CARE_pft <- read_excel(outfile1, na="")

1.3.1 Correct formatting for pft dataframe

CARE_pft <- CARE_pft %>% mutate_at(vars(pft_date, tx_date, dx_date), as.Date, format="%m/%d/%Y")

1.3.2 dplyr::select Necessary PFT Columns

CARE_pft <- CARE_pft %>% dplyr::select(ID, pft_date, fvc_pct, dlco_pct)
str(CARE_pft)
## tibble [29,002 × 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : num [1:29002] 10300303 10300303 10300304 10300304 10300305 ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:29002], format: "2011-11-22" "2014-06-10" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:29002] 101 102 113 109 59 60 66 79 62 77 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:29002] 57 44 70 69 33 48 51 NA 65 NA ...

1.3.3 Make cohort column

CARE_pft$cohort <- "CARE-PF"

1.4 Make columns equivalent between cohorts

str(Simm_pft)
## tibble [8,639 × 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : num [1:8639] 1097 1097 1405 1405 1405 ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:8639], format: "2002-09-26" "2002-01-18" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:8639] 31.3 31.9 65.7 64.7 61.8 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:8639] NA NA 39.3 47.1 41.7 ...
##  $ cohort  : chr [1:8639] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
str(PFF_pft)
## tibble [7,265 × 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : chr [1:7265] "111111" "111111" "111111" "111111" ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:7265], format: "2020-03-12" "2019-08-02" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:7265] 69.6 75.4 59.9 64.8 57.2 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:7265] 75.3 73.2 74.3 87 76.9 ...
##  $ cohort  : chr [1:7265] "PFF" "PFF" "PFF" "PFF" ...
str(CARE_pft)
## tibble [29,002 × 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : num [1:29002] 10300303 10300303 10300304 10300304 10300305 ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:29002], format: "2011-11-22" "2014-06-10" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:29002] 101 102 113 109 59 60 66 79 62 77 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:29002] 57 44 70 69 33 48 51 NA 65 NA ...
##  $ cohort  : chr [1:29002] "CARE-PF" "CARE-PF" "CARE-PF" "CARE-PF" ...
pft <- rbind(Simm_pft, PFF_pft, CARE_pft)

2 Uploading PM Dataframe

Need to upload the file which only includes patients with fibrotic ILD

outfile2 <- here("CombinedCohorts_5yrPreCensoringANDPreDxData_2023_04_03.xlsx")
PM <- read_excel(outfile2, na="")

2.1 Correct date format

PM <- PM %>% mutate_at(vars(DeathTxCensor_date, tx_date), as.Date, format="%m/%d/%Y")
str(PM)
## tibble [6,683 × 38] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : chr [1:6683] "1097" "1405" "2796" "4742" ...
##  $ cohort            : chr [1:6683] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
##  $ site              : chr [1:6683] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
##  $ dx_IPF            : chr [1:6683] "not_IPF" "not_IPF" "not_IPF" "not_IPF" ...
##  $ dx_yr             : num [1:6683] 2002 1999 2003 1999 2015 ...
##  $ sex               : chr [1:6683] "F" "F" "M" "F" ...
##  $ race              : chr [1:6683] "B" "W" "W" "W" ...
##  $ dich_Race         : chr [1:6683] "Non-White" "White" "White" "White" ...
##  $ smokeHx           : chr [1:6683] "Unknown" "Former" "Never" "Unknown" ...
##  $ age_dx            : num [1:6683] 64.4 44.7 42.3 45.5 45.2 ...
##  $ disadv            : num [1:6683] 0.579 0.6725 0.5949 0.5152 0.0558 ...
##  $ status            : chr [1:6683] "1" "2" "0" "0" ...
##  $ deadORtx          : chr [1:6683] "1" "1" "0" "0" ...
##  $ dx                : chr [1:6683] "SSC_ILD" "SSC_ILD" "RA_ILD" "MCTD" ...
##  $ dx_group          : chr [1:6683] "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" "CTD-ILD" ...
##  $ txed              : chr [1:6683] "0" "1" "0" "0" ...
##  $ tx_date           : Date[1:6683], format: "NaN" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ DeathTxCensor_date: Date[1:6683], format: "2008-12-09" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_date          : POSIXct[1:6683], format: "2002-01-18" "1999-07-26" ...
##  $ fvc_pct           : num [1:6683] 31.9 53.6 82.5 47.6 62 ...
##  $ dlco_pct          : num [1:6683] NA 38.1 98.2 65.3 42 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor: num [1:6683] 6.87 18.05 20.43 19.16 1.45 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 12.5 NA 14.7 NA 7.3 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 10.96 9.93 7.83 6.76 5.88 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 4.44 NA 5.86 NA 1.38 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 3.873 2.239 1.626 1.426 0.783 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.388 NA 1.035 NA 0.527 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.085 0.934 0.67 0.474 0.43 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.708 NA 2.017 NA 0.518 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.49 0.786 0.483 0.374 0.139 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.776 NA 0.861 NA 0.45 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.838 1.025 1.022 0.787 0.396 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 2.89 NA 3.56 NA 2.05 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 3.3 3.79 3.67 3.03 1.96 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.232 NA 0.302 NA 0.513 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.155 0.289 0.287 0.213 0.67 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreDx     : num [1:6683] 0.528 NA 0.585 NA 0.172 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreCensor : num [1:6683] 0.428 0.545 0.374 0.248 0.161 ...

2.2 Correct Factor Variables and Levels

PM <- PM %>% mutate_at(vars(cohort, site, dx_IPF, sex, race, dich_Race, smokeHx, status, deadORtx, dx, dx_group), as.factor)
str(PM)
## tibble [6,683 × 38] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : chr [1:6683] "1097" "1405" "2796" "4742" ...
##  $ cohort            : Factor w/ 3 levels "CARE-PF","PFF",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ site              : Factor w/ 50 levels "01R","02R","03R",..: 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 ...
##  $ dx_IPF            : Factor w/ 2 levels "IPF","not_IPF": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx_yr             : num [1:6683] 2002 1999 2003 1999 2015 ...
##  $ sex               : Factor w/ 2 levels "F","M": 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 ...
##  $ race              : Factor w/ 7 levels "A","B","I","N",..: 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ...
##  $ dich_Race         : Factor w/ 2 levels "Non-White","White": 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ smokeHx           : Factor w/ 4 levels "Always","Former",..: 4 2 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ age_dx            : num [1:6683] 64.4 44.7 42.3 45.5 45.2 ...
##  $ disadv            : num [1:6683] 0.579 0.6725 0.5949 0.5152 0.0558 ...
##  $ status            : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 ...
##  $ deadORtx          : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 ...
##  $ dx                : Factor w/ 39 levels "AEP","AFOP","AIP",..: 37 37 30 22 37 30 27 37 37 6 ...
##  $ dx_group          : Factor w/ 7 levels "CTD-ILD","HP",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ txed              : chr [1:6683] "0" "1" "0" "0" ...
##  $ tx_date           : Date[1:6683], format: "NaN" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ DeathTxCensor_date: Date[1:6683], format: "2008-12-09" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_date          : POSIXct[1:6683], format: "2002-01-18" "1999-07-26" ...
##  $ fvc_pct           : num [1:6683] 31.9 53.6 82.5 47.6 62 ...
##  $ dlco_pct          : num [1:6683] NA 38.1 98.2 65.3 42 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor: num [1:6683] 6.87 18.05 20.43 19.16 1.45 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 12.5 NA 14.7 NA 7.3 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 10.96 9.93 7.83 6.76 5.88 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 4.44 NA 5.86 NA 1.38 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 3.873 2.239 1.626 1.426 0.783 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.388 NA 1.035 NA 0.527 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.085 0.934 0.67 0.474 0.43 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.708 NA 2.017 NA 0.518 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.49 0.786 0.483 0.374 0.139 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.776 NA 0.861 NA 0.45 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.838 1.025 1.022 0.787 0.396 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 2.89 NA 3.56 NA 2.05 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 3.3 3.79 3.67 3.03 1.96 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.232 NA 0.302 NA 0.513 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.155 0.289 0.287 0.213 0.67 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreDx     : num [1:6683] 0.528 NA 0.585 NA 0.172 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreCensor : num [1:6683] 0.428 0.545 0.374 0.248 0.161 ...

2.3 Releveling Factors

Here I am releveling factors so that they are in an intuitive order for my later analyses.

PM$sex <- fct_relevel(PM$sex, c("M","F"))
PM$race <- fct_relevel(PM$race, c("W","B","A","N","U"))
PM$dich_Race <- fct_relevel(PM$dich_Race, c("White","Non-White"))
PM$smokeHx <- fct_relevel(PM$smokeHx, c("Never","Former","Always","Unknown"))
PM$site <- fct_relevel(PM$site, c("Simmons"))
PM$cohort <- fct_relevel(PM$cohort, c("Simmons", "PFF", "CARE-PF"))

#For dx and dx_group, I just want IPF to be first and then the rest of the categories are alphabetical
PM$dx <- fct_relevel(PM$dx, c("IPF"))
PM$dx_group <- fct_relevel(PM$dx_group, c("IPF"))
str(PM)
## tibble [6,683 × 38] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : chr [1:6683] "1097" "1405" "2796" "4742" ...
##  $ cohort            : Factor w/ 3 levels "Simmons","PFF",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ site              : Factor w/ 50 levels "Simmons","01R",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dx_IPF            : Factor w/ 2 levels "IPF","not_IPF": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx_yr             : num [1:6683] 2002 1999 2003 1999 2015 ...
##  $ sex               : Factor w/ 2 levels "M","F": 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 ...
##  $ race              : Factor w/ 7 levels "W","B","A","N",..: 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dich_Race         : Factor w/ 2 levels "White","Non-White": 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ smokeHx           : Factor w/ 4 levels "Never","Former",..: 4 2 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ age_dx            : num [1:6683] 64.4 44.7 42.3 45.5 45.2 ...
##  $ disadv            : num [1:6683] 0.579 0.6725 0.5949 0.5152 0.0558 ...
##  $ status            : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 ...
##  $ deadORtx          : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 ...
##  $ dx                : Factor w/ 39 levels "IPF","AEP","AFOP",..: 37 37 30 22 37 30 27 37 37 7 ...
##  $ dx_group          : Factor w/ 7 levels "IPF","CTD-ILD",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ txed              : chr [1:6683] "0" "1" "0" "0" ...
##  $ tx_date           : Date[1:6683], format: "NaN" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ DeathTxCensor_date: Date[1:6683], format: "2008-12-09" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_date          : POSIXct[1:6683], format: "2002-01-18" "1999-07-26" ...
##  $ fvc_pct           : num [1:6683] 31.9 53.6 82.5 47.6 62 ...
##  $ dlco_pct          : num [1:6683] NA 38.1 98.2 65.3 42 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor: num [1:6683] 6.87 18.05 20.43 19.16 1.45 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 12.5 NA 14.7 NA 7.3 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 10.96 9.93 7.83 6.76 5.88 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 4.44 NA 5.86 NA 1.38 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 3.873 2.239 1.626 1.426 0.783 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.388 NA 1.035 NA 0.527 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.085 0.934 0.67 0.474 0.43 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:6683] 1.708 NA 2.017 NA 0.518 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:6683] 1.49 0.786 0.483 0.374 0.139 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.776 NA 0.861 NA 0.45 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.838 1.025 1.022 0.787 0.396 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 2.89 NA 3.56 NA 2.05 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 3.3 3.79 3.67 3.03 1.96 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreDx       : num [1:6683] 0.232 NA 0.302 NA 0.513 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:6683] 0.155 0.289 0.287 0.213 0.67 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreDx     : num [1:6683] 0.528 NA 0.585 NA 0.172 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreCensor : num [1:6683] 0.428 0.545 0.374 0.248 0.161 ...

3 Remove PFTs that occurred after transplant

Then will make a simpler dataframe that can be joined to pft

txed <- PM %>% filter(txed==1) %>% dplyr::select(ID, tx_date)
txed$ID <- as.numeric(txed$ID)
str(txed)
## tibble [635 × 2] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID     : num [1:635] 1405 8183 8223 9946 10346 ...
##  $ tx_date: Date[1:635], format: "2019-04-18" "2005-10-21" ...

Next will join txed to pft

str(pft)
## tibble [44,906 × 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID      : chr [1:44906] "1097" "1097" "1405" "1405" ...
##  $ pft_date: Date[1:44906], format: "2002-09-26" "2002-01-18" ...
##  $ fvc_pct : num [1:44906] 31.3 31.9 65.7 64.7 61.8 ...
##  $ dlco_pct: num [1:44906] NA NA 39.3 47.1 41.7 ...
##  $ cohort  : chr [1:44906] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
pft$ID <- as.numeric(pft$ID)
pft <- left_join(pft, txed, by="ID")

#remove all pfts where pft_date>tx_date
pft <- pft %>% filter(is.na(tx_date) | pft_date<tx_date)

4 Remove PFT Values that Don’t Make Sense

There are some DLCO values that are too low that we need to remove. All the extremely high DLCOs have been removed that are incorrect and the remaining ones make sense.

pft <- pft %>% filter(fvc_pct>=20 & fvc_pct<=150)
summary(pft$fvc_pct)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   20.00   58.00   71.66   72.48   86.00  150.00
#FVCs look appropriate

pft <- pft %>% filter(dlco_pct>=10 & dlco_pct<=150)
summary(pft$dlco_pct)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   10.00   39.00   52.33   54.14   67.00  150.00
#DLCOs look appropriate

5 Make PFT ID column

pft$pft_id <- 1:35807

6 Merge PFT Dataframe with PM dataframe

Keep a simple pft dataframe

pftx <- pft
PM$ID <- as.numeric(PM$ID)
pft <- left_join(pft, PM, by=c("ID", "tx_date", "cohort"))
str(pft)
## tibble [35,807 × 42] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : num [1:35807] 1405 1405 1405 1405 1405 ...
##  $ pft_date.x        : Date[1:35807], format: "2009-11-05" "2008-07-03" ...
##  $ fvc_pct.x         : num [1:35807] 65.7 64.7 61.8 64.9 67.7 ...
##  $ dlco_pct.x        : num [1:35807] 39.3 47.1 41.7 41.8 43.2 ...
##  $ cohort            : chr [1:35807] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
##  $ tx_date           : Date[1:35807], format: "2019-04-18" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_id            : int [1:35807] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ site              : Factor w/ 50 levels "Simmons","01R",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dx_IPF            : Factor w/ 2 levels "IPF","not_IPF": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx_yr             : num [1:35807] 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 ...
##  $ sex               : Factor w/ 2 levels "M","F": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ race              : Factor w/ 7 levels "W","B","A","N",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dich_Race         : Factor w/ 2 levels "White","Non-White": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ smokeHx           : Factor w/ 4 levels "Never","Former",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ age_dx            : num [1:35807] 44.7 44.7 44.7 44.7 44.7 ...
##  $ disadv            : num [1:35807] 0.672 0.672 0.672 0.672 0.672 ...
##  $ status            : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ deadORtx          : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx                : Factor w/ 39 levels "IPF","AEP","AFOP",..: 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 ...
##  $ dx_group          : Factor w/ 7 levels "IPF","CTD-ILD",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ txed              : chr [1:35807] "1" "1" "1" "1" ...
##  $ DeathTxCensor_date: Date[1:35807], format: "2019-04-18" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_date.y        : POSIXct[1:35807], format: "1999-07-26" "1999-07-26" ...
##  $ fvc_pct.y         : num [1:35807] 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 ...
##  $ dlco_pct.y        : num [1:35807] 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor: num [1:35807] 18 18 18 18 18 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 9.93 9.93 9.93 9.93 9.93 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 0.786 0.786 0.786 0.786 0.786 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreDx     : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreCensor : num [1:35807] 0.545 0.545 0.545 0.545 0.545 ...
pft <- pft %>% rename("pft_date"="pft_date.x", "fvc_pct"="fvc_pct.x", "dlco_pct"="dlco_pct.x", "first_pft_date"="pft_date.y", "first_fvc_pct"="fvc_pct.y", "first_dlco_pct"="dlco_pct.y")
pft$ID <- as.factor(pft$ID)
str(pft)
## tibble [35,807 × 42] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ ID                : Factor w/ 6162 levels "1405","2055",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ pft_date          : Date[1:35807], format: "2009-11-05" "2008-07-03" ...
##  $ fvc_pct           : num [1:35807] 65.7 64.7 61.8 64.9 67.7 ...
##  $ dlco_pct          : num [1:35807] 39.3 47.1 41.7 41.8 43.2 ...
##  $ cohort            : chr [1:35807] "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" "Simmons" ...
##  $ tx_date           : Date[1:35807], format: "2019-04-18" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ pft_id            : int [1:35807] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ site              : Factor w/ 50 levels "Simmons","01R",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dx_IPF            : Factor w/ 2 levels "IPF","not_IPF": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx_yr             : num [1:35807] 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 ...
##  $ sex               : Factor w/ 2 levels "M","F": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ race              : Factor w/ 7 levels "W","B","A","N",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ dich_Race         : Factor w/ 2 levels "White","Non-White": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ smokeHx           : Factor w/ 4 levels "Never","Former",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ age_dx            : num [1:35807] 44.7 44.7 44.7 44.7 44.7 ...
##  $ disadv            : num [1:35807] 0.672 0.672 0.672 0.672 0.672 ...
##  $ status            : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ deadORtx          : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ dx                : Factor w/ 39 levels "IPF","AEP","AFOP",..: 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 ...
##  $ dx_group          : Factor w/ 7 levels "IPF","CTD-ILD",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
##  $ txed              : chr [1:35807] "1" "1" "1" "1" ...
##  $ DeathTxCensor_date: Date[1:35807], format: "2019-04-18" "2019-04-18" ...
##  $ first_pft_date    : POSIXct[1:35807], format: "1999-07-26" "1999-07-26" ...
##  $ first_fvc_pct     : num [1:35807] 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 ...
##  $ first_dlco_pct    : num [1:35807] 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1 ...
##  $ time_DeathTxCensor: num [1:35807] 18 18 18 18 18 ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ PM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 9.93 9.93 9.93 9.93 9.93 ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ SO4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ NO3_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreDx      : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ NH4_5yrPreCensor  : num [1:35807] 0.786 0.786 0.786 0.786 0.786 ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ BC_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ OM_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreDx       : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ SS_5yrPreCensor   : num [1:35807] 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreDx     : num [1:35807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ Soil_5yrPreCensor : num [1:35807] 0.545 0.545 0.545 0.545 0.545 ...

6.1 Create Time from First PFT Variable

pft$first_pft_date <- as.Date(pft$first_pft_date)
pft <- pft %>% mutate(time_firstPFT=(pft_date-first_pft_date)/365.25)
pft$time_firstPFT <- as.numeric(pft$time_firstPFT)
pft <- pft %>% filter(time_firstPFT>=0)
summary(pft$time_firstPFT)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##  0.0000  0.2875  0.9993  1.5113  2.1006 17.9083
#Now there are no negative time_firstPFTs
summary(pft$fvc_pct)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   22.94   48.12   58.00   59.92   70.00  125.00
summary(pft$dlco_pct)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   10.35   28.00   37.00   38.88   47.07  100.04
#And the breakdowns of fvc_pct and dlco_pct make sense

6.2 Descriptive Stats for FVC Decline

#Look at the mean and total variance of fvc_pct
pft %>% summarise(mean_fvc=mean(fvc_pct, na.rm=T))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   mean_fvc
##      <dbl>
## 1     59.9
tot_var_fvc <- pft %>% dplyr::select(fvc_pct) %>% summarise(var_fvc_pct=var(fvc_pct, na.rm=T))
tot_var_fvc
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   var_fvc_pct
##         <dbl>
## 1        287.
#Look at the between subject variance
bw_subj_var_fvc <- pft %>% group_by(ID) %>% mutate(mean_fvc_pct=mean(fvc_pct)) %>% ungroup() %>% summarise(bw_subj_var_fvc=var(mean_fvc_pct, na.rm=T))
bw_subj_var_fvc
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   bw_subj_var_fvc
##             <dbl>
## 1            247.
fvc_ICC <- bw_subj_var_fvc/tot_var_fvc
fvc_ICC
##   bw_subj_var_fvc
## 1       0.8605219

fvc_ICC=0.86 indicates that ~86% of the variance is between subject variance. I.e. there is more difference in fvc_pct between patients than within any single patient.

6.3 Number of PFTs

n_pfts <- pft %>% count(ID)
n_pfts
## # A tibble: 463 × 2
##    ID        n
##    <fct> <int>
##  1 1405     31
##  2 2055      1
##  3 3227      8
##  4 7702      8
##  5 7899      3
##  6 8180     11
##  7 8183     13
##  8 8336      6
##  9 8401     17
## 10 8565      1
## # … with 453 more rows
summary(n_pfts$n)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   1.000   2.000   4.000   4.687   6.000  31.000
#This shows that the median # of PFTs is 4 and the mean is 6

Median number of PFTs 4 and mean is 5

7 Association between PM/Constituents in 5yrs Pre-Diagnosis and FVC Decline

Linear mixed models with random intercept and slope will be used to evaluate the impact of PM During Disease on FVC decline.

7.1 PM2.5

7.1.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14380.1
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2919 -0.4350 -0.0175  0.4454  4.5608 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   255.00   15.969        
##           time_firstPFT  12.79    3.577   -0.09
##  Residual                25.72    5.072        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                65.1053     5.4154  12.022
## time_firstPFT              -6.6677     2.1626  -3.083
## PM_5yrPreDx                -0.4650     0.4310  -1.079
## site02R                    -9.3630    16.8437  -0.556
## site03R                    11.6036    12.2046   0.951
## site04R                     2.5025    11.7455   0.213
## site05R                   -11.3979     9.6903  -1.176
## site06R                    19.3613    11.9432   1.621
## site07R                    11.1271     4.9688   2.239
## site09R                    20.0243    11.9066   1.682
## site101                     0.8794     3.9237   0.224
## site102                     7.9901     6.9880   1.143
## site103                    -3.9310     3.9802  -0.988
## site104                    -8.8228     7.1920  -1.227
## site105                     2.6759     3.6711   0.729
## site106                    -5.6054     4.5163  -1.241
## site107                    -6.4709    11.9787  -0.540
## site108                    -3.1692    10.1148  -0.313
## site10R                    14.7520    17.5760   0.839
## site11R                    19.4776     8.3181   2.342
## site12R                     9.7173    11.9076   0.816
## site13R                    14.4479     8.9573   1.613
## site14R                     5.2409    15.0714   0.348
## site15R                   -27.9343    16.8079  -1.662
## site16R                   -15.6742     7.4996  -2.090
## site17R                     4.6738    16.8476   0.277
## site18R                    -0.8121    11.9810  -0.068
## site19R                     6.8155     7.5261   0.906
## site20R                     2.2080     7.0736   0.312
## site21R                     3.5426    16.3628   0.217
## site22R                     0.1035     5.3776   0.019
## site23R                   -11.9555     7.7053  -1.552
## site24R                     4.3835     6.5669   0.668
## site25R                     0.2292     7.0639   0.032
## site28R                     0.9515     9.7563   0.098
## site29R                    -5.5806    16.7328  -0.334
## site31R                     2.4054     7.6111   0.316
## site32R                    10.2468     8.5735   1.195
## site33R                   -17.1743     8.4739  -2.027
## site34R                     0.4184     6.6655   0.063
## site35R                     3.2543    10.0620   0.323
## site36R                   -13.0811     7.5312  -1.737
## site37R                    11.9873     8.3529   1.435
## site38R                    11.3550     5.7517   1.974
## site39R                    15.6427    16.8677   0.927
## site40R                    27.9128    11.7589   2.374
## site41R                    -2.4404     9.7893  -0.249
## site42R                    -1.1891     5.2655  -0.226
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreDx   0.1928     0.1665   1.158
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -14.2766    14.7635  -0.967
## time_firstPFT:site03R       2.6688     5.0844   0.525
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -4.5206     5.5208  -0.819
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -0.5836     6.2169  -0.094
## time_firstPFT:site06R      -2.5952     4.7856  -0.542
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -3.0610     1.5319  -1.998
## time_firstPFT:site09R      -5.6165     4.2493  -1.322
## time_firstPFT:site101       0.3735     1.3987   0.267
## time_firstPFT:site102      -1.1758     2.3678  -0.497
## time_firstPFT:site103       3.3199     1.4959   2.219
## time_firstPFT:site104       7.9567     3.6643   2.171
## time_firstPFT:site105       0.5738     1.2808   0.448
## time_firstPFT:site106       3.0342     1.7485   1.735
## time_firstPFT:site107       8.5241     6.7309   1.266
## time_firstPFT:site108       8.1962     3.3197   2.469
## time_firstPFT:site11R       3.7310     2.7811   1.342
## time_firstPFT:site12R       0.3908     4.0947   0.095
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -1.0332     4.0539  -0.255
## time_firstPFT:site14R       3.9947    18.9739   0.211
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.6103    11.3750  -0.229
## time_firstPFT:site16R       3.0319     2.6593   1.140
## time_firstPFT:site18R       7.2911    10.8025   0.675
## time_firstPFT:site19R       0.3890     3.2535   0.120
## time_firstPFT:site20R       1.7094     3.2162   0.532
## time_firstPFT:site21R       4.8205     4.4741   1.077
## time_firstPFT:site22R      -2.8819     2.6935  -1.070
## time_firstPFT:site23R       2.2615     5.0387   0.449
## time_firstPFT:site24R       0.9041     2.4101   0.375
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -5.5122     2.8020  -1.967
## time_firstPFT:site28R     -11.1407    10.9850  -1.014
## time_firstPFT:site29R       0.3493     4.7405   0.074
## time_firstPFT:site31R       1.6293     2.0578   0.792
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -3.2815     3.3034  -0.993
## time_firstPFT:site33R       3.9039     3.8649   1.010
## time_firstPFT:site34R       0.5002     2.4635   0.203
## time_firstPFT:site35R      13.1348     4.2784   3.070
## time_firstPFT:site36R       3.6283     2.8177   1.288
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -1.8727     2.7358  -0.685
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -2.3734     1.9081  -1.244
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -44.6861     8.6229  -5.182
## time_firstPFT:site40R       1.0647     4.5086   0.236
## time_firstPFT:site41R       2.0018     5.5583   0.360
## time_firstPFT:site42R       1.7412     5.4047   0.322
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.740
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 65.11 (95% CI [54.49,
## 75.73], t(2038) = 12.02, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-10.91, -2.43], t(2038) = -3.08, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.57, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-42.40, 23.67], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 35.54], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-20.53, 25.54], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.40, 95% CI [-30.40, 7.61], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.36, 95% CI [-4.06, 42.78], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.13, 95% CI [1.38, 20.87], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.02, 95% CI [-3.33, 43.37], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-6.82, 8.57], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.99, 95% CI [-5.71, 21.69], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-11.74, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.82, 95% CI [-22.93, 5.28], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-4.52, 9.88], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.46, 3.25], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.47, 95% CI [-29.96, 17.02], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-23.01, 16.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.75, 95% CI [-19.72, 49.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.89])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.48, 95% CI [3.16, 35.79], t(2038) = 2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.46, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-13.64, 33.07], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.45, 95% CI [-3.12, 32.01], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-24.32, 34.80], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.93, 95% CI [-60.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.67, 95% CI [-30.38, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.67, 95% CI [-28.37, 37.71], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-24.31, 22.68], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-7.94, 21.58], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-11.66, 16.08], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-28.55, 35.63], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.10, 95% CI [-10.44, 10.65], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.96, 95% CI [-27.07, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-8.49, 17.26], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-13.62, 14.08], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.18, 20.08], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.58, 95% CI [-38.40, 27.23], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-12.52, 17.33], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-6.57, 27.06], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.17, 95% CI [-33.79, -0.56], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.42, 95% CI [-12.65, 13.49], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.25, 95% CI [-16.48, 22.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [0.07, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-27.85, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.99, 95% CI [-4.39, 28.37], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.36, 95% CI [0.08, 22.63], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.64, 95% CI [-17.44, 48.72], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -2.84,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.70])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [4.85, 50.97], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.73, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.76], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.19, 95% CI [-11.52, 9.14], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.52], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.28, 95% CI [-43.23, 14.68], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.67, 95% CI [-7.30, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.52, 95% CI [-15.35, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.925;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-11.98, 6.79], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-6.07, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -5.30e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.62, 95% CI [-13.95, 2.72], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-2.37, 3.12], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-5.82, 3.47], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [0.39, 6.25], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.96, 95% CI [0.77, 15.14], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.07, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-1.94, 3.09], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.39, 6.46], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.52, 95% CI [-4.68, 21.72], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.44, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.20, 95% CI [1.69, 14.71], t(2038) = 2.47, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.16, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-1.72, 9.19], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-7.64, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-8.98, 6.92], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-33.22, 41.21], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-24.92, 19.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-2.18, 8.25], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-13.89, 28.48], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.30, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.77], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-4.60, 8.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.82, 95% CI [-3.95, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.281; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-7.62, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.63], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.51, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.02], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.03, -1.60e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.14, 95% CI [-32.68, 10.40], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.311;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.05, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-8.95, 9.65], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-2.41, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.76, 3.20], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-3.68, 11.48], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.33, 5.33], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.13, 95% CI [4.74, 21.53], t(2038) = 3.07, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.44, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-7.24, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-6.12, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.69, 95% CI [-61.60, -27.78], t(2038) = -5.18, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.17, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.78, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.86, 12.34], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.15])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## PM_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## PM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 65.11 (95% CI [54.49, 75.73], t(2038) = 12.02, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-10.91, -2.43], t(2038) = -3.08, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.57, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-42.40, 23.67], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 35.54], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-20.53, 25.54], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.40, 95% CI [-30.40, 7.61], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.36, 95% CI [-4.06, 42.78], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.13, 95% CI [1.38, 20.87], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.02, 95% CI [-3.33, 43.37], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-6.82, 8.57], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.99, 95% CI [-5.71, 21.69], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-11.74, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.82, 95% CI [-22.93, 5.28], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-4.52, 9.88], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.46, 3.25], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.47, 95% CI [-29.96, 17.02], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-23.01, 16.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.75, 95% CI [-19.72, 49.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.89])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.48, 95% CI [3.16, 35.79], t(2038) = 2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.46, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-13.64, 33.07], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.45, 95% CI [-3.12, 32.01], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-24.32, 34.80], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.93, 95% CI [-60.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.67, 95% CI [-30.38, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.67, 95% CI [-28.37, 37.71], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-24.31, 22.68], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-7.94, 21.58], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-11.66, 16.08], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-28.55, 35.63], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.10, 95% CI [-10.44, 10.65], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.96, 95% CI [-27.07, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-8.49, 17.26], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-13.62, 14.08], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.18, 20.08], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.58, 95% CI [-38.40, 27.23], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-12.52, 17.33], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-6.57, 27.06], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.17, 95% CI [-33.79, -0.56], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.42, 95% CI [-12.65, 13.49], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.25, 95% CI [-16.48, 22.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [0.07, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-27.85, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.99, 95% CI [-4.39, 28.37], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.36, 95% CI [0.08, 22.63], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.64, 95% CI [-17.44, 48.72], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -2.84,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.70])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [4.85, 50.97], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.73, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.76], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.19, 95% CI [-11.52, 9.14], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.52], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.28, 95% CI [-43.23, 14.68], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.67, 95% CI [-7.30, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.52, 95% CI [-15.35, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.925;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-11.98, 6.79], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-6.07, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -5.30e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.62, 95% CI [-13.95, 2.72], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-2.37, 3.12], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-5.82, 3.47], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [0.39, 6.25], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.96, 95% CI [0.77, 15.14], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.07, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-1.94, 3.09], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.39, 6.46], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.52, 95% CI [-4.68, 21.72], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.44, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.20, 95% CI [1.69, 14.71], t(2038) = 2.47, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.16, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-1.72, 9.19], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-7.64, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-8.98, 6.92], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-33.22, 41.21], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-24.92, 19.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-2.18, 8.25], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-13.89, 28.48], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.30, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.77], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-4.60, 8.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.82, 95% CI [-3.95, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.281; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-7.62, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.63], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.51, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.02], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.03, -1.60e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.14, 95% CI [-32.68, 10.40], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.311;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.05, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-8.95, 9.65], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-2.41, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.76, 3.20], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-3.68, 11.48], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.33, 5.33], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.13, 95% CI [4.74, 21.53], t(2038) = 3.07, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.44, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-7.24, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-6.12, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.69, 95% CI [-61.60, -27.78], t(2038) = -5.18, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.17, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.78, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.86, 12.34], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.15])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site
## + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 65.11 (95% CI [54.49, 75.73], t(2038) = 12.02, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-10.91, -2.43], t(2038) = -3.08, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.57, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-42.40, 23.67], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 35.54], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-20.53, 25.54], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.40, 95% CI [-30.40, 7.61], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.36, 95% CI [-4.06, 42.78], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.13, 95% CI [1.38, 20.87], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.02, 95% CI [-3.33, 43.37], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-6.82, 8.57], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.99, 95% CI [-5.71, 21.69], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-11.74, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.82, 95% CI [-22.93, 5.28], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-4.52, 9.88], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.46, 3.25], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.47, 95% CI [-29.96, 17.02], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-23.01, 16.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.75, 95% CI [-19.72, 49.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.89])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.48, 95% CI [3.16, 35.79], t(2038) = 2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.46, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-13.64, 33.07], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.45, 95% CI [-3.12, 32.01], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-24.32, 34.80], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.93, 95% CI [-60.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.67, 95% CI [-30.38, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.67, 95% CI [-28.37, 37.71], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-24.31, 22.68], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-7.94, 21.58], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-11.66, 16.08], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-28.55, 35.63], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.10, 95% CI [-10.44, 10.65], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.96, 95% CI [-27.07, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-8.49, 17.26], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-13.62, 14.08], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.18, 20.08], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.58, 95% CI [-38.40, 27.23], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-12.52, 17.33], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-6.57, 27.06], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.17, 95% CI [-33.79, -0.56], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.42, 95% CI [-12.65, 13.49], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.25, 95% CI [-16.48, 22.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [0.07, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-27.85, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.99, 95% CI [-4.39, 28.37], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.36, 95% CI [0.08, 22.63], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.64, 95% CI [-17.44, 48.72], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -2.84,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.70])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [4.85, 50.97], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.73, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.76], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.19, 95% CI [-11.52, 9.14], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.52], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.28, 95% CI [-43.23, 14.68], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.67, 95% CI [-7.30, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.52, 95% CI [-15.35, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.925;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-11.98, 6.79], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-6.07, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -5.30e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.62, 95% CI [-13.95, 2.72], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-2.37, 3.12], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-5.82, 3.47], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [0.39, 6.25], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.96, 95% CI [0.77, 15.14], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.07, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-1.94, 3.09], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.39, 6.46], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.52, 95% CI [-4.68, 21.72], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.44, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.20, 95% CI [1.69, 14.71], t(2038) = 2.47, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.16, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-1.72, 9.19], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-7.64, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-8.98, 6.92], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-33.22, 41.21], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-24.92, 19.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-2.18, 8.25], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-13.89, 28.48], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.30, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.77], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-4.60, 8.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.82, 95% CI [-3.95, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.281; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-7.62, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.63], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.51, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.02], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.03, -1.60e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.14, 95% CI [-32.68, 10.40], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.311;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.05, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-8.95, 9.65], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-2.41, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.76, 3.20], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-3.68, 11.48], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.33, 5.33], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.13, 95% CI [4.74, 21.53], t(2038) = 3.07, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.44, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-7.24, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-6.12, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.69, 95% CI [-61.60, -27.78], t(2038) = -5.18, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.17, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.78, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.86, 12.34], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.15])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort
## = CARE-PF, is at 65.11 (95% CI [54.49, 75.73], t(2038) = 12.02, p < .001).
## Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-10.91, -2.43], t(2038) = -3.08, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.57, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-42.40, 23.67], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 35.54], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-20.53, 25.54], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.40, 95% CI [-30.40, 7.61], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.36, 95% CI [-4.06, 42.78], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.13, 95% CI [1.38, 20.87], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.02, 95% CI [-3.33, 43.37], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-6.82, 8.57], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.99, 95% CI [-5.71, 21.69], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-11.74, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.82, 95% CI [-22.93, 5.28], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-4.52, 9.88], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.46, 3.25], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.47, 95% CI [-29.96, 17.02], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-23.01, 16.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.75, 95% CI [-19.72, 49.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.89])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.48, 95% CI [3.16, 35.79], t(2038) = 2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.46, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-13.64, 33.07], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.45, 95% CI [-3.12, 32.01], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-24.32, 34.80], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.93, 95% CI [-60.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.67, 95% CI [-30.38, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.67, 95% CI [-28.37, 37.71], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-24.31, 22.68], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-7.94, 21.58], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-11.66, 16.08], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-28.55, 35.63], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.10, 95% CI [-10.44, 10.65], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.96, 95% CI [-27.07, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-8.49, 17.26], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-13.62, 14.08], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.18, 20.08], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.58, 95% CI [-38.40, 27.23], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-12.52, 17.33], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-6.57, 27.06], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.17, 95% CI [-33.79, -0.56], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.42, 95% CI [-12.65, 13.49], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.25, 95% CI [-16.48, 22.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [0.07, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-27.85, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.99, 95% CI [-4.39, 28.37], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.36, 95% CI [0.08, 22.63], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.64, 95% CI [-17.44, 48.72], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -2.84,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.70])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [4.85, 50.97], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.73, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.76], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.19, 95% CI [-11.52, 9.14], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.52], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.28, 95% CI [-43.23, 14.68], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.67, 95% CI [-7.30, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.52, 95% CI [-15.35, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.925;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-11.98, 6.79], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-6.07, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -5.30e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.62, 95% CI [-13.95, 2.72], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-2.37, 3.12], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-5.82, 3.47], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [0.39, 6.25], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.96, 95% CI [0.77, 15.14], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.07, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-1.94, 3.09], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.39, 6.46], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.52, 95% CI [-4.68, 21.72], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.44, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.20, 95% CI [1.69, 14.71], t(2038) = 2.47, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.16, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-1.72, 9.19], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-7.64, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-8.98, 6.92], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-33.22, 41.21], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-24.92, 19.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-2.18, 8.25], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-13.89, 28.48], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.30, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.77], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-4.60, 8.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.82, 95% CI [-3.95, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.281; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-7.62, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.63], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.51, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.02], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.03, -1.60e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.14, 95% CI [-32.68, 10.40], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.311;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.05, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-8.95, 9.65], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-2.41, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.76, 3.20], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-3.68, 11.48], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.33, 5.33], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.13, 95% CI [4.74, 21.53], t(2038) = 3.07, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.44, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-7.24, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-6.12, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.69, 95% CI [-61.60, -27.78], t(2038) = -5.18, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.17, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.78, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.86, 12.34], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.15])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.1.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv +  
##     time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *  
##     age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14189.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2596 -0.4405 -0.0126  0.4512  4.5349 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.71   15.222        
##           time_firstPFT  13.52    3.677   -0.06
##  Residual                25.76    5.076        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       31.03422    8.30542   3.737
## time_firstPFT                     -3.79089    3.29926  -1.149
## PM_5yrPreDx                        0.05863    0.43170   0.136
## disadv                             4.12477    2.88865   1.428
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.36107    2.83053  -2.601
## sexF                               3.56934    1.75564   2.033
## age_dx                             0.38904    0.09139   4.257
## smokeHxFormer                      3.72264    1.72749   2.155
## smokeHxAlways                     18.58571    8.41934   2.208
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.35229    3.93053  -0.598
## site02R                          -11.04579   16.21889  -0.681
## site03R                           12.28462   11.85988   1.036
## site04R                            3.11364   11.26193   0.276
## site05R                          -12.43580    9.33600  -1.332
## site06R                           10.63031   16.13422   0.659
## site07R                           11.76694    4.80217   2.450
## site09R                           20.61320   11.47091   1.797
## site101                            4.59687    3.86890   1.188
## site102                           12.83156    6.84805   1.874
## site103                           -0.87620    4.03459  -0.217
## site104                           -6.57590    7.00838  -0.938
## site105                            4.77070    3.60091   1.325
## site106                           -5.31359    4.44395  -1.196
## site107                           -1.98399   11.54059  -0.172
## site108                            5.48056   10.26247   0.534
## site10R                           13.57160   17.15060   0.791
## site11R                           17.38440    7.98650   2.177
## site12R                            7.45251   11.42484   0.652
## site13R                           17.63728    8.69135   2.029
## site14R                            6.15253   14.73047   0.418
## site15R                          -33.92574   16.18482  -2.096
## site16R                           -8.88917    7.32556  -1.213
## site17R                           10.48925   16.35031   0.642
## site18R                           -3.24446   11.52796  -0.281
## site19R                            9.29329    7.28903   1.275
## site20R                            2.52361    6.82712   0.370
## site21R                            2.67827   15.64998   0.171
## site22R                           -2.42434    5.25782  -0.461
## site23R                          -12.98728    8.91678  -1.456
## site24R                            4.99652    6.31679   0.791
## site25R                            0.79625    6.88093   0.116
## site28R                            4.15417    9.42709   0.441
## site29R                           -6.05980   16.10489  -0.376
## site31R                            5.70486    7.43368   0.767
## site32R                            9.64769    8.28477   1.165
## site33R                          -13.98671    8.17474  -1.711
## site34R                            0.28907    6.41650   0.045
## site35R                           -0.18658    9.69822  -0.019
## site36R                          -11.32652    7.26035  -1.560
## site37R                           15.76306    8.12604   1.940
## site38R                           12.56819    5.54074   2.268
## site39R                           24.34211   16.56861   1.469
## site40R                           25.74146   11.29074   2.280
## site41R                           -2.86689    9.48803  -0.302
## site42R                           -0.87801    5.13498  -0.171
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreDx          0.16866    0.18078   0.933
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.18467    1.10238  -0.168
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.03908    1.12899  -0.035
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.14208    0.67178  -0.211
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05067    0.03494  -1.450
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.44934    0.67411   0.667
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.68645    5.32671   0.317
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.30986    1.69682   0.772
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -13.83799   14.81526  -0.934
## time_firstPFT:site03R              3.66980    5.18404   0.708
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.21744    5.61792  -0.751
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.28287    6.26692  -0.045
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.77897    1.59147  -1.746
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -5.62663    4.35683  -1.291
## time_firstPFT:site101              0.38927    1.45500   0.268
## time_firstPFT:site102             -1.47985    2.45990  -0.602
## time_firstPFT:site103              3.38004    1.63220   2.071
## time_firstPFT:site104              8.30859    3.79230   2.191
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.50729    1.32687   0.382
## time_firstPFT:site106              3.44286    1.82783   1.884
## time_firstPFT:site107              8.42826    6.78134   1.243
## time_firstPFT:site108              8.15529    3.63816   2.242
## time_firstPFT:site11R              4.41941    2.87672   1.536
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.60755    4.19916   0.145
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.73619    4.15199  -0.177
## time_firstPFT:site14R              4.18558   19.01470   0.220
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.28029   11.43261  -0.199
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.74419    2.78238   0.986
## time_firstPFT:site18R              7.66097   10.84791   0.706
## time_firstPFT:site19R              0.94254    3.33612   0.283
## time_firstPFT:site20R              2.28716    3.31372   0.690
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.88598    4.56604   1.070
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.20354    2.76921  -0.796
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.83174   24.75180   0.397
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.83487    2.45689   0.340
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -4.98601    2.90320  -1.717
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.39144   11.11051  -0.845
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.66921    4.86445   0.138
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.63796    2.17446   0.753
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -2.74524    3.39203  -0.809
## time_firstPFT:site33R              4.28916    3.99307   1.074
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.58886    2.53637   0.232
## time_firstPFT:site35R             13.74147    4.36221   3.150
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.82054    2.88787   1.323
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.28181    2.88840  -0.444
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.21093    1.95772  -1.129
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -45.00883    8.80439  -5.112
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.95467    4.65211   0.420
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.60862    5.61691   0.464
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.49934    5.42480   0.461
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.692
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 31.03 (95% CI [14.75, 47.32], t(2008)
## = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## PM_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to PM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 31.03 (95% CI
## [14.75, 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 31.03 (95% CI [14.75,
## 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 31.03 (95% CI
## [14.75, 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 31.03 (95% CI [14.75,
## 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 31.03 (95% CI [14.75,
## 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 31.03 (95% CI
## [14.75, 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 31.03 (95% CI [14.75,
## 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 31.03 (95% CI
## [14.75, 47.32], t(2008) = 3.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-10.26, 2.68], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.91], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.12, 95% CI [-1.54, 9.79], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.81], t(2008) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.79, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.59, 95% CI [2.07, 35.10], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.05, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.36], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.05, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.76], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.49, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.28, 95% CI [-10.97, 35.54], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.11, 95% CI [-18.97, 25.20], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.44, 95% CI [-30.75, 5.87], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-21.01, 42.27], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.77, 95% CI [2.35, 21.18], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 43.11], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.99, 12.18], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.83, 95% CI [-0.60, 26.26], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-8.79, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.58, 95% CI [-20.32, 7.17], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-2.29, 11.83], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-14.03, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.98, 95% CI [-24.62, 20.65], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.48, 95% CI [-14.65, 25.61], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = 1.01,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.57, 95% CI [-20.06, 47.21], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.38, 95% CI [1.72, 33.05], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.42, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-14.95, 29.86], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.64, 95% CI [0.59, 34.68], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-22.74, 35.04], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.93, 95% CI [-65.67, -2.18], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-23.26, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.49, 95% CI [-21.58, 42.55], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-25.85, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.29, 95% CI [-5.00, 23.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.62, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-10.87, 15.91], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.68, 95% CI [-28.01, 33.37], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.42, 95% CI [-12.74, 7.89], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-30.47, 4.50], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.00, 95% CI [-7.39, 17.38], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.33, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.06, 95% CI [-37.64, 25.52], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.70, 95% CI [-8.87, 20.28], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.60, 25.90], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.99, 95% CI [-30.02, 2.05], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.29, 95% CI [-12.29, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.19, 95% CI [-19.21, 18.83], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.33, 95% CI [-25.57, 2.91], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.17, 31.70], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.57, 95% CI [1.70, 23.43], t(2008) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.34, 95% CI [-8.15, 56.84], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = -2.37,
## 95% CI [-4.51, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.74, 95% CI [3.60, 47.88], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.67, 95%
## CI [0.23, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-21.47, 15.74], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-10.95, 9.19], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351;
## Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.98], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -4.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.25, 2.18], t(2008) =
## -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -3.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.67, p = 0.505; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.76, 12.13], t(2008) =
## 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.64], t(2008) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.84, 95% CI [-42.89, 15.22], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.350;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.84], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-15.24, 6.80], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-12.57, 12.01], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.964;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.90, 0.34], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-14.17, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-2.46, 3.24], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-6.30, 3.34], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [0.18, 6.58], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.31, 95% CI [0.87, 15.75], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-2.09, 3.11], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-0.14, 7.03], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.43, 95% CI [-4.87, 21.73], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.46, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.16, 95% CI [1.02, 15.29], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.10, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-1.22, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-7.63, 8.84], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.88, 7.41], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.19, 95% CI [-33.11, 41.48], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.70, 20.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-2.71, 8.20], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.66, 95% CI [-13.61, 28.94], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-1.27, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-5.60, 7.49], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-4.21, 8.79], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-4.07, 13.84], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.83, 95% CI [-38.71, 58.37], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-3.62, 5.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.98, 5.65], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-10.68, 0.71], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.39, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.40], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.398;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-8.87, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-2.63, 5.90], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-9.40, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-3.54, 12.12], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.56], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.74, 95% CI [5.19, 22.30], t(2008) = 3.15, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.28, 95% CI [0.48, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.48], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-6.05, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.01, 95% CI [-62.28, -27.74], t(2008) = -5.11, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-5.82, -2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-7.17, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 13.62], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-8.14, 13.14], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.2 SO4

7.2.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14375.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2934 -0.4398 -0.0203  0.4491  4.6096 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   254.70   15.959        
##           time_firstPFT  12.67    3.560   -0.08
##  Residual                25.71    5.071        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                              Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 64.196498   4.198057  15.292
## time_firstPFT               -7.158908   1.755557  -4.078
## SO4_5yrPreDx                -1.140689   0.962135  -1.186
## site02R                    -11.689814  17.090715  -0.684
## site03R                     10.114558  12.417654   0.815
## site04R                      0.715816  11.915251   0.060
## site05R                    -11.750610   9.695397  -1.212
## site06R                     17.708919  12.089551   1.465
## site07R                     10.179711   5.199288   1.958
## site09R                     18.992027  12.015866   1.581
## site101                      0.156119   4.158967   0.038
## site102                      7.060252   7.202803   0.980
## site103                     -4.928068   4.399973  -1.120
## site104                     -9.653360   7.367303  -1.310
## site105                      1.408310   4.190950   0.336
## site106                     -6.546703   4.793231  -1.366
## site107                     -7.948994  12.158658  -0.654
## site108                     -3.840505  10.192337  -0.377
## site10R                     15.530698  17.719545   0.876
## site11R                     18.177258   8.494613   2.140
## site12R                      8.667318  12.029466   0.721
## site13R                     13.471249   9.069340   1.485
## site14R                      4.383763  15.145549   0.289
## site15R                    -28.718972  16.823151  -1.707
## site16R                    -16.510642   7.571102  -2.181
## site17R                      3.406774  16.930502   0.201
## site18R                     -2.034921  12.105655  -0.168
## site19R                      5.999955   7.690279   0.780
## site20R                      1.187416   7.244401   0.164
## site21R                      2.078464  16.435625   0.126
## site22R                     -0.917117   5.588141  -0.164
## site23R                    -12.883732   7.833283  -1.645
## site24R                      3.058740   6.855183   0.446
## site25R                     -2.116646   7.647711  -0.277
## site28R                     -0.218042   9.786957  -0.022
## site29R                     -6.455560  16.791462  -0.384
## site31R                      1.784428   7.692700   0.232
## site32R                      8.256313   9.004971   0.917
## site33R                    -17.781241   8.537696  -2.083
## site34R                     -0.104640   6.738930  -0.016
## site35R                      2.522778  10.162853   0.248
## site36R                    -13.826326   7.596909  -1.820
## site37R                     10.924684   8.470331   1.290
## site38R                     10.576358   5.882730   1.798
## site39R                     14.803533  16.936035   0.874
## site40R                     25.126109  12.102012   2.076
## site41R                     -3.776165   9.984588  -0.378
## site42R                     -2.140417   5.431731  -0.394
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreDx   0.662988   0.383258   1.730
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -12.577568  14.810081  -0.849
## time_firstPFT:site03R        3.993015   5.180445   0.771
## time_firstPFT:site04R       -3.341787   5.581783  -0.599
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -0.322257   6.215138  -0.052
## time_firstPFT:site06R       -1.425790   4.850805  -0.294
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -2.164042   1.678437  -1.289
## time_firstPFT:site09R       -4.570109   4.316076  -1.059
## time_firstPFT:site101        1.237531   1.532892   0.807
## time_firstPFT:site102       -0.003697   2.517883  -0.001
## time_firstPFT:site103        4.505181   1.739672   2.590
## time_firstPFT:site104        9.095052   3.742604   2.430
## time_firstPFT:site105        1.714093   1.552581   1.104
## time_firstPFT:site106        3.924479   1.868610   2.100
## time_firstPFT:site107        9.748142   6.790031   1.436
## time_firstPFT:site108        9.258257   3.381617   2.738
## time_firstPFT:site11R        4.719412   2.874689   1.642
## time_firstPFT:site12R        1.438565   4.163437   0.346
## time_firstPFT:site13R       -0.087476   4.108631  -0.021
## time_firstPFT:site14R        4.775864  18.979680   0.252
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -2.010662  11.376006  -0.177
## time_firstPFT:site16R        3.878253   2.732359   1.419
## time_firstPFT:site18R        8.278086  10.826085   0.765
## time_firstPFT:site19R        1.456992   3.341718   0.436
## time_firstPFT:site20R        2.721546   3.299986   0.825
## time_firstPFT:site21R        5.851609   4.520171   1.295
## time_firstPFT:site22R       -2.125927   2.750181  -0.773
## time_firstPFT:site23R        3.064609   5.068356   0.605
## time_firstPFT:site24R        2.057919   2.561815   0.803
## time_firstPFT:site25R       -3.910856   3.045696  -1.284
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -10.292192  10.997436  -0.936
## time_firstPFT:site29R        1.253203   4.776985   0.262
## time_firstPFT:site31R        2.368366   2.122127   1.116
## time_firstPFT:site32R       -1.556559   3.531916  -0.441
## time_firstPFT:site33R        4.555178   3.881128   1.174
## time_firstPFT:site34R        1.283726   2.518963   0.510
## time_firstPFT:site35R       14.037623   4.313294   3.255
## time_firstPFT:site36R        4.144163   2.836951   1.461
## time_firstPFT:site37R       -0.996442   2.805558  -0.355
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -1.562551   2.008143  -0.778
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -43.606436   8.648450  -5.042
## time_firstPFT:site40R        2.519530   4.625430   0.545
## time_firstPFT:site41R        3.136363   5.620525   0.558
## time_firstPFT:site42R        2.454565   5.433597   0.452
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.744
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.19. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 64.20 (95% CI [55.96,
## 72.43], t(2038) = 15.29, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.16, 95% CI [-10.60, -3.72], t(2038) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.236; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.69, 95% CI [-45.21, 21.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.74, 95% CI [-4.47, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.11, 95% CI [-14.24, 34.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.72, 95% CI [-22.65, 24.08], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-30.76, 7.26], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.71, 95% CI [-6.00, 41.42], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.99, 95% CI [-4.57, 42.56], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.00, 8.31], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-7.07, 21.19], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-13.56, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-24.10, 4.79], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.41, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.55, 95% CI [-15.95, 2.85], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.95, 95% CI [-31.79, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-23.83, 16.15], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.53, 95% CI [-19.22, 50.28], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.18, 95% CI [1.52, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.44, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.67, 95% CI [-14.92, 32.26], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.47, 95% CI [-4.31, 31.26], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.138; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-25.32, 34.09], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 3.14])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.72, 95% CI [-61.71, 4.27], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.51, 95% CI [-31.36, -1.66], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.41, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.61], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.03, 95% CI [-25.78, 21.71], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-9.08, 21.08], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.435; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-13.02, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-30.15, 34.31], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.92, 95% CI [-11.88, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.88, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.48], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-10.39, 16.50], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-17.11, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.22, 95% CI [-19.41, 18.98], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.87, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-39.39, 26.47], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-13.30, 16.87], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-9.40, 25.92], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.78, 95% CI [-34.52, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.10, 95% CI [-13.32, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.988; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-17.41, 22.45], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.08, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.72, 1.07], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.92, 95% CI [-5.69, 27.54], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-0.96, 22.11], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.80, 95% CI [-18.41, 48.02], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.382; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [1.39, 48.86], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.17, 3.20])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-23.36, 15.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-12.79, 8.51], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.41], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084;
## Std. beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-41.62, 16.47], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-6.17, 14.15], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.60], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-12.51, 11.87], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-10.94, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-5.46, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.03, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.24], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.70e-03, 95% CI [-4.94, 4.93], t(2038) = -1.47e-03, p =
## 0.999; Std. beta = -3.40e-04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.92], t(2038) = 2.59, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [0.10, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.10, 95% CI [1.76, 16.43], t(2038) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.85, 95% CI [0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.33, 4.76], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.92, 95% CI [0.26, 7.59], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [0.02, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.75, 95% CI [-3.57, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.91, 95% CI [-0.33, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.26, 95% CI [2.63, 15.89], t(2038) = 2.74, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.24, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.36], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.73, 9.60], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.97], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = -8.15e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-32.45, 42.00], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-24.32, 20.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.24], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.28, 95% CI [-12.95, 29.51], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-1.21, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-5.10, 8.01], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.75, 9.19], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-3.01, 14.72], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-7.52, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-6.88, 13.00], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.545; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-2.97, 7.08], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.422; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.91, 95% CI [-9.88, 2.06], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-31.86, 11.28], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.349;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-2.97, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.12, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-1.79, 6.53], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-8.48, 5.37], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-3.06, 12.17], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.66, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.04, 95% CI [5.58, 22.50], t(2038) = 3.25, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.71], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-5.50, 2.38], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -43.61, 95% CI [-60.57, -26.65], t(2038) = -5.04, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.07, 95% CI [-5.65, -2.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-6.55, 11.59], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-7.89, 14.16], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.11], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.22])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.19. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SO4_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 64.20 (95% CI [55.96, 72.43], t(2038)
## = 15.29, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.16, 95% CI [-10.60, -3.72], t(2038) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.236; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.69, 95% CI [-45.21, 21.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.74, 95% CI [-4.47, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.11, 95% CI [-14.24, 34.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.72, 95% CI [-22.65, 24.08], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-30.76, 7.26], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.71, 95% CI [-6.00, 41.42], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.99, 95% CI [-4.57, 42.56], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.00, 8.31], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-7.07, 21.19], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-13.56, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-24.10, 4.79], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.41, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.55, 95% CI [-15.95, 2.85], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.95, 95% CI [-31.79, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-23.83, 16.15], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.53, 95% CI [-19.22, 50.28], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.18, 95% CI [1.52, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.44, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.67, 95% CI [-14.92, 32.26], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.47, 95% CI [-4.31, 31.26], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.138; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-25.32, 34.09], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 3.14])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.72, 95% CI [-61.71, 4.27], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.51, 95% CI [-31.36, -1.66], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.41, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.61], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.03, 95% CI [-25.78, 21.71], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-9.08, 21.08], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.435; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-13.02, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-30.15, 34.31], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.92, 95% CI [-11.88, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.88, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.48], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-10.39, 16.50], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-17.11, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.22, 95% CI [-19.41, 18.98], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.87, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-39.39, 26.47], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-13.30, 16.87], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-9.40, 25.92], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.78, 95% CI [-34.52, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.10, 95% CI [-13.32, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.988; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-17.41, 22.45], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.08, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.72, 1.07], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.92, 95% CI [-5.69, 27.54], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-0.96, 22.11], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.80, 95% CI [-18.41, 48.02], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.382; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [1.39, 48.86], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.17, 3.20])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-23.36, 15.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-12.79, 8.51], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.41], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084;
## Std. beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-41.62, 16.47], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-6.17, 14.15], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.60], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-12.51, 11.87], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-10.94, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-5.46, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.03, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.24], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.70e-03, 95% CI [-4.94, 4.93], t(2038) = -1.47e-03, p =
## 0.999; Std. beta = -3.40e-04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.92], t(2038) = 2.59, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [0.10, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.10, 95% CI [1.76, 16.43], t(2038) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.85, 95% CI [0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.33, 4.76], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.92, 95% CI [0.26, 7.59], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [0.02, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.75, 95% CI [-3.57, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.91, 95% CI [-0.33, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.26, 95% CI [2.63, 15.89], t(2038) = 2.74, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.24, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.36], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.73, 9.60], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.97], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = -8.15e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-32.45, 42.00], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-24.32, 20.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.24], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.28, 95% CI [-12.95, 29.51], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-1.21, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-5.10, 8.01], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.75, 9.19], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-3.01, 14.72], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-7.52, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-6.88, 13.00], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.545; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-2.97, 7.08], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.422; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.91, 95% CI [-9.88, 2.06], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-31.86, 11.28], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.349;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-2.97, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.12, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-1.79, 6.53], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-8.48, 5.37], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-3.06, 12.17], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.66, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.04, 95% CI [5.58, 22.50], t(2038) = 3.25, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.71], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-5.50, 2.38], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -43.61, 95% CI [-60.57, -26.65], t(2038) = -5.04, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.07, 95% CI [-5.65, -2.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-6.55, 11.59], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-7.89, 14.16], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.11], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.22])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.19. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 64.20 (95% CI [55.96, 72.43], t(2038) = 15.29, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.16, 95% CI [-10.60, -3.72], t(2038) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.236; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.69, 95% CI [-45.21, 21.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.74, 95% CI [-4.47, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.11, 95% CI [-14.24, 34.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.72, 95% CI [-22.65, 24.08], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-30.76, 7.26], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.71, 95% CI [-6.00, 41.42], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.99, 95% CI [-4.57, 42.56], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.00, 8.31], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-7.07, 21.19], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-13.56, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-24.10, 4.79], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.41, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.55, 95% CI [-15.95, 2.85], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.95, 95% CI [-31.79, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-23.83, 16.15], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.53, 95% CI [-19.22, 50.28], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.18, 95% CI [1.52, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.44, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.67, 95% CI [-14.92, 32.26], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.47, 95% CI [-4.31, 31.26], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.138; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-25.32, 34.09], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 3.14])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.72, 95% CI [-61.71, 4.27], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.51, 95% CI [-31.36, -1.66], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.41, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.61], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.03, 95% CI [-25.78, 21.71], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-9.08, 21.08], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.435; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-13.02, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-30.15, 34.31], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.92, 95% CI [-11.88, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.88, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.48], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-10.39, 16.50], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-17.11, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.22, 95% CI [-19.41, 18.98], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.87, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-39.39, 26.47], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-13.30, 16.87], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-9.40, 25.92], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.78, 95% CI [-34.52, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.10, 95% CI [-13.32, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.988; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-17.41, 22.45], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.08, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.72, 1.07], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.92, 95% CI [-5.69, 27.54], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-0.96, 22.11], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.80, 95% CI [-18.41, 48.02], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.382; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [1.39, 48.86], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.17, 3.20])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-23.36, 15.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-12.79, 8.51], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.41], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084;
## Std. beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-41.62, 16.47], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-6.17, 14.15], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.60], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-12.51, 11.87], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-10.94, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-5.46, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.03, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.24], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.70e-03, 95% CI [-4.94, 4.93], t(2038) = -1.47e-03, p =
## 0.999; Std. beta = -3.40e-04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.92], t(2038) = 2.59, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [0.10, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.10, 95% CI [1.76, 16.43], t(2038) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.85, 95% CI [0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.33, 4.76], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.92, 95% CI [0.26, 7.59], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [0.02, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.75, 95% CI [-3.57, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.91, 95% CI [-0.33, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.26, 95% CI [2.63, 15.89], t(2038) = 2.74, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.24, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.36], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.73, 9.60], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.97], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = -8.15e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-32.45, 42.00], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-24.32, 20.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.24], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.28, 95% CI [-12.95, 29.51], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-1.21, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-5.10, 8.01], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.75, 9.19], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-3.01, 14.72], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-7.52, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-6.88, 13.00], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.545; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-2.97, 7.08], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.422; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.91, 95% CI [-9.88, 2.06], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-31.86, 11.28], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.349;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-2.97, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.12, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-1.79, 6.53], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-8.48, 5.37], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-3.06, 12.17], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.66, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.04, 95% CI [5.58, 22.50], t(2038) = 3.25, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.71], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-5.50, 2.38], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -43.61, 95% CI [-60.57, -26.65], t(2038) = -5.04, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.07, 95% CI [-5.65, -2.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-6.55, 11.59], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-7.89, 14.16], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.11], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.22])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.19. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 64.20 (95% CI [55.96, 72.43], t(2038)
## = 15.29, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.16, 95% CI [-10.60, -3.72], t(2038) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.236; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.69, 95% CI [-45.21, 21.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.74, 95% CI [-4.47, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.11, 95% CI [-14.24, 34.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.72, 95% CI [-22.65, 24.08], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-30.76, 7.26], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.71, 95% CI [-6.00, 41.42], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.99, 95% CI [-4.57, 42.56], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.00, 8.31], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-7.07, 21.19], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-13.56, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-24.10, 4.79], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.41, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.55, 95% CI [-15.95, 2.85], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.95, 95% CI [-31.79, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-23.83, 16.15], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.53, 95% CI [-19.22, 50.28], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.18, 95% CI [1.52, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.44, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.67, 95% CI [-14.92, 32.26], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.47, 95% CI [-4.31, 31.26], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.138; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.38, 95% CI [-25.32, 34.09], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 3.14])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.72, 95% CI [-61.71, 4.27], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.51, 95% CI [-31.36, -1.66], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.41, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.61], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.03, 95% CI [-25.78, 21.71], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-9.08, 21.08], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.435; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-13.02, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-30.15, 34.31], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.92, 95% CI [-11.88, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.88, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.48], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-10.39, 16.50], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-17.11, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.22, 95% CI [-19.41, 18.98], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.87, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-39.39, 26.47], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-13.30, 16.87], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-9.40, 25.92], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.78, 95% CI [-34.52, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.10, 95% CI [-13.32, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.988; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-17.41, 22.45], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.08, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.72, 1.07], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.92, 95% CI [-5.69, 27.54], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-0.96, 22.11], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.80, 95% CI [-18.41, 48.02], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.382; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [1.39, 48.86], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.17, 3.20])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-23.36, 15.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-12.79, 8.51], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.41], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084;
## Std. beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-41.62, 16.47], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-6.17, 14.15], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.60], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-12.51, 11.87], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-10.94, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-5.46, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.03, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.24], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.70e-03, 95% CI [-4.94, 4.93], t(2038) = -1.47e-03, p =
## 0.999; Std. beta = -3.40e-04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.92], t(2038) = 2.59, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [0.10, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.10, 95% CI [1.76, 16.43], t(2038) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.85, 95% CI [0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.33, 4.76], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.92, 95% CI [0.26, 7.59], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [0.02, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.75, 95% CI [-3.57, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.91, 95% CI [-0.33, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.26, 95% CI [2.63, 15.89], t(2038) = 2.74, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.24, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.36], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.73, 9.60], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.97], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = -8.15e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-32.45, 42.00], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-24.32, 20.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.24], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.28, 95% CI [-12.95, 29.51], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-1.21, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-5.10, 8.01], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.75, 9.19], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-3.01, 14.72], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-7.52, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-6.88, 13.00], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.545; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-2.97, 7.08], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.422; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.91, 95% CI [-9.88, 2.06], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-31.86, 11.28], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.349;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-2.97, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.12, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-1.79, 6.53], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-8.48, 5.37], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-3.06, 12.17], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.28, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.66, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.04, 95% CI [5.58, 22.50], t(2038) = 3.25, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.71], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-5.50, 2.38], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -43.61, 95% CI [-60.57, -26.65], t(2038) = -5.04, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.07, 95% CI [-5.65, -2.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-6.55, 11.59], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-7.89, 14.16], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.11], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.22])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.2.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14185.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2602 -0.4395 -0.0152  0.4491  4.5699 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.60   15.218        
##           time_firstPFT  13.42    3.664   -0.06
##  Residual                25.76    5.076        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       31.21199    7.73856   4.033
## time_firstPFT                     -4.47689    3.07531  -1.456
## SO4_5yrPreDx                       0.13347    0.97686   0.137
## disadv                             4.14478    2.90626   1.426
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.35829    2.80992  -2.619
## sexF                               3.57109    1.75473   2.035
## age_dx                             0.38929    0.09184   4.239
## smokeHxFormer                      3.70826    1.72726   2.147
## smokeHxAlways                     18.51683    8.39390   2.206
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.40378    3.94902  -0.609
## site02R                          -10.81228   16.48460  -0.656
## site03R                           12.40798   12.09112   1.026
## site04R                            3.28752   11.44420   0.287
## site05R                          -12.43352    9.34361  -1.331
## site06R                           10.78272   16.23750   0.664
## site07R                           11.82301    5.03263   2.349
## site09R                           20.69382   11.59435   1.785
## site101                            4.63611    4.11564   1.126
## site102                           12.87014    7.11161   1.810
## site103                           -0.82037    4.48485  -0.183
## site104                           -6.55684    7.18661  -0.912
## site105                            4.87028    4.14518   1.175
## site106                           -5.20794    4.74385  -1.098
## site107                           -1.85919   11.74681  -0.158
## site108                            5.49262   10.30295   0.533
## site10R                           14.97239   17.27123   0.867
## site11R                           17.48875    8.14711   2.147
## site12R                            7.52338   11.54652   0.652
## site13R                           17.62932    8.82447   1.998
## site14R                            6.27762   14.81483   0.424
## site15R                          -33.87441   16.20169  -2.091
## site16R                           -8.86298    7.41744  -1.195
## site17R                           10.60342   16.47530   0.644
## site18R                           -3.15254   11.63349  -0.271
## site19R                            9.33180    7.44520   1.253
## site20R                            2.57714    7.01483   0.367
## site21R                            2.81264   15.72218   0.179
## site22R                           -2.31184    5.45933  -0.423
## site23R                          -12.94586    9.05022  -1.430
## site24R                            5.09182    6.61655   0.770
## site25R                            1.05751    7.47745   0.141
## site28R                            4.24854    9.46587   0.449
## site29R                           -5.99778   16.17566  -0.371
## site31R                            5.73510    7.53613   0.761
## site32R                            9.81719    8.70752   1.127
## site33R                          -13.96444    8.23557  -1.696
## site34R                            0.31206    6.49248   0.048
## site35R                           -0.11944    9.79042  -0.012
## site36R                          -11.27092    7.32369  -1.539
## site37R                           15.79502    8.24821   1.915
## site38R                           12.61965    5.67530   2.224
## site39R                           24.37567   16.63571   1.465
## site40R                           26.01722   11.60383   2.242
## site41R                           -2.75954    9.68137  -0.285
## site42R                           -0.77404    5.29756  -0.146
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreDx         0.58620    0.42132   1.391
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.03119    1.10830  -0.028
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.02371    1.11293   0.021
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.16531    0.66842  -0.247
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.04766    0.03500  -1.362
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.48474    0.67323   0.720
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.46130    5.30842   0.275
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.03566    1.71153   0.605
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -12.35628   14.87101  -0.831
## time_firstPFT:site03R              4.85917    5.30329   0.916
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -3.19397    5.69252  -0.561
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.07398    6.26642  -0.012
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.01566    1.75157  -1.151
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -4.71199    4.43304  -1.063
## time_firstPFT:site101              1.11664    1.59840   0.699
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.42604    2.64798  -0.161
## time_firstPFT:site103              4.39577    1.88635   2.330
## time_firstPFT:site104              9.23537    3.86720   2.388
## time_firstPFT:site105              1.49825    1.63236   0.918
## time_firstPFT:site106              4.20176    1.96063   2.143
## time_firstPFT:site107              9.51377    6.85502   1.388
## time_firstPFT:site108              8.96049    3.65579   2.451
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.24385    2.97016   1.766
## time_firstPFT:site12R              1.47542    4.26831   0.346
## time_firstPFT:site13R              0.10202    4.22384   0.024
## time_firstPFT:site14R              4.84010   19.02360   0.254
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -1.82717   11.43488  -0.160
## time_firstPFT:site16R              3.50593    2.87347   1.220
## time_firstPFT:site18R              8.43982   10.87018   0.776
## time_firstPFT:site19R              1.81567    3.42435   0.530
## time_firstPFT:site20R              3.19839    3.42048   0.935
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.72892    4.61114   1.242
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -1.57475    2.83023  -0.556
## time_firstPFT:site23R             10.57853   24.76342   0.427
## time_firstPFT:site24R              1.82461    2.62937   0.694
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -3.63566    3.16738  -1.148
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.75861   11.12364  -0.787
## time_firstPFT:site29R              1.45931    4.91185   0.297
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.29710    2.25247   1.020
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -1.29614    3.62874  -0.357
## time_firstPFT:site33R              4.79374    4.00868   1.196
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.21251    2.58721   0.469
## time_firstPFT:site35R             14.42662    4.38995   3.286
## time_firstPFT:site36R              4.23442    2.90685   1.457
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.55459    2.96550  -0.187
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.51354    2.06821  -0.732
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -44.14754    8.82003  -5.005
## time_firstPFT:site40R              3.09946    4.77333   0.649
## time_firstPFT:site41R              3.51534    5.67871   0.619
## time_firstPFT:site42R              3.10297    5.45378   0.569
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.697
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04, 46.39], t(2008)
## = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to SO4_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04, 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04,
## 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 31.21 (95% CI
## [16.04, 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04,
## 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04,
## 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 31.21 (95% CI
## [16.04, 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04,
## 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 31.21 (95% CI [16.04, 46.39], t(2008) = 4.03, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.48, 95% CI [-10.51, 1.55], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta =
## -0.54, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.78, 2.05], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.31])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.14, 95% CI [-1.55, 9.84], t(2008) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.36, 95% CI [-12.87, -1.85], t(2008) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.57,
## 95% CI [0.13, 7.01], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.32, 7.10], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.98], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-10.15, 5.34], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.81, 95% CI [-43.14, 21.52], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta =
## -1.68, 95% CI [-4.38, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.41, 95% CI [-11.30, 36.12], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 1.14,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-19.16, 25.73], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.774; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.43, 95% CI [-30.76, 5.89], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.78, 95% CI [-21.06, 42.63], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.82, 95% CI [1.95, 21.69], t(2008) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.04, 43.43], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.44, 12.71], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.87, 95% CI [-1.08, 26.82], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-9.62, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.56, 95% CI [-20.65, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-3.26, 13.00], t(2008) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-14.51, 4.10], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-24.90, 21.18], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.49, 95% CI [-14.71, 25.70], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.594; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.97, 95% CI [-18.90, 48.84], t(2008) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.49, 95% CI [1.51, 33.47], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.47, 95%
## CI [0.47, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-15.12, 30.17], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.32, 34.94], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 1.04, 95%
## CI [-0.03, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.28, 95% CI [-22.78, 35.33], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.87, 95% CI [-65.65, -2.10], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.41, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.60, 95% CI [-21.71, 42.91], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.15, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.66], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.33, 95% CI [-5.27, 23.93], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-11.18, 16.33], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.81, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.65], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.31, 95% CI [-13.02, 8.39], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.95, 95% CI [-30.69, 4.80], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-3.70, 3.96])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-7.88, 18.07], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.442; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-13.61, 15.72], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.32, 22.81], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.49, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-37.72, 25.73], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-9.04, 20.51], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.53, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.82, 95% CI [-7.26, 26.89], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-30.12, 2.19], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.31, 95% CI [-12.42, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.32, 19.08], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.27, 95% CI [-25.63, 3.09], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.80, 95% CI [-0.38, 31.97], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.62, 95% CI [1.49, 23.75], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.61, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.38, 95% CI [-8.25, 57.00], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = -2.30,
## 95% CI [-4.45, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.02, 95% CI [3.26, 48.77], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.31, 3.27])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.76, 95% CI [-21.75, 16.23], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.77, 95% CI [-11.16, 9.62], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.41], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.35e-04, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.21], t(2008) =
## 0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 2.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.81], t(2008) =
## 0.72, p = 0.472; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.95, 11.87], t(2008) =
## 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.32, 4.39], t(2008) =
## 0.61, p = 0.545; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.36, 95% CI [-41.52, 16.81], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.406;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-3.88, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-5.54, 15.26], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-14.36, 7.97], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-12.36, 12.22], t(2008) = -0.01, p = 0.991;
## Std. beta = -6.91e-03, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-5.45, 1.42], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-13.41, 3.98], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-2.02, 4.25], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-5.62, 4.77], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.40, 95% CI [0.70, 8.10], t(2008) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.24, 95% CI [1.65, 16.82], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.15, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.70], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.20, 95% CI [0.36, 8.05], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [0.03, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.51, 95% CI [-3.93, 22.96], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-0.37, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [1.79, 16.13], t(2008) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [0.17, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 11.07], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-6.90, 9.85], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-8.18, 8.39], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 9.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.84, 95% CI [-32.47, 42.15], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.799; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-3.03, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-24.25, 20.60], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.873;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-2.13, 9.14], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-12.88, 29.76], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-4.90, 8.53], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-3.31, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.31, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.58, 95% CI [-37.99, 59.14], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-3.55, 5.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.98], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.488; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-9.85, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.76, 95% CI [-30.57, 13.06], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-8.17, 11.09], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-2.12, 6.71], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-8.41, 5.82], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-3.07, 12.66], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 14.43, 95% CI [5.82, 23.04], t(2008) = 3.29, p = 0.001; Std.
## beta = 1.35, 95% CI [0.54, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-1.47, 9.94], t(2008) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-6.37, 5.26], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-5.57, 2.54], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.15, 95% CI [-61.44, -26.85], t(2008) = -5.01, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-5.74, -2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-6.26, 12.46], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-7.62, 14.65], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.536; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-7.59, 13.80], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.29])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.3 NO3

7.3.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14374.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3115 -0.4367 -0.0166  0.4479  4.5248 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   255.44   15.98         
##           time_firstPFT  13.03    3.61    -0.11
##  Residual                25.70    5.07         
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 62.20478    3.05755  20.345
## time_firstPFT               -3.93597    1.20972  -3.254
## NO3_5yrPreDx                -2.40381    2.38471  -1.008
## site02R                     -7.26915   16.79432  -0.433
## site03R                     14.31285   12.05304   1.187
## site04R                      5.54426   11.93194   0.465
## site05R                    -10.75312    9.69964  -1.109
## site06R                     19.60999   11.94223   1.642
## site07R                     13.68687    4.79924   2.852
## site09R                     20.89919   11.83736   1.766
## site101                      2.76019    3.26374   0.846
## site102                     10.25203    6.38904   1.605
## site103                     -2.63035    3.26594  -0.805
## site104                     -7.57376    6.80128  -1.114
## site105                      3.78197    3.28081   1.153
## site106                     -3.73160    4.17416  -0.894
## site107                     -5.55506   11.91318  -0.466
## site108                     -1.56525    9.76167  -0.160
## site10R                     12.89932   17.48762   0.738
## site11R                     18.69268    8.47115   2.207
## site12R                     12.78731   11.81282   1.082
## site13R                     15.42657    8.86533   1.740
## site14R                      6.79973   14.97861   0.454
## site15R                    -29.31996   16.91225  -1.734
## site16R                    -14.69815    7.48011  -1.965
## site17R                      6.31622   16.82125   0.375
## site18R                     -0.85130   12.00769  -0.071
## site19R                      7.64531    7.31570   1.045
## site20R                      4.17682    6.94039   0.602
## site21R                      2.84917   16.41969   0.174
## site22R                      1.80257    5.27000   0.342
## site23R                    -11.46582    7.66390  -1.496
## site24R                      7.59562    6.52068   1.165
## site25R                      3.03861    7.02675   0.432
## site28R                      2.01882    9.83326   0.205
## site29R                     -4.62086   16.67889  -0.277
## site31R                      2.84471    7.55533   0.377
## site32R                     10.57057    8.53935   1.238
## site33R                    -16.94322    8.46468  -2.002
## site34R                      2.04858    6.38318   0.321
## site35R                      4.48681    9.86488   0.455
## site36R                    -11.44362    7.56329  -1.513
## site37R                     13.76027    8.33366   1.651
## site38R                     11.12441    5.82555   1.910
## site39R                     17.31799   16.69528   1.037
## site40R                     30.68703   11.91061   2.576
## site41R                     -0.46934    9.67025  -0.049
## site42R                     -0.08245    5.19482  -0.016
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreDx  -0.23044    0.93748  -0.246
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -15.02315   14.75270  -1.018
## time_firstPFT:site03R        1.69153    5.02347   0.337
## time_firstPFT:site04R       -4.83761    5.57360  -0.868
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -0.77633    6.22066  -0.125
## time_firstPFT:site06R       -3.06016    4.79637  -0.638
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -3.78905    1.40671  -2.694
## time_firstPFT:site09R       -6.37050    4.23056  -1.506
## time_firstPFT:site101       -0.74486    1.07775  -0.691
## time_firstPFT:site102       -2.56764    2.09013  -1.228
## time_firstPFT:site103        1.80955    1.17138   1.545
## time_firstPFT:site104        6.28061    3.53203   1.778
## time_firstPFT:site105       -0.37368    1.10029  -0.340
## time_firstPFT:site106        2.06857    1.57625   1.312
## time_firstPFT:site107        7.57905    6.70867   1.130
## time_firstPFT:site108        6.41027    3.14113   2.041
## time_firstPFT:site11R        3.09525    2.85760   1.083
## time_firstPFT:site12R       -0.05146    4.15004  -0.012
## time_firstPFT:site13R       -1.84396    4.02102  -0.459
## time_firstPFT:site14R        3.26360   18.95664   0.172
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -3.06763   11.40339  -0.269
## time_firstPFT:site16R        2.37675    2.61853   0.908
## time_firstPFT:site18R        6.55363   10.80241   0.607
## time_firstPFT:site19R       -1.20168    3.18008  -0.378
## time_firstPFT:site20R        0.85791    3.14997   0.272
## time_firstPFT:site21R        4.31761    4.52314   0.955
## time_firstPFT:site22R       -3.50953    2.65539  -1.322
## time_firstPFT:site23R        1.26950    5.05447   0.251
## time_firstPFT:site24R        0.14140    2.35683   0.060
## time_firstPFT:site25R       -6.38123    2.71055  -2.354
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -11.22214   10.98895  -1.021
## time_firstPFT:site29R       -0.65507    4.72004  -0.139
## time_firstPFT:site31R        0.61563    2.01683   0.305
## time_firstPFT:site32R       -4.10253    3.30456  -1.241
## time_firstPFT:site33R        2.93202    3.88215   0.755
## time_firstPFT:site34R       -0.57132    2.33419  -0.245
## time_firstPFT:site35R       11.62187    4.17879   2.781
## time_firstPFT:site36R        3.46618    2.85806   1.213
## time_firstPFT:site37R       -2.23265    2.74871  -0.812
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -3.16890    1.92690  -1.645
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -46.22446    8.57208  -5.392
## time_firstPFT:site40R       -0.10842    4.44088  -0.024
## time_firstPFT:site41R        1.24229    5.52663   0.225
## time_firstPFT:site42R        1.27228    5.38798   0.236
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.740
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 62.20 (95% CI [56.21,
## 68.20], t(2038) = 20.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.94, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.56], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.08, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-40.20, 25.67], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -1.69,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.31, 95% CI [-9.32, 37.95], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-17.86, 28.94], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-29.78, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.81, 43.03], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.69, 95% CI [4.27, 23.10], t(2038) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.90, 95% CI [-2.32, 44.11], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.16], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.398; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-2.28, 22.78], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-9.04, 3.77], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.421; Std. beta =
## -2.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-20.91, 5.76], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.65, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.73, 95% CI [-11.92, 4.45], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.56, 95% CI [-28.92, 17.81], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-20.71, 17.58], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 47.19], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.69, 95% CI [2.08, 35.31], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.79, 95% CI [-10.38, 35.95], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.43, 95% CI [-1.96, 32.81], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.80, 95% CI [-22.58, 36.17], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.32, 95% CI [-62.49, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.98,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.70, 95% CI [-29.37, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.32, 95% CI [-26.67, 39.30], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.85, 95% CI [-24.40, 22.70], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.65, 95% CI [-6.70, 21.99], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.18, 95% CI [-9.43, 17.79], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.85, 95% CI [-29.35, 35.05], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-8.53, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.732; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.47, 95% CI [-26.50, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.19, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-10.74, 16.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.27, 21.30], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.81, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.62, 95% CI [-37.33, 28.09], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.84, 95% CI [-11.97, 17.66], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.57, 95% CI [-6.18, 27.32], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.94, 95% CI [-33.54, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.57], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-14.86, 23.83], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = 1.24,
## 95% CI [0.04, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-26.28, 3.39], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.76, 95% CI [-2.58, 30.10], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.12, 95% CI [-0.30, 22.55], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.32, 95% CI [-15.42, 50.06], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = -2.87,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.69, 95% CI [7.33, 54.05], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.32, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.47, 95% CI [-19.43, 18.50], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-10.27, 10.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.987; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.07, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -9.84e-03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.02, 95% CI [-43.96, 13.91], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.16, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.84, 95% CI [-15.77, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.47, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-12.47, 6.35], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.55, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.67, 1.93], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-6.67, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-0.49, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-0.65, 13.21], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.53, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.16], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.58, 20.74], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.41, 95% CI [0.25, 12.57], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [0.02, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.51, 8.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-8.19, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = -4.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.04], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.91, 40.44], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.16, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-25.43, 19.30], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.788;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-2.76, 7.51], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-14.63, 27.74], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.36, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-7.44, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-5.32, 7.04], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.32, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.19], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.340; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-8.72, 1.70], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-8.64, 11.18], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.07], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.22, 95% CI [-32.77, 10.33], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.307;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-9.91, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-3.34, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-10.58, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-4.68, 10.55], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-5.15, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.62, 95% CI [3.43, 19.82], t(2038) = 2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [0.32, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.47, 95% CI [-2.14, 9.07], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-7.62, 3.16], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-6.95, 0.61], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.22, 95% CI [-63.04, -29.41], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-5.88, -2.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-8.82, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.60, 12.08], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-9.29, 11.84], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NO3_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 62.20 (95% CI [56.21, 68.20], t(2038)
## = 20.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.94, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.56], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.08, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-40.20, 25.67], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -1.69,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.31, 95% CI [-9.32, 37.95], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-17.86, 28.94], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-29.78, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.81, 43.03], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.69, 95% CI [4.27, 23.10], t(2038) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.90, 95% CI [-2.32, 44.11], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.16], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.398; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-2.28, 22.78], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-9.04, 3.77], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.421; Std. beta =
## -2.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-20.91, 5.76], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.65, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.73, 95% CI [-11.92, 4.45], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.56, 95% CI [-28.92, 17.81], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-20.71, 17.58], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 47.19], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.69, 95% CI [2.08, 35.31], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.79, 95% CI [-10.38, 35.95], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.43, 95% CI [-1.96, 32.81], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.80, 95% CI [-22.58, 36.17], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.32, 95% CI [-62.49, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.98,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.70, 95% CI [-29.37, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.32, 95% CI [-26.67, 39.30], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.85, 95% CI [-24.40, 22.70], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.65, 95% CI [-6.70, 21.99], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.18, 95% CI [-9.43, 17.79], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.85, 95% CI [-29.35, 35.05], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-8.53, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.732; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.47, 95% CI [-26.50, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.19, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-10.74, 16.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.27, 21.30], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.81, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.62, 95% CI [-37.33, 28.09], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.84, 95% CI [-11.97, 17.66], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.57, 95% CI [-6.18, 27.32], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.94, 95% CI [-33.54, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.57], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-14.86, 23.83], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = 1.24,
## 95% CI [0.04, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-26.28, 3.39], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.76, 95% CI [-2.58, 30.10], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.12, 95% CI [-0.30, 22.55], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.32, 95% CI [-15.42, 50.06], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = -2.87,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.69, 95% CI [7.33, 54.05], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.32, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.47, 95% CI [-19.43, 18.50], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-10.27, 10.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.987; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.07, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -9.84e-03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.02, 95% CI [-43.96, 13.91], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.16, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.84, 95% CI [-15.77, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.47, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-12.47, 6.35], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.55, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.67, 1.93], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-6.67, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-0.49, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-0.65, 13.21], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.53, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.16], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.58, 20.74], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.41, 95% CI [0.25, 12.57], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [0.02, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.51, 8.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-8.19, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = -4.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.04], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.91, 40.44], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.16, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-25.43, 19.30], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.788;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-2.76, 7.51], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-14.63, 27.74], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.36, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-7.44, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-5.32, 7.04], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.32, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.19], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.340; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-8.72, 1.70], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-8.64, 11.18], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.07], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.22, 95% CI [-32.77, 10.33], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.307;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-9.91, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-3.34, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-10.58, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-4.68, 10.55], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-5.15, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.62, 95% CI [3.43, 19.82], t(2038) = 2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [0.32, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.47, 95% CI [-2.14, 9.07], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-7.62, 3.16], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-6.95, 0.61], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.22, 95% CI [-63.04, -29.41], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-5.88, -2.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-8.82, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.60, 12.08], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-9.29, 11.84], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 62.20 (95% CI [56.21, 68.20], t(2038) = 20.34, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.94, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.56], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.08, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-40.20, 25.67], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -1.69,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.31, 95% CI [-9.32, 37.95], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-17.86, 28.94], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-29.78, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.81, 43.03], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.69, 95% CI [4.27, 23.10], t(2038) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.90, 95% CI [-2.32, 44.11], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.16], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.398; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-2.28, 22.78], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-9.04, 3.77], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.421; Std. beta =
## -2.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-20.91, 5.76], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.65, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.73, 95% CI [-11.92, 4.45], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.56, 95% CI [-28.92, 17.81], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-20.71, 17.58], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 47.19], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.69, 95% CI [2.08, 35.31], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.79, 95% CI [-10.38, 35.95], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.43, 95% CI [-1.96, 32.81], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.80, 95% CI [-22.58, 36.17], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.32, 95% CI [-62.49, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.98,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.70, 95% CI [-29.37, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.32, 95% CI [-26.67, 39.30], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.85, 95% CI [-24.40, 22.70], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.65, 95% CI [-6.70, 21.99], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.18, 95% CI [-9.43, 17.79], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.85, 95% CI [-29.35, 35.05], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-8.53, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.732; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.47, 95% CI [-26.50, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.19, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-10.74, 16.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.27, 21.30], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.81, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.62, 95% CI [-37.33, 28.09], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.84, 95% CI [-11.97, 17.66], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.57, 95% CI [-6.18, 27.32], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.94, 95% CI [-33.54, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.57], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-14.86, 23.83], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = 1.24,
## 95% CI [0.04, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-26.28, 3.39], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.76, 95% CI [-2.58, 30.10], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.12, 95% CI [-0.30, 22.55], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.32, 95% CI [-15.42, 50.06], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = -2.87,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.69, 95% CI [7.33, 54.05], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.32, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.47, 95% CI [-19.43, 18.50], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-10.27, 10.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.987; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.07, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -9.84e-03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.02, 95% CI [-43.96, 13.91], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.16, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.84, 95% CI [-15.77, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.47, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-12.47, 6.35], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.55, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.67, 1.93], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-6.67, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-0.49, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-0.65, 13.21], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.53, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.16], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.58, 20.74], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.41, 95% CI [0.25, 12.57], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [0.02, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.51, 8.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-8.19, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = -4.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.04], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.91, 40.44], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.16, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-25.43, 19.30], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.788;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-2.76, 7.51], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-14.63, 27.74], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.36, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-7.44, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-5.32, 7.04], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.32, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.19], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.340; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-8.72, 1.70], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-8.64, 11.18], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.07], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.22, 95% CI [-32.77, 10.33], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.307;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-9.91, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-3.34, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-10.58, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-4.68, 10.55], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-5.15, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.62, 95% CI [3.43, 19.82], t(2038) = 2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [0.32, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.47, 95% CI [-2.14, 9.07], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-7.62, 3.16], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-6.95, 0.61], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.22, 95% CI [-63.04, -29.41], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-5.88, -2.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-8.82, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.60, 12.08], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-9.29, 11.84], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 62.20 (95% CI [56.21, 68.20], t(2038)
## = 20.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.94, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.56], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.08, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-40.20, 25.67], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -1.69,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.31, 95% CI [-9.32, 37.95], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-17.86, 28.94], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-29.78, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.81, 43.03], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.69, 95% CI [4.27, 23.10], t(2038) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.90, 95% CI [-2.32, 44.11], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.16], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.398; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.25, 95% CI [-2.28, 22.78], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-9.04, 3.77], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.421; Std. beta =
## -2.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-20.91, 5.76], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.65, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.73, 95% CI [-11.92, 4.45], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.56, 95% CI [-28.92, 17.81], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-20.71, 17.58], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 47.19], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.77])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.69, 95% CI [2.08, 35.31], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.79, 95% CI [-10.38, 35.95], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.43, 95% CI [-1.96, 32.81], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.80, 95% CI [-22.58, 36.17], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.32, 95% CI [-62.49, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.98,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.70, 95% CI [-29.37, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.32, 95% CI [-26.67, 39.30], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.85, 95% CI [-24.40, 22.70], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.65, 95% CI [-6.70, 21.99], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.18, 95% CI [-9.43, 17.79], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.85, 95% CI [-29.35, 35.05], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-8.53, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.732; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.47, 95% CI [-26.50, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.19, 20.38], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.244; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-10.74, 16.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.27, 21.30], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.81, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.62, 95% CI [-37.33, 28.09], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.84, 95% CI [-11.97, 17.66], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.57, 95% CI [-6.18, 27.32], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.94, 95% CI [-33.54, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.57], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-14.86, 23.83], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = 1.24,
## 95% CI [0.04, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-26.28, 3.39], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.76, 95% CI [-2.58, 30.10], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.12, 95% CI [-0.30, 22.55], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.32, 95% CI [-15.42, 50.06], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = -2.87,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.69, 95% CI [7.33, 54.05], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.32, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.47, 95% CI [-19.43, 18.50], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-10.27, 10.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.987; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.07, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -9.84e-03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.02, 95% CI [-43.96, 13.91], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.69, 95% CI [-8.16, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.84, 95% CI [-15.77, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.47, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-12.47, 6.35], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.55, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.67, 1.93], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-6.67, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-0.49, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-0.65, 13.21], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.53, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.16], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.58, 20.74], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.41, 95% CI [0.25, 12.57], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [0.02, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.51, 8.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-8.19, 8.09], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = -4.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.04], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.91, 40.44], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.16, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-25.43, 19.30], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.788;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-2.76, 7.51], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-14.63, 27.74], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.36, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-7.44, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-5.32, 7.04], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.32, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.19], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.340; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-8.72, 1.70], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-8.64, 11.18], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.07], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.22, 95% CI [-32.77, 10.33], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.307;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-9.91, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-3.34, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-10.58, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-4.68, 10.55], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-5.15, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.62, 95% CI [3.43, 19.82], t(2038) = 2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [0.32, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.47, 95% CI [-2.14, 9.07], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-7.62, 3.16], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-6.95, 0.61], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.22, 95% CI [-63.04, -29.41], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-5.88, -2.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-8.82, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.60, 12.08], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-9.29, 11.84], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.3.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14183.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2810 -0.4394 -0.0160  0.4487  4.5103 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.99   15.231        
##           time_firstPFT  13.76    3.710   -0.07
##  Residual                25.74    5.073        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       32.88420    6.75040   4.871
## time_firstPFT                     -1.01416    2.54711  -0.398
## NO3_5yrPreDx                      -0.84278    2.33815  -0.360
## disadv                             4.02554    2.87226   1.402
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.18279    2.81083  -2.555
## sexF                               3.64423    1.75935   2.071
## age_dx                             0.38629    0.09140   4.226
## smokeHxFormer                      3.73967    1.72858   2.163
## smokeHxAlways                     18.44454    8.40478   2.195
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.29902    3.92345  -0.586
## site02R                          -11.07055   16.16575  -0.685
## site03R                           12.20351   11.69675   1.043
## site04R                            3.79780   11.44031   0.332
## site05R                          -12.35011    9.34142  -1.322
## site06R                           10.34177   16.13469   0.641
## site07R                           11.91421    4.66177   2.556
## site09R                           20.09104   11.39261   1.764
## site101                            4.08521    3.19366   1.279
## site102                           12.03619    6.21309   1.937
## site103                           -1.95627    3.32360  -0.589
## site104                           -7.82607    6.60460  -1.185
## site105                            4.17168    3.21298   1.298
## site106                           -5.50887    4.10496  -1.342
## site107                           -2.43927   11.46574  -0.213
## site108                            4.16595    9.84221   0.423
## site10R                           10.79018   17.09833   0.631
## site11R                           16.59332    8.13581   2.040
## site12R                            7.58109   11.33508   0.669
## site13R                           17.21253    8.58934   2.004
## site14R                            5.77710   14.63306   0.395
## site15R                          -34.62236   16.29429  -2.125
## site16R                           -8.93149    7.27963  -1.227
## site17R                           10.32944   16.29494   0.634
## site18R                           -3.87008   11.56021  -0.335
## site19R                            8.06249    7.06983   1.140
## site20R                            2.46192    6.68189   0.368
## site21R                            2.17358   15.70089   0.138
## site22R                           -2.40034    5.16432  -0.465
## site23R                          -13.50527    8.85994  -1.524
## site24R                            5.33476    6.28280   0.849
## site25R                            1.13968    6.84074   0.167
## site28R                            4.55823    9.48869   0.480
## site29R                           -6.62970   16.03918  -0.413
## site31R                            4.91960    7.35007   0.669
## site32R                            8.78973    8.24895   1.066
## site33R                          -14.63301    8.16005  -1.793
## site34R                           -0.16623    6.13588  -0.027
## site35R                           -1.01199    9.50607  -0.106
## site36R                          -11.10281    7.28798  -1.523
## site37R                           15.84825    8.09193   1.959
## site38R                           11.85307    5.61822   2.110
## site39R                           23.22507   16.33505   1.422
## site40R                           26.42369   11.47036   2.304
## site41R                           -3.03672    9.34788  -0.325
## site42R                           -0.94348    5.06878  -0.186
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreDx        -0.40402    0.99018  -0.408
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.22868    1.10719  -0.207
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.21308    1.13253   0.188
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.01398    0.67693  -0.021
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05380    0.03511  -1.532
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.39161    0.67539   0.580
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.24177    5.32027   0.233
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.56723    1.69426   0.925
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.32625   14.80559  -0.968
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.87171    5.11324   0.562
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.28804    5.67853  -0.755
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.45140    6.26943  -0.072
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.25984    1.49575  -2.179
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.22142    4.34301  -1.433
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.59332    1.11898  -0.530
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.69247    2.15914  -1.247
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.88097    1.27705   1.473
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.66024    3.65048   1.824
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.34647    1.13726  -0.305
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.61796    1.64717   1.589
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.59666    6.75586   1.124
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.25902    3.43363   1.823
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.81215    2.94969   1.292
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.52278    4.28584   0.122
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.43609    4.11413  -0.349
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.63676   18.99704   0.191
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.83205   11.46538  -0.247
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.11337    2.72944   0.774
## time_firstPFT:site18R              7.04183   10.85086   0.649
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -0.53697    3.26135  -0.165
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.57711    3.23820   0.487
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.44991    4.61524   0.964
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.65121    2.74000  -0.968
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.38066   24.74355   0.379
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.35591    2.41810   0.147
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.66729    2.80789  -2.018
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.63168   11.10851  -0.867
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.17210    4.84292  -0.036
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.60426    2.11822   0.285
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.53031    3.39657  -1.039
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.38937    4.01284   0.845
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.34772    2.41054  -0.144
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.43619    4.27220   2.911
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.87092    2.94395   1.315
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.56765    2.88716  -0.543
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -3.01182    1.97920  -1.522
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.76211    8.73172  -5.355
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.98595    4.58729   0.215
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.03367    5.58635   0.364
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.18816    5.41397   0.404
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.691
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65, 46.12], t(2008)
## = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to NO3_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65, 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65,
## 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 32.88 (95% CI
## [19.65, 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65,
## 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65,
## 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 32.88 (95% CI
## [19.65, 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65,
## 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 32.88 (95% CI [19.65, 46.12], t(2008) = 4.87, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.98], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta =
## -0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-5.43, 3.74], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.10])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.03, 95% CI [-1.61, 9.66], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.18, 95% CI [-12.70, -1.67], t(2008) = -2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.64,
## 95% CI [0.19, 7.09], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.64e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [0.35, 7.13], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.44, 95% CI [1.96, 34.93], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.19, 95% CI [0.01, 2.36])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.30, 95% CI [-9.99, 5.40], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -2.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.07, 95% CI [-42.77, 20.63], t(2008) = -0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.20, 95% CI [-10.74, 35.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-18.64, 26.23], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.35, 95% CI [-30.67, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-21.30, 41.98], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.91, 95% CI [2.77, 21.06], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.09, 95% CI [-2.25, 42.43], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 2.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-2.18, 10.35], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 24.22], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-8.47, 4.56], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-20.78, 5.13], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.236; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.51, 95% CI [-13.56, 2.54], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-24.93, 20.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-15.14, 23.47], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.79, 95% CI [-22.74, 44.32], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.59, 95% CI [0.64, 32.55], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.30, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-14.65, 29.81], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.21, 95% CI [0.37, 34.06], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.78, 95% CI [-22.92, 34.47], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 3.10])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.62, 95% CI [-66.58, -2.67], t(2008) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.93, 95% CI [-23.21, 5.34], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-21.63, 42.29], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.54, 18.80], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.80, 21.93], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.46, 95% CI [-10.64, 15.57], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.17, 95% CI [-28.62, 32.97], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.53, 7.73], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-30.88, 3.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta =
## 1.07e-04, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.82])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-6.99, 17.66], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-12.28, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-14.05, 23.17], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-38.08, 24.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.92, 95% CI [-9.49, 19.33], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.79, 95% CI [-7.39, 24.97], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.63, 95% CI [-30.64, 1.37], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.17, 95% CI [-12.20, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-19.65, 17.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.10, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.19], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-0.02, 31.72], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.17, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.85, 95% CI [0.83, 22.87], t(2008) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.23, 95% CI [-8.81, 55.26], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.69, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.42, 95% CI [3.93, 48.92], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.18, 3.08])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-21.37, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta =
## -6.36e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.94, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.00], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.54], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.683;
## Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -6.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.01, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.19, p = 0.851; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.31], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = -1.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.72], t(2008) =
## 0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.68], t(2008) =
## 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-1.76, 4.89], t(2008) =
## 0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.33, 95% CI [-43.36, 14.71], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 12.90], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.85], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-6.19, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-14.74, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.60], t(2008) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-6.93, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-0.62, 4.39], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.88], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-0.61, 5.85], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.65, 20.85], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.26, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.99], t(2008) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-1.97, 9.60], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 8.93], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.50, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-33.62, 40.89], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.65], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.805;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.37, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.47], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [-14.24, 28.32], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.93, 5.86], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.93], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.60, 13.50], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.72], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.38, 95% CI [-39.15, 57.91], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 5.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-4.39, 5.10], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.67, 95% CI [-11.17, -0.16], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.044;
## Std. beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-31.42, 12.15], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.94, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-9.67, 9.33], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.55, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.19, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.48, 11.26], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.08, 4.38], t(2008) = -0.14, p = 0.885; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.44, 95% CI [4.06, 20.81], t(2008) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.38, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-7.23, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.89, 0.87], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.76, 95% CI [-63.89, -29.64], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.37, 95% CI [-5.97, -2.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-8.01, 9.98], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 12.99], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.4 NH4

7.4.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14372.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3033 -0.4379 -0.0208  0.4476  4.5695 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   254.42   15.951        
##           time_firstPFT  12.80    3.578   -0.09
##  Residual                25.72    5.072        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 64.64045    3.87292  16.690
## time_firstPFT               -5.78929    1.63133  -3.549
## NH4_5yrPreDx                -3.31381    2.32247  -1.427
## site02R                    -12.09293   17.03477  -0.710
## site03R                     10.19012   12.28518   0.829
## site04R                      1.52460   11.77681   0.129
## site05R                    -11.56381    9.68189  -1.194
## site06R                     17.13005   12.09735   1.416
## site07R                     10.49675    4.98426   2.106
## site09R                     18.99796   11.94259   1.591
## site101                     -0.01652    3.96845  -0.004
## site102                      7.02228    6.95927   1.009
## site103                     -5.43118    4.23151  -1.284
## site104                    -10.18512    7.25869  -1.403
## site105                      1.19422    3.99660   0.299
## site106                     -6.57236    4.62198  -1.422
## site107                     -8.15879   12.09719  -0.674
## site108                     -4.34426   10.10846  -0.430
## site10R                     13.01905   17.81497   0.731
## site11R                     16.76937    8.66987   1.934
## site12R                      9.39940   11.86064   0.792
## site13R                     13.09666    9.05836   1.446
## site14R                      4.19564   15.10460   0.278
## site15R                    -29.55641   16.84664  -1.754
## site16R                    -15.98827    7.49786  -2.132
## site17R                      3.32380   16.88940   0.197
## site18R                     -3.18731   12.19118  -0.261
## site19R                      5.31599    7.65531   0.694
## site20R                      1.35945    7.11866   0.191
## site21R                      1.04386   16.48106   0.063
## site22R                     -0.71021    5.43975  -0.131
## site23R                    -13.62314    7.88643  -1.727
## site24R                      3.77572    6.56824   0.575
## site25R                     -1.67818    7.32502  -0.229
## site28R                      0.27771    9.75278   0.028
## site29R                     -6.63210   16.75030  -0.396
## site31R                      1.03336    7.74479   0.133
## site32R                      7.79177    8.92274   0.873
## site33R                    -18.52478    8.58707  -2.157
## site34R                     -0.20633    6.64430  -0.031
## site35R                      2.01915   10.12254   0.199
## site36R                    -13.35809    7.52667  -1.775
## site37R                     11.39900    8.36312   1.363
## site38R                      9.69786    5.98680   1.620
## site39R                     15.19709   16.78837   0.905
## site40R                     26.43098   11.83046   2.234
## site41R                     -3.97843    9.91459  -0.401
## site42R                     -2.20222    5.36861  -0.410
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreDx   0.93408    0.93071   1.004
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -13.71797   14.80910  -0.926
## time_firstPFT:site03R        2.78475    5.13441   0.542
## time_firstPFT:site04R       -4.43130    5.53706  -0.800
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -0.61332    6.21704  -0.099
## time_firstPFT:site06R       -2.06136    4.86719  -0.424
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -3.10106    1.56429  -1.982
## time_firstPFT:site09R       -5.42792    4.30550  -1.261
## time_firstPFT:site101        0.28968    1.43990   0.201
## time_firstPFT:site102       -1.31837    2.38621  -0.552
## time_firstPFT:site103        3.33893    1.65634   2.016
## time_firstPFT:site104        7.94400    3.73271   2.128
## time_firstPFT:site105        0.73005    1.45458   0.502
## time_firstPFT:site106        3.03172    1.80400   1.681
## time_firstPFT:site107        8.77170    6.78036   1.294
## time_firstPFT:site108        8.05381    3.34977   2.404
## time_firstPFT:site11R        4.36940    2.97496   1.469
## time_firstPFT:site12R        0.22197    4.08434   0.054
## time_firstPFT:site13R       -0.81512    4.11616  -0.198
## time_firstPFT:site14R        4.00700   18.97810   0.211
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -2.20189   11.39345  -0.193
## time_firstPFT:site16R        3.03973    2.68406   1.133
## time_firstPFT:site18R        7.78439   10.84603   0.718
## time_firstPFT:site19R        0.40172    3.33465   0.120
## time_firstPFT:site20R        1.78827    3.26809   0.547
## time_firstPFT:site21R        5.44692    4.57055   1.192
## time_firstPFT:site22R       -2.81517    2.72472  -1.033
## time_firstPFT:site23R        2.57861    5.11548   0.504
## time_firstPFT:site24R        0.84689    2.42888   0.349
## time_firstPFT:site25R       -5.27489    2.91601  -1.809
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -10.92413   10.99487  -0.994
## time_firstPFT:site29R        0.39608    4.77108   0.083
## time_firstPFT:site31R        1.76867    2.16379   0.817
## time_firstPFT:site32R       -2.66910    3.50399  -0.762
## time_firstPFT:site33R        4.04901    3.91408   1.034
## time_firstPFT:site34R        0.40000    2.48041   0.161
## time_firstPFT:site35R       13.05517    4.31219   3.028
## time_firstPFT:site36R        3.58014    2.81695   1.271
## time_firstPFT:site37R       -1.82655    2.75159  -0.664
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -2.06284    2.06979  -0.997
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -44.96685    8.61118  -5.222
## time_firstPFT:site40R        1.00117    4.52000   0.221
## time_firstPFT:site41R        2.21639    5.60536   0.395
## time_firstPFT:site42R        1.82460    5.42090   0.337
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.736
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 64.64 (95% CI [57.05,
## 72.24], t(2038) = 16.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.79, 95% CI [-8.99, -2.59], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.31])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-7.87, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta =
## -0.08, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.09, 95% CI [-45.50, 21.31], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.19, 95% CI [-13.90, 34.28], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-21.57, 24.62], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.56, 95% CI [-30.55, 7.42], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.13, 95% CI [-6.59, 40.85], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.50, 95% CI [0.72, 20.27], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.00, 95% CI [-4.42, 42.42], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.80, 7.77], t(2038) = -4.16e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.02, 95% CI [-6.63, 20.67], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.73, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-24.42, 4.05], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-6.64, 9.03], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-15.64, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.34, 95% CI [-24.17, 15.48], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.02, 95% CI [-21.92, 47.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 33.77], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.35,
## 95% CI [0.31, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.40, 95% CI [-13.86, 32.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.10, 95% CI [-4.67, 30.86], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.20, 95% CI [-25.43, 33.82], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.56, 95% CI [-62.59, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.92,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.99, 95% CI [-30.69, -1.28], t(2038) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.45], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-27.10, 20.72], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-9.70, 20.33], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.36, 95% CI [-12.60, 15.32], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-31.28, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.96], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.09, 1.84], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.11, 16.66], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.68, 95% CI [-16.04, 12.69], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.28, 95% CI [-18.85, 19.40], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-39.48, 26.22], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-14.16, 16.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.79, 95% CI [-9.71, 25.29], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.86, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.52, 95% CI [-35.37, -1.68], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-13.24, 12.82], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.83, 21.87], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.842; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.02, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.36, 95% CI [-28.12, 1.40], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.40, 95% CI [-5.00, 27.80], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-2.04, 21.44], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.20, 95% CI [-17.73, 48.12], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -2.89,
## 95% CI [-5.02, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.43, 95% CI [3.23, 49.63], t(2038) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.98, 95% CI [-23.42, 15.47], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-12.73, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-0.89, 2.76], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.72, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.32], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-7.28, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.43, 95% CI [-15.29, 6.43], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.81, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.921;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-11.61, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-6.17, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.58, -3.11e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.87, 3.02], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-2.53, 3.11], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-6.00, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.34, 95% CI [0.09, 6.59], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [8.45e-03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [0.62, 15.26], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.06, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-2.12, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 6.57], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.77, 95% CI [-4.53, 22.07], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-0.42, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [1.48, 14.62], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-1.46, 10.20], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-7.79, 8.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-8.89, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.21, 41.23], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-24.55, 20.14], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.30], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.78, 95% CI [-13.49, 29.05], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.14, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-4.62, 8.20], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-3.52, 14.41], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.53], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.45, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.92, 5.61], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.27, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.44], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-32.49, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321;
## Std. beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-8.96, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.47, 6.01], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-9.54, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-3.63, 11.73], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-4.46, 5.26], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.06, 95% CI [4.60, 21.51], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.43, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.58, 95% CI [-1.94, 9.10], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.22, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.12, 2.00], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.97, 95% CI [-61.85, -28.08], t(2038) = -5.22, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.19, 95% CI [-5.77, -2.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.00, 95% CI [-7.86, 9.87], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [-8.78, 13.21], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.81, 12.46], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.16])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NH4_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 64.64 (95% CI [57.05, 72.24], t(2038)
## = 16.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.79, 95% CI [-8.99, -2.59], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.31])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-7.87, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta =
## -0.08, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.09, 95% CI [-45.50, 21.31], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.19, 95% CI [-13.90, 34.28], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-21.57, 24.62], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.56, 95% CI [-30.55, 7.42], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.13, 95% CI [-6.59, 40.85], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.50, 95% CI [0.72, 20.27], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.00, 95% CI [-4.42, 42.42], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.80, 7.77], t(2038) = -4.16e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.02, 95% CI [-6.63, 20.67], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.73, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-24.42, 4.05], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-6.64, 9.03], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-15.64, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.34, 95% CI [-24.17, 15.48], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.02, 95% CI [-21.92, 47.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 33.77], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.35,
## 95% CI [0.31, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.40, 95% CI [-13.86, 32.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.10, 95% CI [-4.67, 30.86], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.20, 95% CI [-25.43, 33.82], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.56, 95% CI [-62.59, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.92,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.99, 95% CI [-30.69, -1.28], t(2038) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.45], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-27.10, 20.72], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-9.70, 20.33], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.36, 95% CI [-12.60, 15.32], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-31.28, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.96], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.09, 1.84], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.11, 16.66], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.68, 95% CI [-16.04, 12.69], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.28, 95% CI [-18.85, 19.40], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-39.48, 26.22], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-14.16, 16.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.79, 95% CI [-9.71, 25.29], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.86, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.52, 95% CI [-35.37, -1.68], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-13.24, 12.82], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.83, 21.87], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.842; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.02, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.36, 95% CI [-28.12, 1.40], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.40, 95% CI [-5.00, 27.80], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-2.04, 21.44], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.20, 95% CI [-17.73, 48.12], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -2.89,
## 95% CI [-5.02, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.43, 95% CI [3.23, 49.63], t(2038) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.98, 95% CI [-23.42, 15.47], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-12.73, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-0.89, 2.76], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.72, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.32], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-7.28, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.43, 95% CI [-15.29, 6.43], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.81, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.921;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-11.61, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-6.17, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.58, -3.11e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.87, 3.02], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-2.53, 3.11], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-6.00, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.34, 95% CI [0.09, 6.59], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [8.45e-03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [0.62, 15.26], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.06, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-2.12, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 6.57], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.77, 95% CI [-4.53, 22.07], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-0.42, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [1.48, 14.62], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-1.46, 10.20], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-7.79, 8.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-8.89, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.21, 41.23], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-24.55, 20.14], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.30], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.78, 95% CI [-13.49, 29.05], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.14, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-4.62, 8.20], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-3.52, 14.41], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.53], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.45, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.92, 5.61], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.27, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.44], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-32.49, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321;
## Std. beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-8.96, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.47, 6.01], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-9.54, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-3.63, 11.73], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-4.46, 5.26], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.06, 95% CI [4.60, 21.51], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.43, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.58, 95% CI [-1.94, 9.10], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.22, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.12, 2.00], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.97, 95% CI [-61.85, -28.08], t(2038) = -5.22, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.19, 95% CI [-5.77, -2.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.00, 95% CI [-7.86, 9.87], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [-8.78, 13.21], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.81, 12.46], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.16])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 64.64 (95% CI [57.05, 72.24], t(2038) = 16.69, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.79, 95% CI [-8.99, -2.59], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.31])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-7.87, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta =
## -0.08, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.09, 95% CI [-45.50, 21.31], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.19, 95% CI [-13.90, 34.28], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-21.57, 24.62], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.56, 95% CI [-30.55, 7.42], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.13, 95% CI [-6.59, 40.85], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.50, 95% CI [0.72, 20.27], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.00, 95% CI [-4.42, 42.42], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.80, 7.77], t(2038) = -4.16e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.02, 95% CI [-6.63, 20.67], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.73, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-24.42, 4.05], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-6.64, 9.03], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-15.64, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.34, 95% CI [-24.17, 15.48], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.02, 95% CI [-21.92, 47.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 33.77], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.35,
## 95% CI [0.31, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.40, 95% CI [-13.86, 32.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.10, 95% CI [-4.67, 30.86], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.20, 95% CI [-25.43, 33.82], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.56, 95% CI [-62.59, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.92,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.99, 95% CI [-30.69, -1.28], t(2038) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.45], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-27.10, 20.72], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-9.70, 20.33], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.36, 95% CI [-12.60, 15.32], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-31.28, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.96], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.09, 1.84], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.11, 16.66], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.68, 95% CI [-16.04, 12.69], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.28, 95% CI [-18.85, 19.40], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-39.48, 26.22], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-14.16, 16.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.79, 95% CI [-9.71, 25.29], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.86, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.52, 95% CI [-35.37, -1.68], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-13.24, 12.82], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.83, 21.87], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.842; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.02, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.36, 95% CI [-28.12, 1.40], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.40, 95% CI [-5.00, 27.80], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-2.04, 21.44], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.20, 95% CI [-17.73, 48.12], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -2.89,
## 95% CI [-5.02, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.43, 95% CI [3.23, 49.63], t(2038) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.98, 95% CI [-23.42, 15.47], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-12.73, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-0.89, 2.76], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.72, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.32], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-7.28, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.43, 95% CI [-15.29, 6.43], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.81, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.921;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-11.61, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-6.17, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.58, -3.11e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.87, 3.02], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-2.53, 3.11], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-6.00, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.34, 95% CI [0.09, 6.59], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [8.45e-03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [0.62, 15.26], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.06, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-2.12, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 6.57], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.77, 95% CI [-4.53, 22.07], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-0.42, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [1.48, 14.62], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-1.46, 10.20], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-7.79, 8.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-8.89, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.21, 41.23], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-24.55, 20.14], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.30], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.78, 95% CI [-13.49, 29.05], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.14, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-4.62, 8.20], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-3.52, 14.41], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.53], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.45, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.92, 5.61], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.27, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.44], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-32.49, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321;
## Std. beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-8.96, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.47, 6.01], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-9.54, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-3.63, 11.73], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-4.46, 5.26], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.06, 95% CI [4.60, 21.51], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.43, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.58, 95% CI [-1.94, 9.10], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.22, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.12, 2.00], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.97, 95% CI [-61.85, -28.08], t(2038) = -5.22, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.19, 95% CI [-5.77, -2.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.00, 95% CI [-7.86, 9.87], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [-8.78, 13.21], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.81, 12.46], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.16])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 64.64 (95% CI [57.05, 72.24], t(2038)
## = 16.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.79, 95% CI [-8.99, -2.59], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.31])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-7.87, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta =
## -0.08, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.09, 95% CI [-45.50, 21.31], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta =
## -1.86, 95% CI [-4.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.19, 95% CI [-13.90, 34.28], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-21.57, 24.62], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.56, 95% CI [-30.55, 7.42], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.13, 95% CI [-6.59, 40.85], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.50, 95% CI [0.72, 20.27], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.00, 95% CI [-4.42, 42.42], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.80, 7.77], t(2038) = -4.16e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.02, 95% CI [-6.63, 20.67], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.53, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.73, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-24.42, 4.05], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.19, 95% CI [-6.64, 9.03], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-15.64, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.34, 95% CI [-24.17, 15.48], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.02, 95% CI [-21.92, 47.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 33.77], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.35,
## 95% CI [0.31, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.40, 95% CI [-13.86, 32.66], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.10, 95% CI [-4.67, 30.86], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.20, 95% CI [-25.43, 33.82], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -29.56, 95% CI [-62.59, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.92,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.99, 95% CI [-30.69, -1.28], t(2038) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-29.80, 36.45], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-27.10, 20.72], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-9.70, 20.33], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.36, 95% CI [-12.60, 15.32], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-31.28, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.96], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.09, 1.84], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.11, 16.66], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.68, 95% CI [-16.04, 12.69], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.28, 95% CI [-18.85, 19.40], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-39.48, 26.22], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-14.16, 16.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.79, 95% CI [-9.71, 25.29], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.86, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.52, 95% CI [-35.37, -1.68], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-13.24, 12.82], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-17.83, 21.87], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.842; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.02, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.36, 95% CI [-28.12, 1.40], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.40, 95% CI [-5.00, 27.80], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-2.04, 21.44], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.20, 95% CI [-17.73, 48.12], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -2.89,
## 95% CI [-5.02, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.43, 95% CI [3.23, 49.63], t(2038) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.98, 95% CI [-23.42, 15.47], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-12.73, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-0.89, 2.76], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.72, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.32], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-7.28, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.43, 95% CI [-15.29, 6.43], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.81, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.921;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-11.61, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-6.17, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.58, -3.11e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.87, 3.02], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-2.53, 3.11], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-6.00, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 3.34, 95% CI [0.09, 6.59], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [8.45e-03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [0.62, 15.26], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.06, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-2.12, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 6.57], t(2038) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.77, 95% CI [-4.53, 22.07], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-0.42, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [1.48, 14.62], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-1.46, 10.20], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-7.79, 8.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-8.89, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.21, 41.23], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 3.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-24.55, 20.14], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.30], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.78, 95% CI [-13.49, 29.05], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.14, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-4.62, 8.20], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-3.52, 14.41], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.53], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.45, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.92, 5.61], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.27, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.44], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-32.49, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.321;
## Std. beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.03, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-8.96, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.47, 6.01], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-9.54, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-3.63, 11.73], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-4.46, 5.26], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.06, 95% CI [4.60, 21.51], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.22, 95% CI [0.43, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.58, 95% CI [-1.94, 9.10], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.22, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.12, 2.00], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -44.97, 95% CI [-61.85, -28.08], t(2038) = -5.22, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.19, 95% CI [-5.77, -2.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.00, 95% CI [-7.86, 9.87], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [-8.78, 13.21], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.81, 12.46], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.16])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.4.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14183.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2721 -0.4413 -0.0120  0.4494  4.5356 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.77   15.224        
##           time_firstPFT  13.58    3.685   -0.06
##  Residual                25.76    5.076        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       31.96497    7.65306   4.177
## time_firstPFT                     -2.73512    3.02155  -0.905
## NH4_5yrPreDx                      -0.08397    2.37119  -0.035
## disadv                             4.05137    2.91240   1.391
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.28316    2.82094  -2.582
## sexF                               3.58981    1.75731   2.043
## age_dx                             0.38794    0.09227   4.204
## smokeHxFormer                      3.72207    1.72775   2.154
## smokeHxAlways                     18.52392    8.39658   2.206
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.30579    3.93641  -0.586
## site02R                          -11.36295   16.44357  -0.691
## site03R                           11.91899   11.96211   0.996
## site04R                            2.98588   11.31255   0.264
## site05R                          -12.47307    9.33886  -1.336
## site06R                           10.45663   16.25859   0.643
## site07R                           11.51619    4.82594   2.386
## site09R                           20.31946   11.53215   1.762
## site101                            4.21074    3.94830   1.066
## site102                           12.30115    6.88203   1.787
## site103                           -1.39837    4.36205  -0.321
## site104                           -7.14471    7.10069  -1.006
## site105                            4.42782    3.97646   1.114
## site106                           -5.58747    4.58437  -1.219
## site107                           -2.27800   11.69838  -0.195
## site108                            4.85436   10.26199   0.473
## site10R                           13.32785   17.39756   0.766
## site11R                           17.16115    8.32801   2.061
## site12R                            7.15903   11.39142   0.628
## site13R                           17.33687    8.82889   1.964
## site14R                            5.86810   14.78387   0.397
## site15R                          -34.01186   16.24100  -2.094
## site16R                           -9.02462    7.34166  -1.229
## site17R                           10.21977   16.45692   0.621
## site18R                           -3.47450   11.72530  -0.296
## site19R                            8.78386    7.42637   1.183
## site20R                            2.26253    6.89602   0.328
## site21R                            2.54304   15.78542   0.161
## site22R                           -2.63358    5.31879  -0.495
## site23R                          -13.26847    9.10623  -1.457
## site24R                            4.73430    6.33421   0.747
## site25R                            0.54957    7.15653   0.077
## site28R                            4.15185    9.43867   0.440
## site29R                           -6.38296   16.14899  -0.395
## site31R                            5.36476    7.62345   0.704
## site32R                            9.28120    8.64082   1.074
## site33R                          -14.24512    8.30125  -1.716
## site34R                           -0.03740    6.40936  -0.006
## site35R                           -0.57514    9.76199  -0.059
## site36R                          -11.43378    7.26235  -1.574
## site37R                           15.55917    8.14558   1.910
## site38R                           12.33086    5.80400   2.125
## site39R                           23.78665   16.50225   1.441
## site40R                           25.62677   11.35628   2.257
## site41R                           -3.17709    9.62333  -0.330
## site42R                           -1.03606    5.24330  -0.198
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreDx         0.61387    1.02936   0.596
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.14974    1.11390  -0.134
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.04387    1.12570   0.039
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.11403    0.67349  -0.169
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05013    0.03526  -1.422
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.42566    0.67452   0.631
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.35510    5.31465   0.255
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.35837    1.70618   0.796
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -13.60134   14.86738  -0.915
## time_firstPFT:site03R              3.52870    5.24738   0.672
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.27351    5.64070  -0.758
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.36551    6.26828  -0.058
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.95964    1.62852  -1.817
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -5.60830    4.42563  -1.267
## time_firstPFT:site101              0.10928    1.50435   0.073
## time_firstPFT:site102             -1.83481    2.50810  -0.732
## time_firstPFT:site103              3.09091    1.82255   1.696
## time_firstPFT:site104              7.95337    3.86205   2.059
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.43843    1.53274   0.286
## time_firstPFT:site106              3.24853    1.89432   1.715
## time_firstPFT:site107              8.43694    6.84411   1.233
## time_firstPFT:site108              7.64824    3.66154   2.089
## time_firstPFT:site11R              4.74954    3.07468   1.545
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.37541    4.19372   0.090
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.76016    4.23312  -0.180
## time_firstPFT:site14R              4.01120   19.01917   0.211
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.07875   11.45340  -0.181
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.62169    2.82330   0.929
## time_firstPFT:site18R              7.86070   10.89141   0.722
## time_firstPFT:site19R              0.66384    3.41579   0.194
## time_firstPFT:site20R              2.17736    3.38407   0.643
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.24583    4.66681   1.124
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.26584    2.80405  -0.808
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.95972   24.77167   0.402
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.62998    2.48458   0.254
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.04486    3.02967  -1.665
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.34318   11.12471  -0.840
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.54515    4.90727   0.111
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.54849    2.31638   0.668
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -2.48847    3.60835  -0.690
## time_firstPFT:site33R              4.20936    4.04406   1.041
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.30957    2.55011   0.121
## time_firstPFT:site35R             13.41397    4.38860   3.057
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.74455    2.88973   1.296
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.38765    2.90794  -0.477
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.13785    2.14173  -0.998
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -45.57936    8.78882  -5.186
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.64022    4.66014   0.352
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.57334    5.66476   0.454
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.47442    5.44106   0.455
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.690
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96, 46.97], t(2008)
## = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to NH4_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96, 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96,
## 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 31.96 (95% CI
## [16.96, 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96,
## 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96,
## 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 31.96 (95% CI
## [16.96, 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96,
## 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 31.96 (95% CI [16.96, 46.97], t(2008) = 4.18, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-8.66, 3.19], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.48, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.57], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.05, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.82, -1.75], t(2008) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.59,
## 95% CI [0.14, 7.04], t(2008) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [0.33, 7.11], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.52, 95% CI [2.06, 34.99], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.41], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-43.61, 20.89], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta =
## -1.81, 95% CI [-4.51, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.92, 95% CI [-11.54, 35.38], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 1.00,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.99, 95% CI [-19.20, 25.17], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-30.79, 5.84], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.46, 95% CI [-21.43, 42.34], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.52, 95% CI [2.05, 20.98], t(2008) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.32, 95% CI [-2.30, 42.94], t(2008) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.53, 11.95], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.30, 95% CI [-1.20, 25.80], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-9.95, 7.16], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-21.07, 6.78], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-3.37, 12.23], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.59, 95% CI [-14.58, 3.40], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-25.22, 20.66], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-15.27, 24.98], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.33, 95% CI [-20.79, 47.45], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.16, 95% CI [0.83, 33.49], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.16, 95% CI [-15.18, 29.50], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.34, 95% CI [0.02, 34.65], t(2008) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 0.95, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-23.13, 34.86], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.01, 95% CI [-65.86, -2.16], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.17,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-23.42, 5.37], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.22, 95% CI [-22.05, 42.49], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.47, 95% CI [-26.47, 19.52], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.78, 23.35], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = 0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-11.26, 15.79], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.54, 95% CI [-28.41, 33.50], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-13.06, 7.80], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-31.13, 4.59], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.89])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-7.69, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-13.49, 14.58], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.36, 22.66], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-38.05, 25.29], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-9.59, 20.32], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.28, 95% CI [-7.66, 26.23], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.25, 95% CI [-30.53, 2.03], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.04, 95% CI [-12.61, 12.53], t(2008) = -5.84e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-19.72, 18.57], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-25.68, 2.81], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.56, 95% CI [-0.42, 31.53], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.33, 95% CI [0.95, 23.71], t(2008) = 2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.79, 95% CI [-8.58, 56.15], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -2.45,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.32])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.63, 95% CI [3.36, 47.90], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.19, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.18, 95% CI [-22.05, 15.70], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-11.32, 9.25], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.63], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.03], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -4.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.25], t(2008) =
## 0.04, p = 0.969; Std. beta = 4.10e-03, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.21], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75], t(2008) =
## 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.78], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.60, 95% CI [-42.76, 15.56], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.360;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-6.76, 13.82], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-15.34, 6.79], t(2008) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-12.66, 11.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.954;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-6.15, 0.23], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.61, 95% CI [-14.29, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.84, 3.06], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.942; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-6.75, 3.08], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-0.48, 6.67], t(2008) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.95, 95% CI [0.38, 15.53], t(2008) = 2.06, p = 0.040; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.57, 3.44], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.47, 6.96], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.99, 21.86], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.47, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.65, 95% CI [0.47, 14.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-1.28, 10.78], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-7.85, 8.60], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.06, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [-33.29, 41.31], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-24.54, 20.38], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.856;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.16], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.86, 95% CI [-13.50, 29.22], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.26, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-6.04, 7.36], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-4.46, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-3.91, 14.40], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-7.76, 3.23], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [-38.62, 58.54], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-3.61, 5.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-4.24, 5.50], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.04, 95% CI [-10.99, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.34, 95% CI [-31.16, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.401;
## Std. beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.17], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.99, 6.09], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.49, 95% CI [-9.56, 4.59], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-3.72, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.69, 5.31], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 13.41, 95% CI [4.81, 22.02], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.45, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.74, 95% CI [-1.92, 9.41], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.06], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.58, 95% CI [-62.82, -28.34], t(2008) = -5.19, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.87, -2.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-7.50, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-8.54, 13.68], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-8.20, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.5 BC

7.5.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14372.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3220 -0.4375 -0.0180  0.4490  4.5204 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   256.23   16.007        
##           time_firstPFT  13.02    3.608   -0.11
##  Residual                25.70    5.070        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                58.68014    4.01029  14.632
## time_firstPFT              -3.17533    1.60405  -1.980
## BC_5yrPreDx                 0.83691    4.31228   0.194
## site02R                    -7.47980   16.85517  -0.444
## site03R                    13.96052   12.07325   1.156
## site04R                     3.50534   11.77359   0.298
## site05R                   -11.06357    9.70846  -1.140
## site06R                    20.16430   11.94619   1.688
## site07R                    13.06777    4.88699   2.674
## site09R                    21.99302   11.86074   1.854
## site101                     3.63614    3.64534   0.997
## site102                    11.55800    6.63296   1.743
## site103                    -0.44959    3.33826  -0.135
## site104                    -4.87410    6.93443  -0.703
## site105                     4.99280    3.53511   1.412
## site106                    -3.43463    4.35715  -0.788
## site107                    -4.46443   12.01296  -0.372
## site108                     0.96670    9.94412   0.097
## site10R                    14.59661   17.51160   0.834
## site11R                    20.57725    8.27081   2.488
## site12R                    12.05529   11.88529   1.014
## site13R                    16.27453    8.88662   1.831
## site14R                     7.31717   15.04577   0.486
## site15R                   -27.72633   16.87852  -1.643
## site16R                   -14.95988    7.49788  -1.995
## site17R                     6.18445   16.87438   0.366
## site18R                     0.85028   11.97476   0.071
## site19R                    10.50599    7.32778   1.434
## site20R                     4.01018    7.03198   0.570
## site21R                     4.08222   16.39964   0.249
## site22R                     1.46730    5.29542   0.277
## site23R                   -10.20771    7.73320  -1.320
## site24R                     6.43815    6.51855   0.988
## site25R                     2.05286    7.01219   0.293
## site28R                     0.73425    9.79061   0.075
## site29R                    -3.32713   16.75153  -0.199
## site31R                     4.44783    7.49135   0.594
## site32R                    12.50139    8.53157   1.465
## site33R                   -15.31036    8.47252  -1.807
## site34R                     2.85883    6.54886   0.437
## site35R                     6.53245    9.92672   0.658
## site36R                   -12.42192    7.52374  -1.651
## site37R                    13.11096    8.32690   1.575
## site38R                    12.76462    5.67973   2.247
## site39R                    19.18386   16.79690   1.142
## site40R                    28.45720   11.83125   2.405
## site41R                    -0.55086    9.71762  -0.057
## site42R                    -0.09457    5.24244  -0.018
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreDx  -1.15156    1.70406  -0.676
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -15.40280   14.75982  -1.044
## time_firstPFT:site03R       1.51907    5.02385   0.302
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -5.32906    5.53158  -0.963
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -0.84554    6.21929  -0.136
## time_firstPFT:site06R      -2.93782    4.78825  -0.614
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -4.20740    1.46988  -2.862
## time_firstPFT:site09R      -6.49978    4.22965  -1.537
## time_firstPFT:site101      -1.14271    1.25210  -0.913
## time_firstPFT:site102      -3.03017    2.21146  -1.370
## time_firstPFT:site103       1.48076    1.20216   1.232
## time_firstPFT:site104       5.95417    3.52451   1.689
## time_firstPFT:site105      -0.69555    1.20792  -0.576
## time_firstPFT:site106       1.76363    1.64808   1.070
## time_firstPFT:site107       7.20375    6.73457   1.070
## time_firstPFT:site108       5.86575    3.22991   1.816
## time_firstPFT:site11R       3.30727    2.76294   1.197
## time_firstPFT:site12R      -0.57442    4.09778  -0.140
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -2.10343    4.04020  -0.521
## time_firstPFT:site14R       2.89373   18.96171   0.153
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.60390   11.38637  -0.229
## time_firstPFT:site16R       2.26175    2.62536   0.862
## time_firstPFT:site18R       6.39161   10.79404   0.592
## time_firstPFT:site19R      -1.59985    3.17327  -0.504
## time_firstPFT:site20R       0.48833    3.19612   0.153
## time_firstPFT:site21R       4.58139    4.49211   1.020
## time_firstPFT:site22R      -3.64371    2.66668  -1.366
## time_firstPFT:site23R       1.05589    5.03572   0.210
## time_firstPFT:site24R      -0.36308    2.36985  -0.153
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -6.85190    2.78266  -2.462
## time_firstPFT:site28R     -11.34716   10.98050  -1.033
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -1.00547    4.74841  -0.212
## time_firstPFT:site31R       0.49287    1.97080   0.250
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -4.22407    3.28039  -1.288
## time_firstPFT:site33R       2.66410    3.87943   0.687
## time_firstPFT:site34R      -0.90143    2.39642  -0.376
## time_firstPFT:site35R      11.18655    4.21518   2.654
## time_firstPFT:site36R       3.44188    2.82335   1.219
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -2.42820    2.72474  -0.891
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -3.21737    1.85266  -1.737
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -46.67810    8.59676  -5.430
## time_firstPFT:site40R      -0.55924    4.53155  -0.123
## time_firstPFT:site41R       0.97200    5.53575   0.176
## time_firstPFT:site42R       1.11396    5.39496   0.206
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.741
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 58.68 (95% CI [50.82,
## 66.54], t(2038) = 14.63, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.18, 95% CI [-6.32, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.84, 95% CI [-7.62, 9.29], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-40.53, 25.58], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -1.73,
## 95% CI [-4.43, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.96, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.64], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-19.58, 26.59], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.06, 95% CI [-30.10, 7.98], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.16, 95% CI [-3.26, 43.59], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.07, 95% CI [3.48, 22.65], t(2038) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-1.27, 45.25], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-3.51, 10.79], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.56, 95% CI [-1.45, 24.57], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-7.00, 6.10], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-18.47, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.99, 95% CI [-1.94, 11.93], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.98, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-28.02, 19.09], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-18.54, 20.47], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.60, 95% CI [-19.75, 48.94], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.58, 95% CI [4.36, 36.80], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.06, 95% CI [-11.25, 35.36], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 33.70], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-22.19, 36.82], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.73, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.96, 95% CI [-29.66, -0.26], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.18, 95% CI [-26.91, 39.28], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.85, 95% CI [-22.63, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.51, 95% CI [-3.86, 24.88], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-9.78, 17.80], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.08, 36.24], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.21, 95% CI [-25.37, 4.96], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.44, 95% CI [-6.35, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-11.70, 15.80], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-18.47, 19.93], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.33, 95% CI [-36.18, 29.52], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-10.24, 19.14], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.50, 95% CI [-4.23, 29.23], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.31, 95% CI [-31.93, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.86, 95% CI [-9.98, 15.70], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-12.94, 26.00], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std. beta = 1.32,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.18, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 29.44], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.76, 95% CI [1.63, 23.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-13.76, 52.12], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.68])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.46, 95% CI [5.25, 51.66], t(2038) = 2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.15, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.55, 95% CI [-19.61, 18.51], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-10.38, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-4.49, 2.19], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.40, 95% CI [-44.35, 13.54], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.297;
## Std. beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-4.13, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-8.33, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.33, 95% CI [-16.18, 5.52], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.35], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-12.33, 6.45], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.32], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-14.79, 1.80], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.60, 1.31], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.37, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-0.88, 3.84], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.95, 95% CI [-0.96, 12.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-3.06, 1.67], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-1.47, 5.00], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.20, 95% CI [-6.00, 20.41], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.20], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.11, 8.73], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.61, 7.46], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-34.29, 40.08], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.20, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-24.93, 19.73], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.41], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.39, 95% CI [-14.78, 27.56], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.38, 2.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.82, 4.62], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.78, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.23, 13.39], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-8.87, 1.59], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-8.82, 10.93], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.01, 4.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.85, 95% CI [-12.31, -1.39], t(2038) = -2.46, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.15, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.35, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.19], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.07, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-10.32, 8.31], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-3.37, 4.36], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-10.66, 2.21], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-4.94, 10.27], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.60, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.19, 95% CI [2.92, 19.45], t(2038) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.27, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-2.10, 8.98], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 2.92], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-6.85, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.68, 95% CI [-63.54, -29.82], t(2038) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-9.45, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.88, 11.83], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-9.47, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## BC_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## BC_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 58.68 (95% CI [50.82, 66.54], t(2038) = 14.63, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.18, 95% CI [-6.32, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.84, 95% CI [-7.62, 9.29], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-40.53, 25.58], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -1.73,
## 95% CI [-4.43, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.96, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.64], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-19.58, 26.59], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.06, 95% CI [-30.10, 7.98], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.16, 95% CI [-3.26, 43.59], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.07, 95% CI [3.48, 22.65], t(2038) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-1.27, 45.25], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-3.51, 10.79], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.56, 95% CI [-1.45, 24.57], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-7.00, 6.10], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-18.47, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.99, 95% CI [-1.94, 11.93], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.98, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-28.02, 19.09], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-18.54, 20.47], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.60, 95% CI [-19.75, 48.94], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.58, 95% CI [4.36, 36.80], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.06, 95% CI [-11.25, 35.36], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 33.70], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-22.19, 36.82], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.73, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.96, 95% CI [-29.66, -0.26], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.18, 95% CI [-26.91, 39.28], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.85, 95% CI [-22.63, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.51, 95% CI [-3.86, 24.88], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-9.78, 17.80], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.08, 36.24], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.21, 95% CI [-25.37, 4.96], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.44, 95% CI [-6.35, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-11.70, 15.80], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-18.47, 19.93], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.33, 95% CI [-36.18, 29.52], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-10.24, 19.14], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.50, 95% CI [-4.23, 29.23], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.31, 95% CI [-31.93, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.86, 95% CI [-9.98, 15.70], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-12.94, 26.00], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std. beta = 1.32,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.18, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 29.44], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.76, 95% CI [1.63, 23.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-13.76, 52.12], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.68])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.46, 95% CI [5.25, 51.66], t(2038) = 2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.15, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.55, 95% CI [-19.61, 18.51], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-10.38, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-4.49, 2.19], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.40, 95% CI [-44.35, 13.54], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.297;
## Std. beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-4.13, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-8.33, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.33, 95% CI [-16.18, 5.52], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.35], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-12.33, 6.45], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.32], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-14.79, 1.80], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.60, 1.31], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.37, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-0.88, 3.84], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.95, 95% CI [-0.96, 12.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-3.06, 1.67], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-1.47, 5.00], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.20, 95% CI [-6.00, 20.41], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.20], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.11, 8.73], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.61, 7.46], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-34.29, 40.08], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.20, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-24.93, 19.73], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.41], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.39, 95% CI [-14.78, 27.56], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.38, 2.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.82, 4.62], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.78, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.23, 13.39], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-8.87, 1.59], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-8.82, 10.93], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.01, 4.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.85, 95% CI [-12.31, -1.39], t(2038) = -2.46, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.15, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.35, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.19], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.07, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-10.32, 8.31], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-3.37, 4.36], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-10.66, 2.21], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-4.94, 10.27], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.60, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.19, 95% CI [2.92, 19.45], t(2038) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.27, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-2.10, 8.98], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 2.92], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-6.85, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.68, 95% CI [-63.54, -29.82], t(2038) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-9.45, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.88, 11.83], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-9.47, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site
## + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 58.68 (95% CI [50.82, 66.54], t(2038) = 14.63, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.18, 95% CI [-6.32, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.84, 95% CI [-7.62, 9.29], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-40.53, 25.58], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -1.73,
## 95% CI [-4.43, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.96, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.64], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-19.58, 26.59], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.06, 95% CI [-30.10, 7.98], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.16, 95% CI [-3.26, 43.59], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.07, 95% CI [3.48, 22.65], t(2038) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-1.27, 45.25], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-3.51, 10.79], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.56, 95% CI [-1.45, 24.57], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-7.00, 6.10], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-18.47, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.99, 95% CI [-1.94, 11.93], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.98, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-28.02, 19.09], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-18.54, 20.47], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.60, 95% CI [-19.75, 48.94], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.58, 95% CI [4.36, 36.80], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.06, 95% CI [-11.25, 35.36], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 33.70], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-22.19, 36.82], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.73, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.96, 95% CI [-29.66, -0.26], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.18, 95% CI [-26.91, 39.28], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.85, 95% CI [-22.63, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.51, 95% CI [-3.86, 24.88], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-9.78, 17.80], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.08, 36.24], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.21, 95% CI [-25.37, 4.96], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.44, 95% CI [-6.35, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-11.70, 15.80], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-18.47, 19.93], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.33, 95% CI [-36.18, 29.52], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-10.24, 19.14], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.50, 95% CI [-4.23, 29.23], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.31, 95% CI [-31.93, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.86, 95% CI [-9.98, 15.70], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-12.94, 26.00], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std. beta = 1.32,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.18, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 29.44], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.76, 95% CI [1.63, 23.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-13.76, 52.12], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.68])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.46, 95% CI [5.25, 51.66], t(2038) = 2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.15, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.55, 95% CI [-19.61, 18.51], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-10.38, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-4.49, 2.19], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.40, 95% CI [-44.35, 13.54], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.297;
## Std. beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-4.13, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-8.33, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.33, 95% CI [-16.18, 5.52], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.35], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-12.33, 6.45], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.32], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-14.79, 1.80], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.60, 1.31], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.37, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-0.88, 3.84], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.95, 95% CI [-0.96, 12.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-3.06, 1.67], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-1.47, 5.00], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.20, 95% CI [-6.00, 20.41], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.20], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.11, 8.73], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.61, 7.46], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-34.29, 40.08], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.20, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-24.93, 19.73], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.41], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.39, 95% CI [-14.78, 27.56], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.38, 2.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.82, 4.62], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.78, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.23, 13.39], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-8.87, 1.59], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-8.82, 10.93], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.01, 4.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.85, 95% CI [-12.31, -1.39], t(2038) = -2.46, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.15, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.35, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.19], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.07, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-10.32, 8.31], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-3.37, 4.36], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-10.66, 2.21], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-4.94, 10.27], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.60, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.19, 95% CI [2.92, 19.45], t(2038) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.27, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-2.10, 8.98], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 2.92], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-6.85, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.68, 95% CI [-63.54, -29.82], t(2038) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-9.45, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.88, 11.83], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-9.47, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort
## = CARE-PF, is at 58.68 (95% CI [50.82, 66.54], t(2038) = 14.63, p < .001).
## Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.18, 95% CI [-6.32, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.48, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.84, 95% CI [-7.62, 9.29], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-40.53, 25.58], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -1.73,
## 95% CI [-4.43, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.96, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.64], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-19.58, 26.59], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.06, 95% CI [-30.10, 7.98], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.16, 95% CI [-3.26, 43.59], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.07, 95% CI [3.48, 22.65], t(2038) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-1.27, 45.25], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-3.51, 10.79], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.56, 95% CI [-1.45, 24.57], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-7.00, 6.10], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-18.47, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.99, 95% CI [-1.94, 11.93], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.98, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-28.02, 19.09], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-18.54, 20.47], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.60, 95% CI [-19.75, 48.94], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.58, 95% CI [4.36, 36.80], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.47])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.06, 95% CI [-11.25, 35.36], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 33.70], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-22.19, 36.82], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.73, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.96, 95% CI [-29.66, -0.26], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.18, 95% CI [-26.91, 39.28], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.85, 95% CI [-22.63, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.51, 95% CI [-3.86, 24.88], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-9.78, 17.80], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.08, 36.24], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.21, 95% CI [-25.37, 4.96], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.44, 95% CI [-6.35, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-11.70, 15.80], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-18.47, 19.93], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.89, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.33, 95% CI [-36.18, 29.52], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-10.24, 19.14], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.50, 95% CI [-4.23, 29.23], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.31, 95% CI [-31.93, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.86, 95% CI [-9.98, 15.70], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-12.94, 26.00], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std. beta = 1.32,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.18, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 29.44], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.76, 95% CI [1.63, 23.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-13.76, 52.12], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.68])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.46, 95% CI [5.25, 51.66], t(2038) = 2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.15, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.55, 95% CI [-19.61, 18.51], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-10.38, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-4.49, 2.19], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.40, 95% CI [-44.35, 13.54], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.297;
## Std. beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-4.13, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-8.33, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.33, 95% CI [-16.18, 5.52], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.35], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-12.33, 6.45], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.32], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-14.79, 1.80], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-3.60, 1.31], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.37, 1.31], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-0.88, 3.84], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.95, 95% CI [-0.96, 12.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-3.06, 1.67], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-1.47, 5.00], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.20, 95% CI [-6.00, 20.41], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [-0.47, 12.20], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.11, 8.73], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.61, 7.46], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-10.03, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-34.29, 40.08], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.20, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-24.93, 19.73], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.819;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.41], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.39, 95% CI [-14.78, 27.56], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.38, 2.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.82, 4.62], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.78, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.879; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.23, 13.39], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-8.87, 1.59], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-8.82, 10.93], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.01, 4.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.85, 95% CI [-12.31, -1.39], t(2038) = -2.46, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.15, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.35, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.19], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.07, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-10.32, 8.31], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-3.37, 4.36], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-10.66, 2.21], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-4.94, 10.27], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.60, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.19, 95% CI [2.92, 19.45], t(2038) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.27, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-2.10, 8.98], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 2.92], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-6.85, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.68, 95% CI [-63.54, -29.82], t(2038) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-9.45, 8.33], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.88, 11.83], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-9.47, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.5.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv +  
##     time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *  
##     age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14180.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2937 -0.4368 -0.0150  0.4476  4.5076 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.77   15.224        
##           time_firstPFT  13.73    3.705   -0.07
##  Residual                25.74    5.073        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       28.86321    7.04649   4.096
## time_firstPFT                     -0.45326    2.75644  -0.164
## BC_5yrPreDx                        3.32693    4.16014   0.800
## disadv                             4.04099    2.86895   1.409
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.51535    2.79809  -2.686
## sexF                               3.51858    1.75151   2.009
## age_dx                             0.38880    0.09119   4.264
## smokeHxFormer                      3.75821    1.72792   2.175
## smokeHxAlways                     19.05741    8.41866   2.264
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.26817    3.92179  -0.578
## site02R                          -10.37395   16.18865  -0.641
## site03R                           12.50812   11.69546   1.069
## site04R                            3.66085   11.26479   0.325
## site05R                          -12.34011    9.33396  -1.322
## site06R                           10.42009   16.11947   0.646
## site07R                           12.50776    4.71559   2.652
## site09R                           21.09995   11.39142   1.852
## site101                            5.61376    3.55217   1.580
## site102                           13.87001    6.42008   2.160
## site103                            0.19912    3.34042   0.060
## site104                           -5.01878    6.70583  -0.748
## site105                            5.71951    3.43779   1.664
## site106                           -4.56424    4.26434  -1.070
## site107                           -0.96599   11.53698  -0.084
## site108                            7.27232    9.98015   0.729
## site10R                           12.57346   17.11209   0.735
## site11R                           17.17425    7.93633   2.164
## site12R                            8.39928   11.38112   0.738
## site13R                           18.04866    8.59191   2.101
## site14R                            6.82344   14.67691   0.465
## site15R                          -34.80718   16.21769  -2.146
## site16R                           -9.15559    7.28156  -1.257
## site17R                           11.14937   16.32103   0.683
## site18R                           -2.62953   11.51516  -0.228
## site19R                           10.75785    7.07039   1.522
## site20R                            3.22304    6.75922   0.477
## site21R                            2.15053   15.65563   0.137
## site22R                           -2.16472    5.17220  -0.419
## site23R                          -12.05839    8.91177  -1.353
## site24R                            5.82995    6.25055   0.933
## site25R                            1.49542    6.80746   0.220
## site28R                            3.85426    9.43672   0.408
## site29R                           -5.11723   16.07597  -0.318
## site31R                            6.20572    7.25041   0.856
## site32R                           10.57766    8.22610   1.286
## site33R                          -13.09297    8.15305  -1.606
## site34R                            1.17344    6.28234   0.187
## site35R                            1.01833    9.54932   0.107
## site36R                          -11.60624    7.23530  -1.604
## site37R                           16.03410    8.07727   1.985
## site38R                           12.93701    5.45328   2.372
## site39R                           25.81913   16.38853   1.575
## site40R                           24.69397   11.34766   2.176
## site41R                           -2.39173    9.38385  -0.255
## site42R                           -0.51911    5.10184  -0.102
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreDx         -1.17000    1.78074  -0.657
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.21358    1.10710  -0.193
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.22742    1.12547   0.202
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.02688    0.66991  -0.040
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05332    0.03501  -1.523
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.35519    0.67866   0.523
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.06630    5.32702   0.200
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.54220    1.69138   0.912
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.72687   14.80935  -0.994
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.61802    5.11223   0.512
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.95205    5.63095  -0.879
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.53394    6.26834  -0.085
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.74468    1.53465  -2.440
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.30117    4.34060  -1.452
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.96074    1.30073  -0.739
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.10454    2.27253  -1.366
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.67612    1.29598   1.293
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.45031    3.64004   1.772
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.60839    1.24411  -0.489
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.32380    1.72230   1.349
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.28371    6.78199   1.074
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.84659    3.51367   1.664
## time_firstPFT:site11R              4.14151    2.86688   1.445
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -0.12816    4.20744  -0.030
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.66421    4.13428  -0.403
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.29143   19.00191   0.173
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.20895   11.44301  -0.193
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.01518    2.73708   0.736
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.98737   10.84342   0.644
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -0.79503    3.26504  -0.243
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.17860    3.28655   0.359
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.82685    4.58920   1.052
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.77252    2.74747  -1.009
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.97727   24.73997   0.363
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -0.23706    2.41385  -0.098
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -6.19530    2.88155  -2.150
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.76781   11.10859  -0.879
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.44082    4.86705  -0.091
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.59671    2.06099   0.290
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.57289    3.37055  -1.060
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.20331    4.01870   0.797
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.63765    2.47289  -0.258
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.11361    4.31176   2.809
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.75557    2.89781   1.296
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.86338    2.86974  -0.649
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.95292    1.89968  -1.554
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -47.10592    8.75185  -5.382
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.53585    4.69116   0.114
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.73406    5.59506   0.310
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.00758    5.41783   0.371
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.691
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 28.86 (95% CI [15.04, 42.68], t(2008)
## = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## BC_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to BC_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 28.86 (95% CI
## [15.04, 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 28.86 (95% CI [15.04,
## 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 28.86 (95% CI
## [15.04, 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 28.86 (95% CI [15.04,
## 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 28.86 (95% CI [15.04,
## 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 28.86 (95% CI
## [15.04, 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 28.86 (95% CI [15.04,
## 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 28.86 (95% CI
## [15.04, 42.68], t(2008) = 4.10, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.95], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.27])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.83, 11.49], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.16])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.04, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.52, 95% CI [-13.00, -2.03], t(2008) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.52,
## 95% CI [0.08, 6.95], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [0.37, 7.15], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.46])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.06, 95% CI [2.55, 35.57], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.03, 2.38])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 5.42], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta =
## -2.79e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.37, 95% CI [-42.12, 21.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.52, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.51, 95% CI [-10.43, 35.44], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-18.43, 25.75], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.65, 5.97], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-21.19, 42.03], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.51, 95% CI [3.26, 21.76], t(2008) = 2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.10, 95% CI [-1.24, 43.44], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.61, 95% CI [-1.35, 12.58], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.87, 95% CI [1.28, 26.46], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-6.35, 6.75], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-18.17, 8.13], t(2008) = -0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.72, 95% CI [-1.02, 12.46], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-12.93, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.97, 95% CI [-23.59, 21.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.27, 95% CI [-12.30, 26.84], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.57, 95% CI [-20.99, 46.13], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.17, 95% CI [1.61, 32.74], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.36, 95%
## CI [0.39, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.40, 95% CI [-13.92, 30.72], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.05, 95% CI [1.20, 34.90], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.82, 95% CI [-21.96, 35.61], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.81, 95% CI [-66.61, -3.00], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.16, 95% CI [-23.44, 5.12], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.15, 95% CI [-20.86, 43.16], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 2.53])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-25.21, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-3.11, 24.62], t(2008) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.03, 16.48], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.15, 95% CI [-28.55, 32.85], t(2008) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-12.31, 7.98], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.06, 95% CI [-29.54, 5.42], t(2008) = -1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 3.88])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-6.43, 18.09], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-11.86, 14.85], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.826; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-14.65, 22.36], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.12, 95% CI [-36.64, 26.41], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-8.01, 20.42], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.58, 95% CI [-5.55, 26.71], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-29.08, 2.90], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-11.15, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-17.71, 19.75], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.915; Std. beta = 1.08,
## 95% CI [-0.10, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.61, 95% CI [-25.80, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.03, 95% CI [0.19, 31.87], t(2008) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.94, 95% CI [2.24, 23.63], t(2008) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 25.82, 95% CI [-6.32, 57.96], t(2008) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -2.46,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.35])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.69, 95% CI [2.44, 46.95], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-20.79, 16.01], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.799; Std. beta =
## 6.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.52, 9.49], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.66, 2.32], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.511;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.96], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std.
## beta = -5.72e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-1.98, 2.43], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.29], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = -2.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.69], t(2008) =
## 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 11.51], t(2008) =
## 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.54, 95% CI [-1.77, 4.86], t(2008) =
## 0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.77, 14.32], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.09, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-7.41, 12.64], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.95, 95% CI [-16.00, 6.09], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.49, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.76], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.932;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.75, -0.74], t(2008) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.30, 95% CI [-14.81, 2.21], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.59], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.56, 1.35], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-0.87, 4.22], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.45, 95% CI [-0.69, 13.59], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.83], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.625; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.70], t(2008) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.28, 95% CI [-6.02, 20.58], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.04, 12.74], t(2008) = 1.66, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.14, 95% CI [-1.48, 9.76], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.38, 8.12], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-9.77, 6.44], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.29, 95% CI [-33.97, 40.56], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.21, 95% CI [-24.65, 20.23], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.30, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.38], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99, 95% CI [-14.28, 28.25], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-1.33, 2.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.20, 5.61], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.62], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-4.17, 13.83], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-8.16, 2.62], t(2008) = -1.01, p = 0.313; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.98, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.50], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-4.97, 4.50], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.20, 95% CI [-11.85, -0.54], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032;
## Std. beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.55, 12.02], t(2008) = -0.88, p = 0.379;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-2.95, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-9.99, 9.10], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.45, 4.64], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-10.18, 3.04], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.20, 95% CI [-4.68, 11.08], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-5.49, 4.21], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.797; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.11, 95% CI [3.66, 20.57], t(2008) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.34, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.76, 95% CI [-1.93, 9.44], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.49, 3.76], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-6.68, 0.77], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.11, 95% CI [-64.27, -29.94], t(2008) = -5.38, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-6.01, -2.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-8.66, 9.74], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-9.24, 12.71], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.62, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.711; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.6 OM

7.6.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14379.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3110 -0.4400 -0.0164  0.4473  4.5288 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   255.89   15.997        
##           time_firstPFT  13.00    3.605   -0.11
##  Residual                25.71    5.071        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                60.52332    2.97151  20.368
## time_firstPFT              -4.29685    1.05916  -4.057
## OM_5yrPreDx                -0.32458    0.78280  -0.415
## site02R                    -7.81678   16.80419  -0.465
## site03R                    13.91951   12.05532   1.155
## site04R                     3.10283   11.75496   0.264
## site05R                   -11.21048    9.70660  -1.155
## site06R                    20.69373   11.99618   1.725
## site07R                    12.55903    4.77246   2.632
## site09R                    21.58589   11.82489   1.825
## site101                     3.02604    3.29440   0.919
## site102                    11.04855    6.34024   1.743
## site103                    -0.96284    2.75242  -0.350
## site104                    -5.78875    6.52915  -0.887
## site105                     4.77663    3.16205   1.511
## site106                    -3.80342    4.18724  -0.908
## site107                    -4.86489   11.89986  -0.409
## site108                     0.02893    9.61720   0.003
## site10R                    14.64980   17.45792   0.839
## site11R                    20.79094    8.27784   2.512
## site12R                    11.32488   11.82431   0.958
## site13R                    15.90109    8.86115   1.794
## site14R                     6.63924   15.02419   0.442
## site15R                   -27.28478   16.83845  -1.620
## site16R                   -15.03552    7.48915  -2.008
## site17R                     5.80535   16.83700   0.345
## site18R                     0.49651   11.93053   0.042
## site19R                     9.37874    7.10607   1.320
## site20R                     3.49274    6.97166   0.501
## site21R                     4.31288   16.38243   0.263
## site22R                     1.06230    5.30990   0.200
## site23R                   -10.69836    7.62183  -1.404
## site24R                     5.90953    6.40631   0.922
## site25R                     1.79346    6.93309   0.259
## site28R                     0.94807    9.77465   0.097
## site29R                    -4.15066   16.70998  -0.248
## site31R                     4.03660    7.44981   0.542
## site32R                    11.84241    8.44133   1.403
## site33R                   -15.89367    8.39643  -1.893
## site34R                     2.26090    6.41576   0.352
## site35R                     5.76453    9.77525   0.590
## site36R                   -12.19872    7.52387  -1.621
## site37R                    12.88484    8.31659   1.549
## site38R                    12.52991    5.64182   2.221
## site39R                    18.20748   16.70159   1.090
## site40R                    28.92343   11.76857   2.458
## site41R                    -0.86285    9.68193  -0.089
## site42R                    -0.44372    5.22605  -0.085
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreDx   0.02330    0.27762   0.084
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -15.04430   14.75309  -1.020
## time_firstPFT:site03R       1.66499    5.02202   0.332
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -5.01191    5.52017  -0.908
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -0.78482    6.22084  -0.126
## time_firstPFT:site06R      -3.03315    4.80912  -0.631
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -3.83737    1.39377  -2.753
## time_firstPFT:site09R      -6.32935    4.22329  -1.499
## time_firstPFT:site101      -0.66791    1.07743  -0.620
## time_firstPFT:site102      -2.51439    2.07958  -1.209
## time_firstPFT:site103       1.98850    0.94937   2.095
## time_firstPFT:site104       6.48914    3.44869   1.882
## time_firstPFT:site105      -0.30017    1.06011  -0.283
## time_firstPFT:site106       2.12286    1.57352   1.349
## time_firstPFT:site107       7.68841    6.69891   1.148
## time_firstPFT:site108       6.64282    3.05832   2.172
## time_firstPFT:site11R       3.25360    2.76764   1.176
## time_firstPFT:site12R      -0.25919    4.08095  -0.064
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -1.80109    4.02273  -0.448
## time_firstPFT:site14R       3.24226   18.96370   0.171
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.89533   11.38126  -0.254
## time_firstPFT:site16R       2.42885    2.62298   0.926
## time_firstPFT:site18R       6.66482   10.79115   0.618
## time_firstPFT:site19R      -0.92448    3.07757  -0.300
## time_firstPFT:site20R       0.89882    3.16006   0.284
## time_firstPFT:site21R       4.45164    4.48742   0.992
## time_firstPFT:site22R      -3.44575    2.66858  -1.291
## time_firstPFT:site23R       1.47383    5.00463   0.294
## time_firstPFT:site24R       0.04327    2.30999   0.019
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -6.39290    2.70856  -2.360
## time_firstPFT:site28R     -11.31710   10.98419  -1.030
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -0.51017    4.71965  -0.108
## time_firstPFT:site31R       0.78195    1.93975   0.403
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -3.96857    3.26615  -1.215
## time_firstPFT:site33R       3.13916    3.84445   0.817
## time_firstPFT:site34R      -0.48387    2.33104  -0.208
## time_firstPFT:site35R      11.81784    4.13894   2.855
## time_firstPFT:site36R       3.33321    2.82501   1.180
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -2.32069    2.72131  -0.853
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -3.00597    1.83000  -1.643
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -46.03174    8.56418  -5.375
## time_firstPFT:site40R       0.06103    4.46903   0.014
## time_firstPFT:site41R       1.22814    5.52630   0.222
## time_firstPFT:site42R       1.29629    5.39434   0.240
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.739
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 60.52 (95% CI [54.70,
## 66.35], t(2038) = 20.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.30, 95% CI [-6.37, -2.22], t(2038) = -4.06, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, -0.31])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.21], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.82, 95% CI [-40.77, 25.14], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.92, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.56], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-19.95, 26.16], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-30.25, 7.83], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.83, 44.22], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.56, 95% CI [3.20, 21.92], t(2038) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.59, 95% CI [-1.60, 44.78], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.43, 9.49], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.05, 95% CI [-1.39, 23.48], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-6.36, 4.44], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.59, 7.02], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.42, 10.98], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.80, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.41], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.86, 95% CI [-28.20, 18.47], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.83, 18.89], t(2038) = 3.01e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.56, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.65, 95% CI [-19.59, 48.89], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.79, 95% CI [4.56, 37.02], t(2038) = 2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.32, 95% CI [-11.86, 34.51], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.90, 95% CI [-1.48, 33.28], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.64, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.28, 95% CI [-60.31, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.04, 95% CI [-29.72, -0.35], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.81, 95% CI [-27.21, 38.82], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.90, 23.89], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.38, 95% CI [-4.56, 23.31], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-10.18, 17.17], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-27.82, 36.44], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-9.35, 11.48], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.70, 95% CI [-25.65, 4.25], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.91, 95% CI [-6.65, 18.47], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.79, 95% CI [-11.80, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.22, 20.12], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.15, 95% CI [-36.92, 28.62], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.04, 95% CI [-10.57, 18.65], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-4.71, 28.40], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.89, 95% CI [-32.36, 0.57], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.32, 14.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-13.41, 24.94], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.14, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-26.95, 2.56], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.88, 95% CI [-3.43, 29.19], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [1.47, 23.59], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.21, 95% CI [-14.55, 50.96], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.69])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.92, 95% CI [5.84, 52.00], t(2038) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 1.70, 95%
## CI [0.24, 3.16])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-19.85, 18.12], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.44, 95% CI [-10.69, 9.81], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.57], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.04, 95% CI [-43.98, 13.89], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.18, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.01, 95% CI [-15.84, 5.81], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.48, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.900;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-12.46, 6.40], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.84, 95% CI [-6.57, -1.10], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 1.95], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.45], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [0.13, 3.85], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.49, 95% CI [-0.27, 13.25], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-0.96, 5.21], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.69, 95% CI [-5.45, 20.83], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [0.65, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.06, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-2.17, 8.68], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.26, 7.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-9.69, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-33.95, 40.43], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.42], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.72, 7.57], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.83], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.35, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-6.96, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.30, 7.10], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.25], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.45, 95% CI [-8.68, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.34, 11.29], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.49, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = 4.04e-03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.08], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.32, 95% CI [-32.86, 10.22], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.303;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-9.77, 8.75], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-3.02, 4.59], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-10.37, 2.44], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-4.40, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.82, 95% CI [3.70, 19.93], t(2038) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.21, 8.87], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.59, 0.58], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.03, 95% CI [-62.83, -29.24], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-8.70, 8.83], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 5.69e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-9.61, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-9.28, 11.88], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.11])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## OM_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## OM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 60.52 (95% CI [54.70, 66.35], t(2038) = 20.37, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.30, 95% CI [-6.37, -2.22], t(2038) = -4.06, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, -0.31])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.21], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.82, 95% CI [-40.77, 25.14], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.92, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.56], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-19.95, 26.16], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-30.25, 7.83], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.83, 44.22], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.56, 95% CI [3.20, 21.92], t(2038) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.59, 95% CI [-1.60, 44.78], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.43, 9.49], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.05, 95% CI [-1.39, 23.48], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-6.36, 4.44], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.59, 7.02], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.42, 10.98], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.80, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.41], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.86, 95% CI [-28.20, 18.47], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.83, 18.89], t(2038) = 3.01e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.56, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.65, 95% CI [-19.59, 48.89], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.79, 95% CI [4.56, 37.02], t(2038) = 2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.32, 95% CI [-11.86, 34.51], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.90, 95% CI [-1.48, 33.28], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.64, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.28, 95% CI [-60.31, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.04, 95% CI [-29.72, -0.35], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.81, 95% CI [-27.21, 38.82], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.90, 23.89], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.38, 95% CI [-4.56, 23.31], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-10.18, 17.17], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-27.82, 36.44], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-9.35, 11.48], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.70, 95% CI [-25.65, 4.25], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.91, 95% CI [-6.65, 18.47], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.79, 95% CI [-11.80, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.22, 20.12], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.15, 95% CI [-36.92, 28.62], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.04, 95% CI [-10.57, 18.65], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-4.71, 28.40], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.89, 95% CI [-32.36, 0.57], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.32, 14.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-13.41, 24.94], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.14, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-26.95, 2.56], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.88, 95% CI [-3.43, 29.19], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [1.47, 23.59], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.21, 95% CI [-14.55, 50.96], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.69])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.92, 95% CI [5.84, 52.00], t(2038) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 1.70, 95%
## CI [0.24, 3.16])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-19.85, 18.12], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.44, 95% CI [-10.69, 9.81], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.57], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.04, 95% CI [-43.98, 13.89], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.18, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.01, 95% CI [-15.84, 5.81], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.48, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.900;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-12.46, 6.40], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.84, 95% CI [-6.57, -1.10], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 1.95], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.45], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [0.13, 3.85], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.49, 95% CI [-0.27, 13.25], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-0.96, 5.21], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.69, 95% CI [-5.45, 20.83], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [0.65, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.06, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-2.17, 8.68], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.26, 7.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-9.69, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-33.95, 40.43], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.42], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.72, 7.57], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.83], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.35, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-6.96, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.30, 7.10], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.25], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.45, 95% CI [-8.68, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.34, 11.29], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.49, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = 4.04e-03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.08], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.32, 95% CI [-32.86, 10.22], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.303;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-9.77, 8.75], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-3.02, 4.59], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-10.37, 2.44], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-4.40, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.82, 95% CI [3.70, 19.93], t(2038) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.21, 8.87], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.59, 0.58], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.03, 95% CI [-62.83, -29.24], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-8.70, 8.83], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 5.69e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-9.61, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-9.28, 11.88], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.11])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site
## + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 60.52 (95% CI [54.70, 66.35], t(2038) = 20.37, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.30, 95% CI [-6.37, -2.22], t(2038) = -4.06, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, -0.31])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.21], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.82, 95% CI [-40.77, 25.14], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.92, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.56], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-19.95, 26.16], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-30.25, 7.83], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.83, 44.22], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.56, 95% CI [3.20, 21.92], t(2038) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.59, 95% CI [-1.60, 44.78], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.43, 9.49], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.05, 95% CI [-1.39, 23.48], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-6.36, 4.44], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.59, 7.02], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.42, 10.98], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.80, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.41], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.86, 95% CI [-28.20, 18.47], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.83, 18.89], t(2038) = 3.01e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.56, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.65, 95% CI [-19.59, 48.89], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.79, 95% CI [4.56, 37.02], t(2038) = 2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.32, 95% CI [-11.86, 34.51], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.90, 95% CI [-1.48, 33.28], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.64, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.28, 95% CI [-60.31, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.04, 95% CI [-29.72, -0.35], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.81, 95% CI [-27.21, 38.82], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.90, 23.89], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.38, 95% CI [-4.56, 23.31], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-10.18, 17.17], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-27.82, 36.44], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-9.35, 11.48], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.70, 95% CI [-25.65, 4.25], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.91, 95% CI [-6.65, 18.47], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.79, 95% CI [-11.80, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.22, 20.12], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.15, 95% CI [-36.92, 28.62], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.04, 95% CI [-10.57, 18.65], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-4.71, 28.40], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.89, 95% CI [-32.36, 0.57], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.32, 14.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-13.41, 24.94], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.14, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-26.95, 2.56], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.88, 95% CI [-3.43, 29.19], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [1.47, 23.59], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.21, 95% CI [-14.55, 50.96], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.69])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.92, 95% CI [5.84, 52.00], t(2038) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 1.70, 95%
## CI [0.24, 3.16])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-19.85, 18.12], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.44, 95% CI [-10.69, 9.81], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.57], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.04, 95% CI [-43.98, 13.89], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.18, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.01, 95% CI [-15.84, 5.81], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.48, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.900;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-12.46, 6.40], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.84, 95% CI [-6.57, -1.10], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 1.95], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.45], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [0.13, 3.85], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.49, 95% CI [-0.27, 13.25], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-0.96, 5.21], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.69, 95% CI [-5.45, 20.83], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [0.65, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.06, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-2.17, 8.68], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.26, 7.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-9.69, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-33.95, 40.43], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.42], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.72, 7.57], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.83], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.35, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-6.96, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.30, 7.10], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.25], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.45, 95% CI [-8.68, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.34, 11.29], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.49, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = 4.04e-03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.08], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.32, 95% CI [-32.86, 10.22], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.303;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-9.77, 8.75], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-3.02, 4.59], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-10.37, 2.44], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-4.40, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.82, 95% CI [3.70, 19.93], t(2038) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.21, 8.87], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.59, 0.58], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.03, 95% CI [-62.83, -29.24], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-8.70, 8.83], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 5.69e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-9.61, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-9.28, 11.88], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.11])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort
## = CARE-PF, is at 60.52 (95% CI [54.70, 66.35], t(2038) = 20.37, p < .001).
## Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.30, 95% CI [-6.37, -2.22], t(2038) = -4.06, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, -0.31])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.21], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.82, 95% CI [-40.77, 25.14], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.92, 95% CI [-9.72, 37.56], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.35])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-19.95, 26.16], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-30.25, 7.83], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.248; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.69, 95% CI [-2.83, 44.22], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.56, 95% CI [3.20, 21.92], t(2038) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.59, 95% CI [-1.60, 44.78], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.43, 9.49], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.05, 95% CI [-1.39, 23.48], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-6.36, 4.44], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.59, 7.02], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.42, 10.98], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.80, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.41], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.86, 95% CI [-28.20, 18.47], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.83, 18.89], t(2038) = 3.01e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.56, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.65, 95% CI [-19.59, 48.89], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.79, 95% CI [4.56, 37.02], t(2038) = 2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.49, 95%
## CI [0.50, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.32, 95% CI [-11.86, 34.51], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.90, 95% CI [-1.48, 33.28], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.64, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.28, 95% CI [-60.31, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.04, 95% CI [-29.72, -0.35], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.81, 95% CI [-27.21, 38.82], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.90, 23.89], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.38, 95% CI [-4.56, 23.31], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-10.18, 17.17], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-27.82, 36.44], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.06, 95% CI [-9.35, 11.48], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.70, 95% CI [-25.65, 4.25], t(2038) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.91, 95% CI [-6.65, 18.47], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.35, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.79, 95% CI [-11.80, 15.39], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-18.22, 20.12], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.15, 95% CI [-36.92, 28.62], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.04, 95% CI [-10.57, 18.65], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-4.71, 28.40], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.89, 95% CI [-32.36, 0.57], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.32, 14.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-13.41, 24.94], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 1.33,
## 95% CI [0.14, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-26.95, 2.56], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.88, 95% CI [-3.43, 29.19], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [1.47, 23.59], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.21, 95% CI [-14.55, 50.96], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.92, -0.69])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.92, 95% CI [5.84, 52.00], t(2038) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = 1.70, 95%
## CI [0.24, 3.16])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-19.85, 18.12], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.44, 95% CI [-10.69, 9.81], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.57], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.04, 95% CI [-43.98, 13.89], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-4.10, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.18, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.01, 95% CI [-15.84, 5.81], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.48, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-12.98, 11.42], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.900;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.21, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-12.46, 6.40], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.84, 95% CI [-6.57, -1.10], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 1.95], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.45], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [0.13, 3.85], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.036; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.49, 95% CI [-0.27, 13.25], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-2.38, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-0.96, 5.21], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.69, 95% CI [-5.45, 20.83], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [0.65, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.06, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-2.17, 8.68], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.26, 7.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-9.69, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-33.95, 40.43], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.42], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.799;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.72, 7.57], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.66, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.83], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.35, 2.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-6.96, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.30, 7.10], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.45, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.25], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.45, 95% CI [-8.68, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.34, 11.29], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.49, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = 4.04e-03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-11.70, -1.08], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.32, 95% CI [-32.86, 10.22], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.303;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-9.77, 8.75], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-3.02, 4.59], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-10.37, 2.44], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-4.40, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.82, 95% CI [3.70, 19.93], t(2038) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.21, 8.87], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-6.59, 0.58], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.03, 95% CI [-62.83, -29.24], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-8.70, 8.83], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 5.69e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-9.61, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-9.28, 11.88], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.11])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.6.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv +  
##     time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *  
##     age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14188.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2776 -0.4394 -0.0117  0.4497  4.5164 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   231.88   15.228        
##           time_firstPFT  13.70    3.701   -0.07
##  Residual                25.75    5.075        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       31.115857   6.467349   4.811
## time_firstPFT                     -1.656305   2.407013  -0.688
## OM_5yrPreDx                        0.221467   0.776283   0.285
## disadv                             3.975591   2.889503   1.376
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.406641   2.809520  -2.636
## sexF                               3.554179   1.753723   2.027
## age_dx                             0.387899   0.091230   4.252
## smokeHxFormer                      3.745445   1.728914   2.166
## smokeHxAlways                     18.767186   8.441124   2.223
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.327399   3.922623  -0.593
## site02R                          -11.235524  16.154996  -0.695
## site03R                           11.933889  11.688403   1.021
## site04R                            3.203906  11.256305   0.285
## site05R                          -12.360100   9.340470  -1.323
## site06R                           10.197672  16.167721   0.631
## site07R                           11.752144   4.608633   2.550
## site09R                           20.491358  11.363999   1.803
## site101                            4.490882   3.214936   1.397
## site102                           12.457854   6.148792   2.026
## site103                           -1.158914   2.794171  -0.415
## site104                           -6.681638   6.320288  -1.057
## site105                            4.459267   3.087973   1.444
## site106                           -5.446105   4.108671  -1.326
## site107                           -2.157558  11.440326  -0.189
## site108                            5.384241   9.664800   0.557
## site10R                           12.543476  17.062035   0.735
## site11R                           17.129251   7.950035   2.155
## site12R                            7.517228  11.335265   0.663
## site13R                           17.551115   8.570215   2.048
## site14R                            6.140999  14.657860   0.419
## site15R                          -34.078791  16.191998  -2.105
## site16R                           -8.862871   7.285676  -1.216
## site17R                           10.403345  16.294806   0.638
## site18R                           -3.265025  11.486431  -0.284
## site19R                            9.365281   6.874877   1.362
## site20R                            2.529891   6.702621   0.377
## site21R                            2.522584  15.652599   0.161
## site22R                           -2.397231   5.184312  -0.462
## site23R                          -12.996336   8.824413  -1.473
## site24R                            4.977245   6.146359   0.810
## site25R                            0.661016   6.736514   0.098
## site28R                            4.149781   9.430512   0.440
## site29R                           -6.014289  16.041144  -0.375
## site31R                            5.602714   7.207658   0.777
## site32R                            9.696990   8.151139   1.190
## site33R                          -13.936693   8.086825  -1.723
## site34R                            0.243977   6.158918   0.040
## site35R                           -0.233445   9.413507  -0.025
## site36R                          -11.497933   7.240439  -1.588
## site37R                           15.763901   8.074991   1.952
## site38R                           12.481409   5.419914   2.303
## site39R                           24.409552  16.313849   1.496
## site40R                           25.539325  11.294486   2.261
## site41R                           -2.966423   9.354566  -0.317
## site42R                           -0.865883   5.085642  -0.170
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreDx          0.043430   0.298607   0.145
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.286489   1.130837  -0.253
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.126661   1.122337   0.113
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.069484   0.673524  -0.103
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.052859   0.034978  -1.511
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.409600   0.678639   0.604
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.347478   5.332630   0.253
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.517297   1.691588   0.897
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.441658  14.805062  -0.975
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.750735   5.110121   0.538
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.602013   5.617110  -0.819
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.458037   6.269794  -0.073
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.384339   1.458438  -2.321
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.207044   4.338292  -1.431
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.468781   1.121694  -0.418
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.630448   2.150492  -1.223
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.215156   1.024351   2.162
## time_firstPFT:site104              7.037018   3.552608   1.981
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.237006   1.101351  -0.215
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.683027   1.643753   1.632
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.724102   6.747645   1.145
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.741979   3.321645   2.030
## time_firstPFT:site11R              4.049355   2.874318   1.409
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.160724   4.190365   0.038
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.347173   4.112439  -0.328
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.633316  19.003485   0.191
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.509312  11.436508  -0.219
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.200673   2.731746   0.806
## time_firstPFT:site18R              7.234727  10.840597   0.667
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -0.080857   3.171068  -0.025
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.592195   3.243813   0.491
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.642539   4.582242   1.013
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.612083   2.744459  -0.952
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.277867  24.741883   0.375
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.152018   2.353984   0.065
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.726909   2.799924  -2.045
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.615215  11.112390  -0.865
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.006993   4.834394   0.001
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.882394   2.025065   0.436
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.282686   3.353957  -0.979
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.734858   3.983575   0.938
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.199932   2.410433  -0.083
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.751148   4.239949   3.007
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.616030   2.899252   1.247
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.703547   2.862029  -0.595
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.739224   1.876713  -1.460
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.302092   8.713892  -5.314
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.211550   4.630052   0.262
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.996136   5.584736   0.357
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.191165   5.416418   0.405
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.917
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.690
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 31.12 (95% CI [18.43, 43.80], t(2008)
## = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## OM_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to OM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 31.12 (95% CI
## [18.43, 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 31.12 (95% CI [18.43,
## 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 31.12 (95% CI
## [18.43, 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 31.12 (95% CI [18.43,
## 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 31.12 (95% CI [18.43,
## 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 31.12 (95% CI
## [18.43, 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 31.12 (95% CI [18.43,
## 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 31.12 (95% CI
## [18.43, 43.80], t(2008) = 4.81, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-6.38, 3.06], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.30])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.74], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.98, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.64], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.169; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.41, 95% CI [-12.92, -1.90], t(2008) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.55,
## 95% CI [0.11, 6.99], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.01, 0.42])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [0.35, 7.14], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.77, 95% CI [2.21, 35.32], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.04, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-10.02, 5.37], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta =
## -8.36e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-42.92, 20.45], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-4.54, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.93, 95% CI [-10.99, 34.86], t(2008) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-18.87, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-30.68, 5.96], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.20, 95% CI [-21.51, 41.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.75, 95% CI [2.71, 20.79], t(2008) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.49, 95% CI [-1.80, 42.78], t(2008) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.81, 10.80], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.46, 95% CI [0.40, 24.52], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.32], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.678; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.68, 95% CI [-19.08, 5.71], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.52], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.50, 2.61], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-24.59, 20.28], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.57, 24.34], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.54, 95% CI [-20.92, 46.00], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.13, 95% CI [1.54, 32.72], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.52, 95% CI [-14.71, 29.75], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.55, 95% CI [0.74, 34.36], t(2008) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.92, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.14, 95% CI [-22.61, 34.89], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.08, 95% CI [-65.83, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.21,
## 95% CI [-4.49, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.86, 95% CI [-23.15, 5.43], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.40, 95% CI [-21.55, 42.36], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-25.79, 19.26], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.37, 95% CI [-4.12, 22.85], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.61, 15.67], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.52, 95% CI [-28.17, 33.22], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-12.56, 7.77], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-30.30, 4.31], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 3.84])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.98, 95% CI [-7.08, 17.03], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-12.55, 13.87], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.15, 95% CI [-14.34, 22.64], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.44], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.708; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-8.53, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.70, 95% CI [-6.29, 25.68], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.72, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.94, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.92], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-11.83, 12.32], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta =
## -2.56e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-18.69, 18.23], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 1.06,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.70, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.76, 95% CI [-0.07, 31.60], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.19, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.85, 23.11], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.41, 95% CI [-7.58, 56.40], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.54, 95% CI [3.39, 47.69], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.16, 3.04])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.97, 95% CI [-21.31, 15.38], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta =
## -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.87, 95% CI [-10.84, 9.11], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.884;
## Std. beta = 4.51e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -7.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.07, 2.33], t(2008) =
## 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.25], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -6.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.74], t(2008) =
## 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.11, 11.81], t(2008) =
## 0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-1.80, 4.83], t(2008) =
## 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.44, 95% CI [-43.48, 14.59], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.329;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.06, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.75, 95% CI [-7.27, 12.77], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.60, 95% CI [-15.62, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-12.75, 11.84], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.942;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.38, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.21, 95% CI [-14.72, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.37, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-2.67, 1.73], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.59], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.22, 95% CI [0.21, 4.22], t(2008) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [0.02, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.04, 95% CI [0.07, 14.00], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [6.51e-03, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.54, 5.91], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.51, 20.96], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [0.23, 13.26], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.02, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.69], t(2008) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-8.06, 8.38], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-9.41, 6.72], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-33.64, 40.90], t(2008) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-3.14, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-24.94, 19.92], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.826;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-3.16, 7.56], t(2008) = 0.81, p = 0.421; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.23, 95% CI [-14.03, 28.49], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.31, 2.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-6.30, 6.14], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.980; Std.
## beta = -7.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.77, 7.95], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-4.34, 13.63], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.311; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-7.99, 2.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-39.24, 57.80], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.67, 5.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-4.46, 4.77], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.73, 95% CI [-11.22, -0.24], t(2008) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-31.41, 12.18], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.387;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-2.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.99e-03, 95% CI [-9.47, 9.49], t(2008) = 1.45e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.27e-04, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-3.09, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 3.29], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-4.08, 11.55], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.53], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.75, 95% CI [4.44, 21.07], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.41, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-7.32, 3.91], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.94], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.30, 95% CI [-63.39, -29.21], t(2008) = -5.31, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-7.87, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-8.96, 12.95], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-8.43, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.7 SS

7.7.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14366.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3179 -0.4377 -0.0170  0.4497  4.5492 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   253.66   15.927        
##           time_firstPFT  12.73    3.567   -0.10
##  Residual                25.73    5.072        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                62.353497   1.971618  31.626
## time_firstPFT              -4.925060   0.699257  -7.043
## SS_5yrPreDx               -13.372462   6.743013  -1.983
## site02R                    21.665783  22.350103   0.969
## site03R                    12.860571  12.015770   1.070
## site04R                     3.222594  11.692561   0.276
## site05R                   -12.774182   9.700582  -1.317
## site06R                    19.539107  11.895246   1.643
## site07R                    12.531422   4.710514   2.660
## site09R                    24.148972  11.824762   2.042
## site101                     3.032864   3.210116   0.945
## site102                     9.389309   6.369706   1.474
## site103                     0.398157   2.778002   0.143
## site104                    -5.196504   6.415188  -0.810
## site105                     4.564109   3.144470   1.451
## site106                    -3.702485   4.160012  -0.890
## site107                    -4.464758  11.851864  -0.377
## site108                    -2.072457   9.609636  -0.216
## site10R                    22.177693  18.624959   1.191
## site11R                    21.538516   8.243438   2.613
## site12R                    10.103275  11.760206   0.859
## site13R                    15.847394   8.809559   1.799
## site14R                     8.277832  14.961642   0.553
## site15R                   -27.614081  16.763765  -1.647
## site16R                   -12.034865   7.598009  -1.584
## site17R                     4.847824  16.775120   0.289
## site18R                     4.744715  12.055148   0.394
## site19R                     9.274150   6.908003   1.343
## site20R                     2.443291   6.940010   0.352
## site21R                     4.285245  16.311306   0.263
## site22R                     2.703457   5.276615   0.512
## site23R                    -7.934185   7.676668  -1.034
## site24R                     5.202122   6.366459   0.817
## site25R                    19.135155  11.125624   1.720
## site28R                     0.171374   9.738080   0.018
## site29R                     0.555534  16.731360   0.033
## site31R                     4.067574   7.397938   0.550
## site32R                    12.527598   8.352914   1.500
## site33R                   -10.530724   8.706977  -1.209
## site34R                     2.217189   6.342379   0.350
## site35R                     6.336940   9.697628   0.653
## site36R                   -13.035709   7.491307  -1.740
## site37R                    12.901134   8.273787   1.559
## site38R                    12.319188   5.614950   2.194
## site39R                    16.518049  16.619005   0.994
## site40R                    30.251120  11.734414   2.578
## site41R                     1.052327   9.676867   0.109
## site42R                     0.678356   5.197555   0.131
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreDx   3.319489   2.449565   1.355
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -22.366109  15.705839  -1.424
## time_firstPFT:site03R       1.874322   5.009560   0.374
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -4.935059   5.495557  -0.898
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -0.398723   6.218780  -0.064
## time_firstPFT:site06R      -2.873250   4.763851  -0.603
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -3.798724   1.365657  -2.782
## time_firstPFT:site09R      -6.950233   4.217073  -1.648
## time_firstPFT:site101      -0.636166   1.046087  -0.608
## time_firstPFT:site102      -2.118348   2.085545  -1.016
## time_firstPFT:site103       1.658140   0.966486   1.716
## time_firstPFT:site104       6.348883   3.435861   1.848
## time_firstPFT:site105      -0.262176   1.044045  -0.251
## time_firstPFT:site106       2.163117   1.560346   1.386
## time_firstPFT:site107       7.589901   6.689599   1.135
## time_firstPFT:site108       7.215488   3.053996   2.363
## time_firstPFT:site11R       2.950035   2.750761   1.072
## time_firstPFT:site12R       0.007329   4.048999   0.002
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -1.832681   3.988169  -0.460
## time_firstPFT:site14R       2.939861  18.960001   0.155
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.873848  11.371302  -0.253
## time_firstPFT:site16R       1.849048   2.628747   0.703
## time_firstPFT:site18R       5.697685  10.799843   0.528
## time_firstPFT:site19R      -0.809258   3.022287  -0.268
## time_firstPFT:site20R       1.205468   3.142118   0.384
## time_firstPFT:site21R       4.415629   4.456288   0.991
## time_firstPFT:site22R      -4.016088   2.674032  -1.502
## time_firstPFT:site23R       0.515552   5.028373   0.103
## time_firstPFT:site24R       0.260080   2.295069   0.113
## time_firstPFT:site25R     -10.453046   3.958155  -2.641
## time_firstPFT:site28R     -11.112428  10.979258  -1.012
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -1.609595   4.736299  -0.340
## time_firstPFT:site31R       0.820194   1.914569   0.428
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -4.244846   3.254987  -1.304
## time_firstPFT:site33R       1.718260   3.944391   0.436
## time_firstPFT:site34R      -0.388412   2.306211  -0.168
## time_firstPFT:site35R      11.831389   4.103508   2.883
## time_firstPFT:site36R       3.461546   2.804010   1.234
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -2.341125   2.703358  -0.866
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -2.971962   1.815044  -1.637
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -45.535545   8.546320  -5.328
## time_firstPFT:site40R       0.248864   4.412367   0.056
## time_firstPFT:site41R       0.739415   5.527305   0.134
## time_firstPFT:site42R       1.157340   5.383536   0.215
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.738
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 62.35 (95% CI [58.49,
## 66.22], t(2038) = 31.63, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.93, 95% CI [-6.30, -3.55], t(2038) = -7.04, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.47, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.37, 95% CI [-26.60, -0.15], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.67, 95% CI [-22.17, 65.50], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.86, 95% CI [-10.70, 36.43], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-19.71, 26.15], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.77, 95% CI [-31.80, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.54, 95% CI [-3.79, 42.87], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [3.29, 21.77], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.15, 95% CI [0.96, 47.34], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.26, 9.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.39, 95% CI [-3.10, 21.88], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.05, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-17.78, 7.38], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.73], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-11.86, 4.46], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-27.71, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.07, 95% CI [-20.92, 16.77], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.18, 95% CI [-14.35, 58.70], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 3.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.54, 95% CI [5.37, 37.70], t(2038) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.53, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-12.96, 33.17], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-1.43, 33.12], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.28, 95% CI [-21.06, 37.62], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.61, 95% CI [-60.49, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.03, 95% CI [-26.94, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-28.05, 37.75], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.74, 95% CI [-18.90, 28.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.80])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-4.27, 22.82], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.05], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-27.70, 36.27], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.70, 95% CI [-7.64, 13.05], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.93, 95% CI [-22.99, 7.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.20, 95% CI [-7.28, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.14, 95% CI [-2.68, 40.95], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-18.93, 19.27], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.90, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-32.26, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.07, 95% CI [-10.44, 18.58], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.53, 95% CI [-3.85, 28.91], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-27.61, 6.54], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.22, 14.66], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-12.68, 25.36], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.19, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-27.73, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-3.32, 29.13], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.32, 95% CI [1.31, 23.33], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.52, 95% CI [-16.07, 49.11], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.25, 95% CI [7.24, 53.26], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.34, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.05, 95% CI [-17.93, 20.03], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.68, 95% CI [-9.51, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-1.48, 8.12], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.176;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -22.37, 95% CI [-53.17, 8.44], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155;
## Std. beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-4.96, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-7.95, 11.70], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.71, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.59, 11.80], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-12.22, 6.47], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.48, -1.12], t(2038) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.95, 95% CI [-15.22, 1.32], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-2.69, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-6.21, 1.97], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.55], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.35, 95% CI [-0.39, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.79], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-0.90, 5.22], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.71], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.22, 95% CI [1.23, 13.20], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.11, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-2.44, 8.34], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.33e-03, 95% CI [-7.93, 7.95], t(2038) = 1.81e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.81e-04, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-9.65, 5.99], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-34.24, 40.12], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.877; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.19, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-25.17, 19.43], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-3.31, 7.00], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.70, 95% CI [-15.48, 26.88], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.44, 2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-6.74, 5.12], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-4.96, 7.37], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-4.32, 13.15], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.02, 95% CI [-9.26, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-9.35, 10.38], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-4.24, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-18.22, -2.69], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-1.70, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.11, 95% CI [-32.64, 10.42], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.312;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-10.90, 7.68], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-2.93, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-10.63, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.45], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.13], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.83, 95% CI [3.78, 19.88], t(2038) = 2.88, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.46, 95% CI [-2.04, 8.96], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-7.64, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-6.53, 0.59], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.54, 95% CI [-62.30, -28.78], t(2038) = -5.33, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.25, 95% CI [-5.81, -2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-8.40, 8.90], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-10.10, 11.58], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.16, 95% CI [-9.40, 11.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SS_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## SS_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 62.35 (95% CI [58.49, 66.22], t(2038) = 31.63, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.93, 95% CI [-6.30, -3.55], t(2038) = -7.04, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.47, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.37, 95% CI [-26.60, -0.15], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.67, 95% CI [-22.17, 65.50], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.86, 95% CI [-10.70, 36.43], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-19.71, 26.15], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.77, 95% CI [-31.80, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.54, 95% CI [-3.79, 42.87], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [3.29, 21.77], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.15, 95% CI [0.96, 47.34], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.26, 9.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.39, 95% CI [-3.10, 21.88], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.05, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-17.78, 7.38], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.73], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-11.86, 4.46], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-27.71, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.07, 95% CI [-20.92, 16.77], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.18, 95% CI [-14.35, 58.70], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 3.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.54, 95% CI [5.37, 37.70], t(2038) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.53, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-12.96, 33.17], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-1.43, 33.12], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.28, 95% CI [-21.06, 37.62], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.61, 95% CI [-60.49, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.03, 95% CI [-26.94, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-28.05, 37.75], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.74, 95% CI [-18.90, 28.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.80])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-4.27, 22.82], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.05], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-27.70, 36.27], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.70, 95% CI [-7.64, 13.05], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.93, 95% CI [-22.99, 7.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.20, 95% CI [-7.28, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.14, 95% CI [-2.68, 40.95], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-18.93, 19.27], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.90, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-32.26, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.07, 95% CI [-10.44, 18.58], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.53, 95% CI [-3.85, 28.91], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-27.61, 6.54], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.22, 14.66], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-12.68, 25.36], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.19, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-27.73, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-3.32, 29.13], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.32, 95% CI [1.31, 23.33], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.52, 95% CI [-16.07, 49.11], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.25, 95% CI [7.24, 53.26], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.34, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.05, 95% CI [-17.93, 20.03], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.68, 95% CI [-9.51, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-1.48, 8.12], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.176;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -22.37, 95% CI [-53.17, 8.44], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155;
## Std. beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-4.96, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-7.95, 11.70], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.71, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.59, 11.80], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-12.22, 6.47], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.48, -1.12], t(2038) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.95, 95% CI [-15.22, 1.32], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-2.69, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-6.21, 1.97], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.55], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.35, 95% CI [-0.39, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.79], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-0.90, 5.22], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.71], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.22, 95% CI [1.23, 13.20], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.11, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-2.44, 8.34], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.33e-03, 95% CI [-7.93, 7.95], t(2038) = 1.81e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.81e-04, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-9.65, 5.99], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-34.24, 40.12], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.877; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.19, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-25.17, 19.43], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-3.31, 7.00], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.70, 95% CI [-15.48, 26.88], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.44, 2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-6.74, 5.12], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-4.96, 7.37], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-4.32, 13.15], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.02, 95% CI [-9.26, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-9.35, 10.38], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-4.24, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-18.22, -2.69], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-1.70, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.11, 95% CI [-32.64, 10.42], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.312;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-10.90, 7.68], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-2.93, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-10.63, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.45], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.13], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.83, 95% CI [3.78, 19.88], t(2038) = 2.88, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.46, 95% CI [-2.04, 8.96], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-7.64, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-6.53, 0.59], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.54, 95% CI [-62.30, -28.78], t(2038) = -5.33, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.25, 95% CI [-5.81, -2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-8.40, 8.90], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-10.10, 11.58], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.16, 95% CI [-9.40, 11.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site
## + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 62.35 (95% CI [58.49, 66.22], t(2038) = 31.63, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.93, 95% CI [-6.30, -3.55], t(2038) = -7.04, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.47, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.37, 95% CI [-26.60, -0.15], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.67, 95% CI [-22.17, 65.50], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.86, 95% CI [-10.70, 36.43], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-19.71, 26.15], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.77, 95% CI [-31.80, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.54, 95% CI [-3.79, 42.87], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [3.29, 21.77], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.15, 95% CI [0.96, 47.34], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.26, 9.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.39, 95% CI [-3.10, 21.88], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.05, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-17.78, 7.38], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.73], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-11.86, 4.46], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-27.71, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.07, 95% CI [-20.92, 16.77], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.18, 95% CI [-14.35, 58.70], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 3.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.54, 95% CI [5.37, 37.70], t(2038) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.53, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-12.96, 33.17], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-1.43, 33.12], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.28, 95% CI [-21.06, 37.62], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.61, 95% CI [-60.49, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.03, 95% CI [-26.94, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-28.05, 37.75], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.74, 95% CI [-18.90, 28.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.80])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-4.27, 22.82], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.05], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-27.70, 36.27], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.70, 95% CI [-7.64, 13.05], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.93, 95% CI [-22.99, 7.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.20, 95% CI [-7.28, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.14, 95% CI [-2.68, 40.95], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-18.93, 19.27], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.90, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-32.26, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.07, 95% CI [-10.44, 18.58], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.53, 95% CI [-3.85, 28.91], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-27.61, 6.54], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.22, 14.66], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-12.68, 25.36], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.19, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-27.73, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-3.32, 29.13], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.32, 95% CI [1.31, 23.33], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.52, 95% CI [-16.07, 49.11], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.25, 95% CI [7.24, 53.26], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.34, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.05, 95% CI [-17.93, 20.03], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.68, 95% CI [-9.51, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-1.48, 8.12], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.176;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -22.37, 95% CI [-53.17, 8.44], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155;
## Std. beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-4.96, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-7.95, 11.70], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.71, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.59, 11.80], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-12.22, 6.47], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.48, -1.12], t(2038) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.95, 95% CI [-15.22, 1.32], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-2.69, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-6.21, 1.97], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.55], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.35, 95% CI [-0.39, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.79], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-0.90, 5.22], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.71], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.22, 95% CI [1.23, 13.20], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.11, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-2.44, 8.34], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.33e-03, 95% CI [-7.93, 7.95], t(2038) = 1.81e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.81e-04, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-9.65, 5.99], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-34.24, 40.12], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.877; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.19, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-25.17, 19.43], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-3.31, 7.00], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.70, 95% CI [-15.48, 26.88], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.44, 2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-6.74, 5.12], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-4.96, 7.37], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-4.32, 13.15], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.02, 95% CI [-9.26, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-9.35, 10.38], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-4.24, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-18.22, -2.69], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-1.70, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.11, 95% CI [-32.64, 10.42], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.312;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-10.90, 7.68], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-2.93, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-10.63, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.45], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.13], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.83, 95% CI [3.78, 19.88], t(2038) = 2.88, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.46, 95% CI [-2.04, 8.96], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-7.64, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-6.53, 0.59], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.54, 95% CI [-62.30, -28.78], t(2038) = -5.33, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.25, 95% CI [-5.81, -2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-8.40, 8.90], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-10.10, 11.58], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.16, 95% CI [-9.40, 11.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort
## = CARE-PF, is at 62.35 (95% CI [58.49, 66.22], t(2038) = 31.63, p < .001).
## Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.93, 95% CI [-6.30, -3.55], t(2038) = -7.04, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.47, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.37, 95% CI [-26.60, -0.15], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.67, 95% CI [-22.17, 65.50], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 2.61])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.86, 95% CI [-10.70, 36.43], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-19.71, 26.15], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.77, 95% CI [-31.80, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.54, 95% CI [-3.79, 42.87], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.53, 95% CI [3.29, 21.77], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.15, 95% CI [0.96, 47.34], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-3.26, 9.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.39, 95% CI [-3.10, 21.88], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.05, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-17.78, 7.38], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.56, 95% CI [-1.60, 10.73], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-11.86, 4.46], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.46, 95% CI [-27.71, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.07, 95% CI [-20.92, 16.77], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.18, 95% CI [-14.35, 58.70], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = 1.30,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 3.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.54, 95% CI [5.37, 37.70], t(2038) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.53, 2.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-12.96, 33.17], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.85, 95% CI [-1.43, 33.12], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.28, 95% CI [-21.06, 37.62], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 3.19])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.61, 95% CI [-60.49, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.03, 95% CI [-26.94, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-28.05, 37.75], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.74, 95% CI [-18.90, 28.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.80])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-4.27, 22.82], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.05], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-27.70, 36.27], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.70, 95% CI [-7.64, 13.05], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.93, 95% CI [-22.99, 7.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.20, 95% CI [-7.28, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.14, 95% CI [-2.68, 40.95], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-18.93, 19.27], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.90, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-32.26, 33.37], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.07, 95% CI [-10.44, 18.58], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.53, 95% CI [-3.85, 28.91], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-27.61, 6.54], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.22, 14.66], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-12.68, 25.36], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.19, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-27.73, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.90, 95% CI [-3.32, 29.13], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.32, 95% CI [1.31, 23.33], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.52, 95% CI [-16.07, 49.11], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.75])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.25, 95% CI [7.24, 53.26], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.79, 95%
## CI [0.34, 3.25])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.05, 95% CI [-17.93, 20.03], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.68, 95% CI [-9.51, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-1.48, 8.12], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.176;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -22.37, 95% CI [-53.17, 8.44], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.155;
## Std. beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-4.96, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-7.95, 11.70], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.71, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.59, 11.80], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.949;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-12.22, 6.47], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.48, -1.12], t(2038) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.95, 95% CI [-15.22, 1.32], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.42, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-2.69, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-6.21, 1.97], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.55], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.35, 95% CI [-0.39, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.79], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-0.90, 5.22], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.71], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.22, 95% CI [1.23, 13.20], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.11, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-2.44, 8.34], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.33e-03, 95% CI [-7.93, 7.95], t(2038) = 1.81e-03, p = 0.999;
## Std. beta = 6.81e-04, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-9.65, 5.99], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-34.24, 40.12], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.877; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-3.19, 3.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-25.17, 19.43], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-3.31, 7.00], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.70, 95% CI [-15.48, 26.88], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.44, 2.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-6.74, 5.12], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-4.96, 7.37], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.42, 95% CI [-4.32, 13.15], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.02, 95% CI [-9.26, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-9.35, 10.38], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-4.24, 4.76], t(2038) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-18.22, -2.69], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-1.70, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.11, 95% CI [-32.64, 10.42], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.312;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-10.90, 7.68], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-2.93, 4.57], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-10.63, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.45], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.13], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.83, 95% CI [3.78, 19.88], t(2038) = 2.88, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.10, 95% CI [0.35, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.46, 95% CI [-2.04, 8.96], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-7.64, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-6.53, 0.59], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.54, 95% CI [-62.30, -28.78], t(2038) = -5.33, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.25, 95% CI [-5.81, -2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-8.40, 8.90], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-10.10, 11.58], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.16, 95% CI [-9.40, 11.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.09])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.7.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv +  
##     time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *  
##     age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +  
##     cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14176.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2845 -0.4396 -0.0111  0.4495  4.5301 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   230.72   15.189        
##           time_firstPFT  13.44    3.666   -0.07
##  Residual                25.77    5.077        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       33.99033    6.20154   5.481
## time_firstPFT                     -2.22650    2.28349  -0.975
## SS_5yrPreDx                       -9.92030    6.64768  -1.492
## disadv                             3.64929    2.87717   1.268
## dich_RaceNon-White                -6.87947    2.79365  -2.463
## sexF                               3.79577    1.75190   2.167
## age_dx                             0.38738    0.09100   4.257
## smokeHxFormer                      3.86845    1.72621   2.241
## smokeHxAlways                     17.64226    8.40095   2.100
## smokeHxUnknown                    -1.91077    3.92177  -0.487
## site02R                           10.48478   21.71795   0.483
## site03R                           11.33658   11.66846   0.972
## site04R                            3.03492   11.21572   0.271
## site05R                          -13.64384    9.34859  -1.459
## site06R                           10.07800   16.09006   0.626
## site07R                           11.48379    4.56401   2.516
## site09R                           22.10737   11.39074   1.941
## site101                            4.13871    3.13659   1.319
## site102                           11.02487    6.20125   1.778
## site103                           -0.34697    2.82862  -0.123
## site104                           -6.87666    6.20354  -1.109
## site105                            4.45716    3.07344   1.450
## site106                           -5.44862    4.09431  -1.331
## site107                           -1.87718   11.41626  -0.164
## site108                            2.83127    9.65367   0.293
## site10R                           16.18981   18.33712   0.883
## site11R                           18.12921    7.93923   2.283
## site12R                            6.04842   11.28977   0.536
## site13R                           17.32337    8.54233   2.028
## site14R                            6.74045   14.62479   0.461
## site15R                          -34.04599   16.15041  -2.108
## site16R                           -6.89562    7.39569  -0.932
## site17R                            9.25444   16.27101   0.569
## site18R                           -0.08680   11.66432  -0.007
## site19R                            8.44267    6.67094   1.266
## site20R                            1.34414    6.68994   0.201
## site21R                            2.82443   15.61169   0.181
## site22R                           -1.53008    5.17409  -0.296
## site23R                          -11.54335    8.85290  -1.304
## site24R                            4.15519    6.12425   0.678
## site25R                           13.52465   10.91654   1.239
## site28R                            3.74547    9.41339   0.398
## site29R                           -3.26646   16.10209  -0.203
## site31R                            5.12716    7.17813   0.714
## site32R                            9.64721    8.06733   1.196
## site33R                          -10.31238    8.42940  -1.223
## site34R                           -0.21057    6.09950  -0.035
## site35R                           -0.29936    9.35685  -0.032
## site36R                          -11.81360    7.22171  -1.636
## site37R                           15.59779    8.04289   1.939
## site38R                           12.21590    5.40231   2.261
## site39R                           21.78689   16.24366   1.341
## site40R                           27.08713   11.29535   2.398
## site41R                           -1.85126    9.35938  -0.198
## site42R                           -0.29649    5.07683  -0.058
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreDx          3.08831    2.56668   1.203
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.21009    1.09819  -0.191
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.08273    1.12598  -0.073
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.13060    0.66663  -0.196
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05081    0.03481  -1.460
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.34391    0.67136   0.512
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.54824    5.30941   0.292
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.39769    1.68216   0.831
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -21.28301   15.86230  -1.342
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.92304    5.09553   0.574
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.62421    5.58963  -0.827
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.11982    6.26838  -0.019
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.42144    1.43670  -2.381
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.77315    4.33434  -1.563
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.47933    1.08803  -0.441
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.25724    2.15623  -1.047
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.92030    1.03191   1.861
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.88562    3.53536   1.948
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.20442    1.08092  -0.189
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.68103    1.63107   1.644
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.59935    6.73950   1.128
## time_firstPFT:site108              7.42412    3.32755   2.231
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.70926    2.86090   1.297
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.35811    4.15989   0.086
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.48853    4.08211  -0.365
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.30937   19.00273   0.174
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.46862   11.42820  -0.216
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.64945    2.73680   0.603
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.31307   10.85333   0.582
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -0.08715    3.10599  -0.028
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.80596    3.22608   0.560
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.57817    4.55143   1.006
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -3.22554    2.76899  -1.165
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.07379   24.74103   0.326
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.31062    2.34111   0.133
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -9.51452    4.13258  -2.302
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.40020   11.10491  -0.846
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.06649    4.87556  -0.219
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.95628    2.00679   0.477
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.54746    3.34014  -1.062
## time_firstPFT:site33R              2.26519    4.10524   0.552
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.15718    2.38149  -0.066
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.66975    4.20456   3.013
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.68579    2.87590   1.282
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.72989    2.84304  -0.608
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.73998    1.86194  -1.472
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -45.63861    8.69641  -5.248
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.17661    4.55365   0.258
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.52178    5.58775   0.272
## time_firstPFT:site42R              1.97844    5.41096   0.366
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.916
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.689
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 33.99 (95% CI [21.83, 46.15], t(2008)
## = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SS_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to SS_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 33.99 (95% CI
## [21.83, 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 33.99 (95% CI [21.83,
## 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 33.99 (95% CI
## [21.83, 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 33.99 (95% CI [21.83,
## 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 33.99 (95% CI [21.83,
## 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 33.99 (95% CI
## [21.83, 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 33.99 (95% CI [21.83,
## 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 33.99 (95% CI
## [21.83, 46.15], t(2008) = 5.48, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-6.70, 2.25], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.92, 95% CI [-22.96, 3.12], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.09])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.65, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.29], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-12.36, -1.40], t(2008) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.80,
## 95% CI [0.36, 7.23], t(2008) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = 0.21, 95% CI
## [-3.56e-03, 0.43])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2008) = 4.26, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.07,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [0.48, 7.25], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.04, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 17.64, 95% CI [1.17, 34.12], t(2008) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta =
## 1.16, 95% CI [-9.12e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.78], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta =
## 5.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-32.11, 53.08], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.34, 95% CI [-11.55, 34.22], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-18.96, 25.03], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.787; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.64, 95% CI [-31.98, 4.69], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.08, 95% CI [-21.48, 41.63], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.48, 95% CI [2.53, 20.43], t(2008) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.11, 95% CI [-0.23, 44.45], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-2.01, 10.29], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-1.14, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.35, 95% CI [-5.89, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.88, 95% CI [-19.04, 5.29], t(2008) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.48], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-13.48, 2.58], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-24.27, 20.51], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.83, 95% CI [-16.10, 21.76], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.19, 95% CI [-19.77, 52.15], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 3.06])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.13, 95% CI [2.56, 33.70], t(2008) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.41, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.05, 95% CI [-16.09, 28.19], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.32, 95% CI [0.57, 34.08], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.74, 95% CI [-21.94, 35.42], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.05, 95% CI [-65.72, -2.37], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.20,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-21.40, 7.61], t(2008) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.25, 95% CI [-22.66, 41.16], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.09, 95% CI [-22.96, 22.79], t(2008) = -7.44e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## 0.53, 95% CI [-1.51, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-4.64, 21.53], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.46], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-27.79, 33.44], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.39])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-11.68, 8.62], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-28.91, 5.82], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.192; Std. beta =
## 4.81e-03, 95% CI [-3.82, 3.83])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.86, 16.17], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.52, 95% CI [-7.88, 34.93], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-14.72, 22.21], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-34.85, 28.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-8.95, 19.20], t(2008) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-6.17, 25.47], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.73, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-26.84, 6.22], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-12.17, 11.75], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-18.65, 18.05], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 1.05,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.81, 95% CI [-25.98, 2.35], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.37], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.22, 95% CI [1.62, 22.81], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-10.07, 53.64], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.09, 95% CI [4.94, 49.24], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.69, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-20.21, 16.50], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-10.25, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.09, 95% CI [-1.95, 8.12], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.229;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.36, 1.94], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std.
## beta = -5.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-2.29, 2.13], t(2008) =
## -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -7.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.18], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.66], t(2008) =
## 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-8.86, 11.96], t(2008) =
## 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-1.90, 4.70], t(2008) =
## 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -21.28, 95% CI [-52.39, 9.83], t(2008) = -1.34, p = 0.180;
## Std. beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.92, 95% CI [-7.07, 12.92], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.62, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.34], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-12.41, 12.17], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.24, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.38, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.58, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.77, 95% CI [-15.27, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.65], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.660; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-6.49, 1.97], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-0.10, 3.94], t(2008) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-9.66e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.05, 13.82], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-4.47e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.92], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.68, 95% CI [-0.52, 5.88], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.60, 95% CI [-5.62, 20.82], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.42, 95% CI [0.90, 13.95], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.08, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-1.90, 9.32], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.195; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-7.80, 8.52], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-9.49, 6.52], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-33.96, 40.58], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.17, 3.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-24.88, 19.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.829;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.32, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.72, 7.02], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.31, 95% CI [-14.97, 27.60], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.561; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.40, 2.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 6.00], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -8.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-4.52, 8.13], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-4.35, 13.50], t(2008) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.23, 95% CI [-8.66, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.16, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.07, 95% CI [-40.45, 56.59], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-3.78, 5.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.90], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-17.62, -1.41], t(2008) = -2.30, p = 0.021;
## Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-1.65, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-31.18, 12.38], t(2008) = -0.85, p = 0.397;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-10.63, 8.50], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.827; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.98, 4.89], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.10, 3.00], t(2008) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.79, 10.32], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.83, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.67, 95% CI [4.42, 20.92], t(2008) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.41, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.69, 95% CI [-1.95, 9.33], t(2008) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-7.31, 3.85], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.39, 0.91], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.64, 95% CI [-62.69, -28.58], t(2008) = -5.25, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.26, 95% CI [-5.86, -2.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-7.75, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-9.44, 12.48], t(2008) = 0.27, p = 0.785; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-8.63, 12.59], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.18])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.8 Soil

7.8.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14370.4
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3029 -0.4348 -0.0160  0.4478  4.5318 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   255.42   15.982        
##           time_firstPFT  12.95    3.599   -0.10
##  Residual                25.71    5.070        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                              Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                  56.86578    3.26092  17.439
## time_firstPFT                -5.06357    1.29941  -3.897
## Soil_5yrPreDx                 5.05335    5.91162   0.855
## site02R                      -7.14252   16.80165  -0.425
## site03R                      11.91255   12.22983   0.974
## site04R                       3.52228   11.73263   0.300
## site05R                     -10.79647    9.69988  -1.113
## site06R                      19.30880   11.97290   1.613
## site07R                      13.58137    4.80433   2.827
## site09R                      22.99821   11.88623   1.935
## site101                       4.15532    3.36734   1.234
## site102                      11.83786    6.36599   1.860
## site103                       0.50345    3.10552   0.162
## site104                      -3.66356    6.72589  -0.545
## site105                       5.69360    3.36139   1.694
## site106                      -3.43039    4.18796  -0.819
## site107                      -3.79459   11.94409  -0.318
## site108                       1.17585    9.59602   0.123
## site10R                       9.97513   17.92446   0.557
## site11R                      19.29715    8.39764   2.298
## site12R                      11.90661   11.76955   1.012
## site13R                      16.88870    8.88738   1.900
## site14R                       8.64566   15.09006   0.573
## site15R                     -27.84549   16.82049  -1.655
## site16R                     -14.34770    7.50972  -1.911
## site17R                       5.39718   16.83118   0.321
## site18R                      -1.10531   12.08987  -0.091
## site19R                       5.32841    8.84081   0.603
## site20R                       2.55861    7.07396   0.362
## site21R                       3.53299   16.38315   0.216
## site22R                       2.68589    5.46862   0.491
## site23R                     -13.58789    8.44614  -1.609
## site24R                       6.52432    6.38104   1.022
## site25R                       2.34330    6.95731   0.337
## site28R                       0.96091    9.76382   0.098
## site29R                      -2.14151   16.74258  -0.128
## site31R                       5.02775    7.47466   0.673
## site32R                       4.06300   12.70986   0.320
## site33R                     -19.38031    9.46397  -2.048
## site34R                       3.62871    6.47382   0.561
## site35R                       7.31522    9.81740   0.745
## site36R                     -12.39477    7.50762  -1.651
## site37R                      13.85273    8.35140   1.659
## site38R                      13.20763    5.67045   2.329
## site39R                      17.76066   16.67427   1.065
## site40R                      27.20609   11.87513   2.291
## site41R                      -0.20967    9.68502  -0.022
## site42R                       0.65023    5.29262   0.123
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreDx   1.59202    2.29596   0.693
## time_firstPFT:site02R       -14.82904   14.75376  -1.005
## time_firstPFT:site03R         0.93872    5.10178   0.184
## time_firstPFT:site04R        -4.82351    5.51684  -0.874
## time_firstPFT:site05R        -0.65182    6.22081  -0.105
## time_firstPFT:site06R        -3.26128    4.79874  -0.680
## time_firstPFT:site07R        -3.59174    1.42345  -2.523
## time_firstPFT:site09R        -6.05643    4.23977  -1.428
## time_firstPFT:site101        -0.36805    1.14511  -0.321
## time_firstPFT:site102        -2.34830    2.09081  -1.123
## time_firstPFT:site103         2.39705    1.11197   2.156
## time_firstPFT:site104         6.94796    3.51557   1.976
## time_firstPFT:site105         0.05957    1.16102   0.051
## time_firstPFT:site106         2.29373    1.58915   1.443
## time_firstPFT:site107         8.02568    6.71422   1.195
## time_firstPFT:site108         6.90057    3.06096   2.254
## time_firstPFT:site11R         2.88475    2.81300   1.026
## time_firstPFT:site12R        -0.04441    4.08148  -0.011
## time_firstPFT:site13R        -1.44233    4.04115  -0.357
## time_firstPFT:site14R         3.81008   18.97517   0.201
## time_firstPFT:site15R        -2.94419   11.37758  -0.259
## time_firstPFT:site16R         2.72559    2.64780   1.029
## time_firstPFT:site18R         6.02783   10.82143   0.557
## time_firstPFT:site19R        -2.55623    3.76582  -0.679
## time_firstPFT:site20R         0.50500    3.19121   0.158
## time_firstPFT:site21R         4.29562    4.48780   0.957
## time_firstPFT:site22R        -3.01215    2.72240  -1.106
## time_firstPFT:site23R         0.45337    5.21570   0.087
## time_firstPFT:site24R         0.15590    2.30651   0.068
## time_firstPFT:site25R        -6.11303    2.72883  -2.240
## time_firstPFT:site28R       -11.09356   10.98383  -1.010
## time_firstPFT:site29R        -0.03237    4.75101  -0.007
## time_firstPFT:site31R         1.04397    1.96651   0.531
## time_firstPFT:site32R        -7.04005    5.35945  -1.314
## time_firstPFT:site33R         1.97469    4.16645   0.474
## time_firstPFT:site34R        -0.15989    2.36723  -0.068
## time_firstPFT:site35R        12.01559    4.13217   2.908
## time_firstPFT:site36R         3.32029    2.81657   1.179
## time_firstPFT:site37R        -2.07395    2.74038  -0.757
## time_firstPFT:site38R        -2.79081    1.85189  -1.507
## time_firstPFT:site39R       -46.34525    8.55723  -5.416
## time_firstPFT:site40R        -0.12488    4.44151  -0.028
## time_firstPFT:site41R         1.41342    5.52979   0.256
## time_firstPFT:site42R         1.66418    5.41037   0.308
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.738
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 56.87 (95% CI [50.47,
## 63.26], t(2038) = 17.44, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.06, 95% CI [-7.61, -2.52], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.49, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.05, 95% CI [-6.54, 16.65], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std. beta =
## 0.11, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-40.09, 25.81], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.671; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-12.07, 35.90], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-19.49, 26.53], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.80, 95% CI [-29.82, 8.23], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.31, 95% CI [-4.17, 42.79], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.58, 95% CI [4.16, 23.00], t(2038) = 2.83, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.00, 95% CI [-0.31, 46.31], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-2.45, 10.76], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-0.65, 24.32], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.59, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-16.85, 9.53], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.64, 4.78], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std. beta =
## -8.28e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-27.22, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.18, 95% CI [-17.64, 19.99], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.98, 95% CI [-25.18, 45.13], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.30, 95% CI [2.83, 35.77], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.37, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-11.17, 34.99], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.89, 95% CI [-0.54, 34.32], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-20.95, 38.24], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.30])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.85, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.14], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.35, 95% CI [-29.08, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-27.61, 38.41], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-24.82, 22.60], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-12.01, 22.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.56, 95% CI [-11.31, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.53, 95% CI [-28.60, 35.66], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-8.04, 13.41], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.59, 95% CI [-30.15, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.52, 95% CI [-5.99, 19.04], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.30, 15.99], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.96, 95% CI [-18.19, 20.11], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-34.98, 30.69], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-9.63, 19.69], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.06, 95% CI [-20.86, 28.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-37.94, -0.82], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-9.07, 16.32], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-11.94, 26.57], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 1.44,
## 95% CI [0.25, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.39, 95% CI [-27.12, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.85, 95% CI [-2.53, 30.23], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.21, 95% CI [2.09, 24.33], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.76, 95% CI [-14.94, 50.46], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.21, 95% CI [3.92, 50.49], t(2038) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.05])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-19.20, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-9.73, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-2.91, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.488;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.83, 95% CI [-43.76, 14.10], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.08, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.07, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.82, 95% CI [-15.64, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-12.85, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.67, 6.15], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-6.38, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.06, 95% CI [-14.37, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-6.45, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.22, 4.58], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [0.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [0.05, 13.84], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [4.98e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.22, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 5.55e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 5.41], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.03, 95% CI [-5.14, 21.19], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [0.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [0.08, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.40], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-8.05, 7.96], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.991; Std.
## beta = -4.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.37, 6.48], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-33.40, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-25.26, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.73, 95% CI [-2.47, 7.92], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-15.19, 27.25], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.42, 2.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-9.94, 4.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.75, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.30, 95% CI [-4.51, 13.10], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-8.35, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-9.78, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.11, 95% CI [-11.46, -0.76], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025;
## Std. beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.07, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.09, 95% CI [-32.63, 10.45], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.313;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-9.35, 9.28], t(2038) = -6.81e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -3.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.81, 4.90], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.04, 95% CI [-17.55, 3.47], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-6.20, 10.15], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.02, 95% CI [3.91, 20.12], t(2038) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.12, 95% CI [0.36, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-2.20, 8.84], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.45, 3.30], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.35, 95% CI [-63.13, -29.56], t(2038) = -5.42, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.32, 95% CI [-5.89, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-8.84, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-9.43, 12.26], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.95, 12.27], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to Soil_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 56.87 (95% CI [50.47, 63.26], t(2038)
## = 17.44, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.06, 95% CI [-7.61, -2.52], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.49, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.05, 95% CI [-6.54, 16.65], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std. beta =
## 0.11, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-40.09, 25.81], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.671; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-12.07, 35.90], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-19.49, 26.53], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.80, 95% CI [-29.82, 8.23], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.31, 95% CI [-4.17, 42.79], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.58, 95% CI [4.16, 23.00], t(2038) = 2.83, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.00, 95% CI [-0.31, 46.31], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-2.45, 10.76], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-0.65, 24.32], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.59, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-16.85, 9.53], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.64, 4.78], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std. beta =
## -8.28e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-27.22, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.18, 95% CI [-17.64, 19.99], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.98, 95% CI [-25.18, 45.13], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.30, 95% CI [2.83, 35.77], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.37, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-11.17, 34.99], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.89, 95% CI [-0.54, 34.32], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-20.95, 38.24], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.30])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.85, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.14], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.35, 95% CI [-29.08, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-27.61, 38.41], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-24.82, 22.60], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-12.01, 22.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.56, 95% CI [-11.31, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.53, 95% CI [-28.60, 35.66], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-8.04, 13.41], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.59, 95% CI [-30.15, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.52, 95% CI [-5.99, 19.04], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.30, 15.99], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.96, 95% CI [-18.19, 20.11], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-34.98, 30.69], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-9.63, 19.69], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.06, 95% CI [-20.86, 28.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-37.94, -0.82], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-9.07, 16.32], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-11.94, 26.57], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 1.44,
## 95% CI [0.25, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.39, 95% CI [-27.12, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.85, 95% CI [-2.53, 30.23], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.21, 95% CI [2.09, 24.33], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.76, 95% CI [-14.94, 50.46], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.21, 95% CI [3.92, 50.49], t(2038) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.05])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-19.20, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-9.73, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-2.91, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.488;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.83, 95% CI [-43.76, 14.10], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.08, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.07, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.82, 95% CI [-15.64, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-12.85, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.67, 6.15], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-6.38, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.06, 95% CI [-14.37, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-6.45, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.22, 4.58], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [0.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [0.05, 13.84], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [4.98e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.22, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 5.55e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 5.41], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.03, 95% CI [-5.14, 21.19], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [0.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [0.08, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.40], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-8.05, 7.96], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.991; Std.
## beta = -4.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.37, 6.48], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-33.40, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-25.26, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.73, 95% CI [-2.47, 7.92], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-15.19, 27.25], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.42, 2.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-9.94, 4.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.75, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.30, 95% CI [-4.51, 13.10], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-8.35, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-9.78, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.11, 95% CI [-11.46, -0.76], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025;
## Std. beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.07, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.09, 95% CI [-32.63, 10.45], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.313;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-9.35, 9.28], t(2038) = -6.81e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -3.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.81, 4.90], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.04, 95% CI [-17.55, 3.47], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-6.20, 10.15], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.02, 95% CI [3.91, 20.12], t(2038) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.12, 95% CI [0.36, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-2.20, 8.84], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.45, 3.30], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.35, 95% CI [-63.13, -29.56], t(2038) = -5.42, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.32, 95% CI [-5.89, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-8.84, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-9.43, 12.26], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.95, 12.27], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 56.87 (95% CI [50.47, 63.26], t(2038) = 17.44, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.06, 95% CI [-7.61, -2.52], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.49, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.05, 95% CI [-6.54, 16.65], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std. beta =
## 0.11, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-40.09, 25.81], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.671; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-12.07, 35.90], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-19.49, 26.53], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.80, 95% CI [-29.82, 8.23], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.31, 95% CI [-4.17, 42.79], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.58, 95% CI [4.16, 23.00], t(2038) = 2.83, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.00, 95% CI [-0.31, 46.31], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-2.45, 10.76], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-0.65, 24.32], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.59, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-16.85, 9.53], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.64, 4.78], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std. beta =
## -8.28e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-27.22, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.18, 95% CI [-17.64, 19.99], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.98, 95% CI [-25.18, 45.13], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.30, 95% CI [2.83, 35.77], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.37, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-11.17, 34.99], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.89, 95% CI [-0.54, 34.32], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-20.95, 38.24], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.30])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.85, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.14], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.35, 95% CI [-29.08, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-27.61, 38.41], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-24.82, 22.60], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-12.01, 22.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.56, 95% CI [-11.31, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.53, 95% CI [-28.60, 35.66], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-8.04, 13.41], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.59, 95% CI [-30.15, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.52, 95% CI [-5.99, 19.04], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.30, 15.99], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.96, 95% CI [-18.19, 20.11], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-34.98, 30.69], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-9.63, 19.69], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.06, 95% CI [-20.86, 28.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-37.94, -0.82], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-9.07, 16.32], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-11.94, 26.57], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 1.44,
## 95% CI [0.25, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.39, 95% CI [-27.12, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.85, 95% CI [-2.53, 30.23], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.21, 95% CI [2.09, 24.33], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.76, 95% CI [-14.94, 50.46], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.21, 95% CI [3.92, 50.49], t(2038) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.05])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-19.20, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-9.73, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-2.91, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.488;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.83, 95% CI [-43.76, 14.10], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.08, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.07, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.82, 95% CI [-15.64, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-12.85, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.67, 6.15], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-6.38, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.06, 95% CI [-14.37, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-6.45, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.22, 4.58], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [0.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [0.05, 13.84], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [4.98e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.22, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 5.55e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 5.41], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.03, 95% CI [-5.14, 21.19], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [0.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [0.08, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.40], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-8.05, 7.96], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.991; Std.
## beta = -4.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.37, 6.48], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-33.40, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-25.26, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.73, 95% CI [-2.47, 7.92], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-15.19, 27.25], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.42, 2.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-9.94, 4.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.75, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.30, 95% CI [-4.51, 13.10], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-8.35, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-9.78, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.11, 95% CI [-11.46, -0.76], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025;
## Std. beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.07, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.09, 95% CI [-32.63, 10.45], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.313;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-9.35, 9.28], t(2038) = -6.81e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -3.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.81, 4.90], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.04, 95% CI [-17.55, 3.47], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-6.20, 10.15], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.02, 95% CI [3.91, 20.12], t(2038) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.12, 95% CI [0.36, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-2.20, 8.84], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.45, 3.30], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.35, 95% CI [-63.13, -29.56], t(2038) = -5.42, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.32, 95% CI [-5.89, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-8.84, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-9.43, 12.26], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.95, 12.27], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 56.87 (95% CI [50.47, 63.26], t(2038)
## = 17.44, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.06, 95% CI [-7.61, -2.52], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.49, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.05, 95% CI [-6.54, 16.65], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std. beta =
## 0.11, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.14, 95% CI [-40.09, 25.81], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.671; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-12.07, 35.90], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = 0.78,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.20])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-19.49, 26.53], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.80, 95% CI [-29.82, 8.23], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.31, 95% CI [-4.17, 42.79], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.58, 95% CI [4.16, 23.00], t(2038) = 2.83, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.00, 95% CI [-0.31, 46.31], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-2.45, 10.76], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.217; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.84, 95% CI [-0.65, 24.32], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.59, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-16.85, 9.53], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.43, 95% CI [-11.64, 4.78], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.413; Std. beta =
## -8.28e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-27.22, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.18, 95% CI [-17.64, 19.99], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.98, 95% CI [-25.18, 45.13], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.30, 95% CI [2.83, 35.77], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.37, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.91, 95% CI [-11.17, 34.99], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.89, 95% CI [-0.54, 34.32], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-20.95, 38.24], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.30])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.85, 95% CI [-60.83, 5.14], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.35, 95% CI [-29.08, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-27.61, 38.41], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-24.82, 22.60], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.33, 95% CI [-12.01, 22.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.547; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.56, 95% CI [-11.31, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.53, 95% CI [-28.60, 35.66], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-8.04, 13.41], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.59, 95% CI [-30.15, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.52, 95% CI [-5.99, 19.04], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.30, 15.99], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.96, 95% CI [-18.19, 20.11], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.86, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.14, 95% CI [-34.98, 30.69], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-9.63, 19.69], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.06, 95% CI [-20.86, 28.99], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-37.94, -0.82], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-9.07, 16.32], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.32, 95% CI [-11.94, 26.57], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 1.44,
## 95% CI [0.25, 2.63])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.39, 95% CI [-27.12, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.85, 95% CI [-2.53, 30.23], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.21, 95% CI [2.09, 24.33], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.76, 95% CI [-14.94, 50.46], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -2.86,
## 95% CI [-4.97, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.21, 95% CI [3.92, 50.49], t(2038) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.05])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.21, 95% CI [-19.20, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-9.73, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.75, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-2.91, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.488;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.83, 95% CI [-43.76, 14.10], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-4.08, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.07, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.82, 95% CI [-15.64, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.46, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-12.85, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.67, 6.15], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-6.38, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.06, 95% CI [-14.37, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.61, 1.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-6.45, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.22, 4.58], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [0.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [0.05, 13.84], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [4.98e-03, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.22, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 5.55e-03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 5.41], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.149; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.03, 95% CI [-5.14, 21.19], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [0.90, 12.90], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [0.08, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.40], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-8.05, 7.96], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.991; Std.
## beta = -4.14e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-9.37, 6.48], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [-33.40, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.11, 3.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-25.26, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.35, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.73, 95% CI [-2.47, 7.92], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-15.19, 27.25], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.42, 2.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-9.94, 4.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.497; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-5.75, 6.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.30, 95% CI [-4.51, 13.10], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-8.35, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-9.78, 10.68], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.931; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.11, 95% CI [-11.46, -0.76], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025;
## Std. beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.07, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.09, 95% CI [-32.63, 10.45], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.313;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-9.35, 9.28], t(2038) = -6.81e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -3.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-2.81, 4.90], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.04, 95% CI [-17.55, 3.47], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.189; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-6.20, 10.15], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.02, 95% CI [3.91, 20.12], t(2038) = 2.91, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.12, 95% CI [0.36, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-2.20, 8.84], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.45, 3.30], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-6.42, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.35, 95% CI [-63.13, -29.56], t(2038) = -5.42, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.32, 95% CI [-5.89, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-8.84, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-9.43, 12.26], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-8.95, 12.27], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

7.8.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14178
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2675 -0.4384 -0.0091  0.4484  4.5166 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   230.86   15.194        
##           time_firstPFT  13.63    3.692   -0.07
##  Residual                25.75    5.075        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       28.545029   6.546287   4.360
## time_firstPFT                     -2.381125   2.502359  -0.952
## Soil_5yrPreDx                      7.289639   5.760733   1.265
## disadv                             3.915194   2.866535   1.366
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.828997   2.812898  -2.783
## sexF                               3.500337   1.748498   2.002
## age_dx                             0.382600   0.091127   4.199
## smokeHxFormer                      3.806275   1.725443   2.206
## smokeHxAlways                     18.788849   8.384649   2.241
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.443850   3.915920  -0.624
## site02R                          -10.520992  16.132854  -0.652
## site03R                            9.347066  11.840228   0.789
## site04R                            3.278523  11.220683   0.292
## site05R                          -12.009968   9.322996  -1.288
## site06R                            9.236955  16.123910   0.573
## site07R                           12.625454   4.635799   2.723
## site09R                           21.999201  11.406416   1.929
## site101                            5.518283   3.283058   1.681
## site102                           13.185260   6.161948   2.140
## site103                            0.656671   3.145312   0.209
## site104                           -4.509499   6.510911  -0.693
## site105                            5.902547   3.264663   1.808
## site106                           -5.139781   4.108641  -1.251
## site107                           -0.859429  11.463962  -0.075
## site108                            6.536536   9.628116   0.679
## site10R                            4.933980  17.537685   0.281
## site11R                           15.391085   8.057325   1.910
## site12R                            7.420837  11.266253   0.659
## site13R                           18.436109   8.584422   2.148
## site14R                            8.004295  14.710857   0.544
## site15R                          -34.411401  16.158005  -2.130
## site16R                           -7.993210   7.304383  -1.094
## site17R                            9.303470  16.278362   0.572
## site18R                           -5.936048  11.632751  -0.510
## site19R                            2.202056   8.513208   0.259
## site20R                            0.525455   6.808661   0.077
## site21R                            1.592054  15.636883   0.102
## site22R                           -0.709423   5.336651  -0.133
## site23R                          -17.738265   9.519390  -1.863
## site24R                            5.243704   6.118582   0.857
## site25R                            1.472641   6.755043   0.218
## site28R                            4.527356   9.415155   0.481
## site29R                           -4.254037  16.059169  -0.265
## site31R                            6.558623   7.228776   0.907
## site32R                           -2.265830  12.243833  -0.185
## site33R                          -19.561788   9.095008  -2.151
## site34R                            1.486273   6.207631   0.239
## site35R                            1.218521   9.445350   0.129
## site36R                          -11.367233   7.218579  -1.575
## site37R                           16.926534   8.108177   2.088
## site38R                           13.238529   5.442556   2.432
## site39R                           22.954164  16.203261   1.417
## site40R                           23.547915  11.386125   2.068
## site41R                           -2.177614   9.353165  -0.233
## site42R                            0.235154   5.148234   0.046
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreDx        1.780546   2.427106   0.734
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.326485   1.107662  -0.295
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.005276   1.130717   0.005
## time_firstPFT:sexF                -0.084927   0.668496  -0.127
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.053795   0.034929  -1.540
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.447611   0.675739   0.662
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.418447   5.315859   0.267
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.436784   1.691489   0.849
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.249637  14.804442  -0.963
## time_firstPFT:site03R              1.951737   5.195621   0.376
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.414784   5.609985  -0.787
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.328096   6.268863  -0.052
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.140864   1.487614  -2.111
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -5.918947   4.342975  -1.363
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.156122   1.189118  -0.131
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.482963   2.153540  -1.153
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.685439   1.207860   2.223
## time_firstPFT:site104              7.592026   3.631766   2.090
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.152622   1.192090   0.128
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.873576   1.660926   1.730
## time_firstPFT:site107              8.061997   6.759445   1.193
## time_firstPFT:site108              7.104605   3.331191   2.133
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.644060   2.922805   1.247
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.374170   4.187809   0.089
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.993139   4.128961  -0.241
## time_firstPFT:site14R              4.223096  19.015295   0.222
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.561736  11.433164  -0.224
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.512175   2.756336   0.911
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.497889  10.875720   0.597
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -1.936704   3.909122  -0.495
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.109166   3.283519   0.338
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.441306   4.582570   0.969
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.181346   2.797631  -0.780
## time_firstPFT:site23R             10.321085  24.816324   0.416
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.237311   2.349584   0.101
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.412049   2.825811  -1.915
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.251091  11.111936  -0.833
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.467812   4.866158   0.096
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.151885   2.054185   0.561
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -6.701892   5.562866  -1.205
## time_firstPFT:site33R              2.403165   4.311562   0.557
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.142324   2.444401   0.058
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.941642   4.230589   3.059
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.591729   2.887941   1.244
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.376037   2.891017  -0.476
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.523635   1.897017  -1.330
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.581712   8.685174  -5.363
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.924111   4.581326   0.202
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.207985   5.589238   0.395
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.555682   5.431645   0.471
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.916
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.687
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71, 41.38], t(2008)
## = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreDx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to Soil_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71, 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71,
## 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 28.55 (95% CI
## [15.71, 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71,
## 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71,
## 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 28.55 (95% CI
## [15.71, 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71,
## 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 28.55 (95% CI [15.71, 41.38], t(2008) = 4.36, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.53], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.60, -0.31])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 7.29, 95% CI [-4.01, 18.59], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.206; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.92, 95% CI [-1.71, 9.54], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.83, 95% CI [-13.35, -2.31], t(2008) = -2.78, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.46, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.11])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.50,
## 95% CI [0.07, 6.93], t(2008) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI
## [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2008) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.81, 95% CI [0.42, 7.19], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.79, 95% CI [2.35, 35.23], t(2008) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.05, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-10.12, 5.24], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-42.16, 21.12], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta =
## -1.82, 95% CI [-4.48, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-13.87, 32.57], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-18.73, 25.28], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.01, 95% CI [-30.29, 6.27], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.24, 95% CI [-22.38, 40.86], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.40])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [3.53, 21.72], t(2008) = 2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.00, 95% CI [-0.37, 44.37], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.92, 11.96], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.19, 95% CI [1.10, 25.27], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 6.83], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.51, 95% CI [-17.28, 8.26], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.489; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.36, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-13.20, 2.92], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.86, 95% CI [-23.34, 21.62], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.54, 95% CI [-12.35, 25.42], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.497; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-29.46, 39.33], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.39, 95% CI [-0.41, 31.19], t(2008) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.21,
## 95% CI [0.23, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-14.67, 29.52], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.44, 95% CI [1.60, 35.27], t(2008) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 1.00, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.00, 95% CI [-20.85, 36.85], t(2008) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.41, 95% CI [-66.10, -2.72], t(2008) = -2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -2.23,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.32, 6.33], t(2008) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.30, 95% CI [-22.62, 41.23], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-28.75, 16.88], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.49, 18.90], t(2008) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.53, 95% CI [-12.83, 13.88], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-29.07, 32.26], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.71, 95% CI [-11.18, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.74, 95% CI [-36.41, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 3.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.24, 95% CI [-6.76, 17.24], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-11.77, 14.72], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.53, 95% CI [-13.94, 22.99], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.631; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.25, 95% CI [-35.75, 27.24], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.56, 95% CI [-7.62, 20.74], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-26.28, 21.75], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.853; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.56, 95% CI [-37.40, -1.73], t(2008) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-10.69, 13.66], t(2008) = 0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.22, 95% CI [-17.31, 19.74], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 1.16,
## 95% CI [-7.79e-03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-25.52, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.93, 95% CI [1.03, 32.83], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 0.88, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.85])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.24, 95% CI [2.56, 23.91], t(2008) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 0.56, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.95, 95% CI [-8.82, 54.73], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -2.59,
## 95% CI [-4.68, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.55, 95% CI [1.22, 45.88], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.90])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-20.52, 16.17], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.24, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.33], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.70, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-2.98, 6.54], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 1.85], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -8.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 5.28e-03, 95% CI [-2.21, 2.22], t(2008) =
## 4.67e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta = 4.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.23], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std.
## beta = -7.94e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.01], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.77], t(2008) =
## 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-9.01, 11.84], t(2008) =
## 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.88, 4.75], t(2008) =
## 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.25, 95% CI [-43.28, 14.78], t(2008) = -0.96, p = 0.336;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.24, 12.14], t(2008) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.41, 95% CI [-15.42, 6.59], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.431; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.44, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-12.62, 11.97], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-6.06, -0.22], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.57, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-14.44, 2.60], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.18], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-6.71, 1.74], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [0.32, 5.05], t(2008) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.59, 95% CI [0.47, 14.71], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [0.04, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-0.38, 6.13], t(2008) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.06, 95% CI [-5.19, 21.32], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [0.57, 13.64], t(2008) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [0.05, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-2.09, 9.38], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-7.84, 8.59], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-9.09, 7.10], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-33.07, 41.51], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.09, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-24.98, 19.86], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-2.33, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-2.89, 7.92], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-14.83, 27.83], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.39, 2.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-9.60, 5.73], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-5.33, 7.55], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.55, 13.43], t(2008) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-7.67, 3.31], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 10.32, 95% CI [-38.35, 58.99], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-3.58, 5.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.85], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.41, 95% CI [-10.95, 0.13], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-31.04, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.405;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-2.90, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-9.08, 10.01], t(2008) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-2.88, 5.18], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.70, 95% CI [-17.61, 4.21], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.65, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-6.05, 10.86], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.65, 4.94], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.94, 95% CI [4.64, 21.24], t(2008) = 3.06, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.43, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-2.07, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.05, 4.29], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-6.24, 1.20], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.58, 95% CI [-63.61, -29.55], t(2008) = -5.36, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.35, 95% CI [-5.94, -2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-8.06, 9.91], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.75, 13.17], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-8.10, 13.21], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.23])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8 Association between PM/Constituents in 5yrs Pre-Censoring and FVC Decline

Linear mixed models with random intercept and slope will be used to evaluate the impact of PM During Disease on FVC decline.

8.1 PM2.5

8.1.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14569.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3285 -0.4401 -0.0176  0.4476  4.5225 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   256.81   16.025        
##           time_firstPFT  13.03    3.610   -0.12
##  Residual                25.58    5.057        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    63.99339    4.67219  13.697
## time_firstPFT                  -3.30735    1.82334  -1.814
## PM_5yrPreCensor                -0.39100    0.39339  -0.994
## site02R                        -8.73673   16.85011  -0.518
## site03R                        12.25607   12.15616   1.008
## site04R                         2.38595   11.78864   0.202
## site05R                       -12.27288    9.77475  -1.256
## site06R                        19.60929   11.96302   1.639
## site07R                        11.28981    4.94618   2.283
## site09R                        20.04796   11.94411   1.678
## site101                         1.36624    3.70802   0.368
## site102                         8.70477    6.77046   1.286
## site103                        -3.03366    3.44662  -0.880
## site104                        -7.96514    6.91887  -1.151
## site105                         2.76088    3.65147   0.756
## site106                        -5.13303    4.39938  -1.167
## site107                        -6.85359   12.07607  -0.568
## site108                        -2.19428    9.90914  -0.221
## site10R                        12.63570   17.44540   0.724
## site11R                        13.20070    7.49050   1.762
## site12R                         9.54540   11.98178   0.797
## site13R                        14.53168    8.97794   1.619
## site14R                         5.54086   15.04912   0.368
## site15R                       -28.93505   16.90468  -1.712
## site16R                       -16.38158    7.61727  -2.151
## site17R                         4.74986   16.89180   0.281
## site18R                        -0.51343   11.98705  -0.043
## site19R                         5.83681    8.04415   0.726
## site20R                         2.06030    7.13243   0.289
## site21R                         3.39416   16.41998   0.207
## site22R                         0.19045    5.37479   0.035
## site23R                       -11.85385    7.71686  -1.536
## site24R                         4.29159    6.62759   0.648
## site25R                         0.73273    7.01351   0.104
## site28R                         0.06657    9.80551   0.007
## site29R                        -5.63480   16.79514  -0.336
## site31R                         2.36087    7.65589   0.308
## site32R                        10.62987    8.53138   1.246
## site33R                       -17.04205    8.48458  -2.009
## site34R                         0.74679    6.60523   0.113
## site35R                         3.72824   10.01937   0.372
## site36R                       -13.83378    7.64750  -1.809
## site37R                        11.63993    8.41724   1.383
## site38R                        10.96417    5.85365   1.873
## site39R                        16.33447   16.83331   0.970
## site40R                        27.95436   11.79062   2.371
## site41R                        -2.27144    9.79675  -0.232
## site42R                        -1.38511    5.30838  -0.261
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreCensor  -0.07467    0.15713  -0.475
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -15.28298   14.72105  -1.038
## time_firstPFT:site03R           1.33802    5.04038   0.265
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -5.29960    5.52044  -0.960
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -1.08531    6.22152  -0.174
## time_firstPFT:site06R          -3.13276    4.78417  -0.655
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -4.18245    1.48162  -2.823
## time_firstPFT:site09R          -6.65870    4.25724  -1.564
## time_firstPFT:site101          -1.06888    1.25516  -0.852
## time_firstPFT:site102          -3.01115    2.25994  -1.332
## time_firstPFT:site103           1.51709    1.25768   1.206
## time_firstPFT:site104           5.97325    3.55060   1.682
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.68389    1.25357  -0.546
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.76657    1.66624   1.060
## time_firstPFT:site107           7.23786    6.72888   1.076
## time_firstPFT:site108           6.07447    3.19041   1.904
## time_firstPFT:site11R           2.86069    2.73140   1.047
## time_firstPFT:site12R          -0.66717    4.13448  -0.161
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -2.17103    4.05783  -0.535
## time_firstPFT:site14R           2.96557   18.91568   0.157
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -3.18861   11.36499  -0.281
## time_firstPFT:site16R           2.05321    2.68356   0.765
## time_firstPFT:site18R           6.43478   10.76828   0.598
## time_firstPFT:site19R           2.86723    4.28250   0.670
## time_firstPFT:site20R           0.45362    3.21288   0.141
## time_firstPFT:site21R           4.27218    4.49212   0.951
## time_firstPFT:site22R          -3.79089    2.69707  -1.406
## time_firstPFT:site23R           1.15020    5.02030   0.229
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -0.38911    2.40380  -0.162
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -6.71465    2.74276  -2.448
## time_firstPFT:site28R         -11.63413   10.96035  -1.061
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -0.96392    4.75299  -0.203
## time_firstPFT:site31R           0.36011    2.05521   0.175
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -4.21120    3.28295  -1.283
## time_firstPFT:site33R           2.71581    3.87274   0.701
## time_firstPFT:site34R          -0.88154    2.41039  -0.366
## time_firstPFT:site35R          11.28952    4.22457   2.672
## time_firstPFT:site36R           3.00364    2.87018   1.046
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -2.60068    2.75263  -0.945
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -3.34064    1.91486  -1.745
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -46.57169    8.58137  -5.427
## time_firstPFT:site40R          -0.46412    4.49722  -0.103
## time_firstPFT:site41R           0.87677    5.54133   0.158
## time_firstPFT:site42R           1.02500    5.39383   0.190
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.924
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.734
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 63.99 (95% CI [54.83,
## 73.16], t(2068) = 13.70, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-6.88, 0.27], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.30])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-41.78, 24.31], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-11.58, 36.10], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-20.73, 25.50], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.27, 95% CI [-31.44, 6.90], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.85, 43.07], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.29, 95% CI [1.59, 20.99], t(2068) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.05, 95% CI [-3.38, 43.47], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 8.64], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.70, 95% CI [-4.57, 21.98], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-9.79, 3.73], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.53, 5.60], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.40, 9.92], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-13.76, 3.49], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-30.54, 16.83], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.19, 95% CI [-21.63, 17.24], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.64, 95% CI [-21.58, 46.85], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.469; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.76])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.20, 95% CI [-1.49, 27.89], t(2068) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.55, 95% CI [-13.95, 33.04], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.53, 95% CI [-3.08, 32.14], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-23.97, 35.05], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 3.21])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.94, 95% CI [-62.09, 4.22], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.99,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.38, 95% CI [-31.32, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-28.38, 37.88], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.51, 95% CI [-24.02, 22.99], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.66])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.84, 95% CI [-9.94, 21.61], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.06, 95% CI [-11.93, 16.05], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-28.81, 35.60], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.19, 95% CI [-10.35, 10.73], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.85, 95% CI [-26.99, 3.28], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.29], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-13.02, 14.49], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.07, 95% CI [-19.16, 19.30], t(2068) = 6.79e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -1.03, 95% CI [-3.10, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-38.57, 27.30], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-12.65, 17.37], t(2068) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-6.10, 27.36], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.04, 95% CI [-33.68, -0.40], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-12.21, 13.70], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-15.92, 23.38], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.83, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.64, 95% CI [-4.87, 28.15], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.96, 95% CI [-0.52, 22.44], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.33, 95% CI [-16.68, 49.35], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -3.19,
## 95% CI [-5.36, -1.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.95, 95% CI [4.83, 51.08], t(2068) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-21.48, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.39, 95% CI [-11.80, 9.03], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta =
## 9.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.23], t(2068) =
## -0.48, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.28, 95% CI [-44.15, 13.59], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-4.74, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.55, 11.22], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.30, 95% CI [-16.13, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.73, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-13.29, 11.12], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.52, 6.25], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.66, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.39], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.42], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.95, 3.98], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.97, 95% CI [-0.99, 12.94], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.14, 1.77], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.50, 5.03], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.24, 95% CI [-5.96, 20.43], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 12.33], t(2068) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-2.50, 8.22], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-8.78, 7.44], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-10.13, 5.79], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-34.13, 40.06], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-25.48, 19.10], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-3.21, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-14.68, 27.55], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-5.53, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-5.85, 6.75], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.27, 95% CI [-4.54, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-9.08, 1.50], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-8.70, 11.00], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.10, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.71, 95% CI [-12.09, -1.34], t(2068) = -2.45, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.30, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.63, 95% CI [-33.13, 9.86], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-10.29, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.39], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-10.65, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-4.88, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-5.61, 3.85], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.29, 95% CI [3.00, 19.57], t(2068) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.32, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.63], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.00, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 0.41], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.57, 95% CI [-63.40, -29.74], t(2068) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.81, -3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-9.28, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.74], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-9.55, 11.60], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## PM_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to PM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 63.99 (95% CI [54.83, 73.16],
## t(2068) = 13.70, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-6.88, 0.27], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.30])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-41.78, 24.31], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-11.58, 36.10], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-20.73, 25.50], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.27, 95% CI [-31.44, 6.90], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.85, 43.07], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.29, 95% CI [1.59, 20.99], t(2068) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.05, 95% CI [-3.38, 43.47], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 8.64], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.70, 95% CI [-4.57, 21.98], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-9.79, 3.73], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.53, 5.60], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.40, 9.92], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-13.76, 3.49], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-30.54, 16.83], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.19, 95% CI [-21.63, 17.24], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.64, 95% CI [-21.58, 46.85], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.469; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.76])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.20, 95% CI [-1.49, 27.89], t(2068) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.55, 95% CI [-13.95, 33.04], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.53, 95% CI [-3.08, 32.14], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-23.97, 35.05], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 3.21])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.94, 95% CI [-62.09, 4.22], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.99,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.38, 95% CI [-31.32, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-28.38, 37.88], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.51, 95% CI [-24.02, 22.99], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.66])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.84, 95% CI [-9.94, 21.61], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.06, 95% CI [-11.93, 16.05], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-28.81, 35.60], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.19, 95% CI [-10.35, 10.73], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.85, 95% CI [-26.99, 3.28], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.29], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-13.02, 14.49], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.07, 95% CI [-19.16, 19.30], t(2068) = 6.79e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -1.03, 95% CI [-3.10, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-38.57, 27.30], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-12.65, 17.37], t(2068) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-6.10, 27.36], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.04, 95% CI [-33.68, -0.40], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-12.21, 13.70], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-15.92, 23.38], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.83, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.64, 95% CI [-4.87, 28.15], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.96, 95% CI [-0.52, 22.44], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.33, 95% CI [-16.68, 49.35], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -3.19,
## 95% CI [-5.36, -1.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.95, 95% CI [4.83, 51.08], t(2068) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-21.48, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.39, 95% CI [-11.80, 9.03], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta =
## 9.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.23], t(2068) =
## -0.48, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.28, 95% CI [-44.15, 13.59], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-4.74, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.55, 11.22], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.30, 95% CI [-16.13, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.73, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-13.29, 11.12], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.52, 6.25], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.66, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.39], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.42], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.95, 3.98], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.97, 95% CI [-0.99, 12.94], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.14, 1.77], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.50, 5.03], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.24, 95% CI [-5.96, 20.43], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 12.33], t(2068) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-2.50, 8.22], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-8.78, 7.44], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-10.13, 5.79], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-34.13, 40.06], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-25.48, 19.10], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-3.21, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-14.68, 27.55], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-5.53, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-5.85, 6.75], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.27, 95% CI [-4.54, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-9.08, 1.50], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-8.70, 11.00], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.10, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.71, 95% CI [-12.09, -1.34], t(2068) = -2.45, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.30, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.63, 95% CI [-33.13, 9.86], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-10.29, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.39], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-10.65, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-4.88, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-5.61, 3.85], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.29, 95% CI [3.00, 19.57], t(2068) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.32, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.63], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.00, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 0.41], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.57, 95% CI [-63.40, -29.74], t(2068) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.81, -3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-9.28, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.74], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-9.55, 11.60], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 63.99 (95% CI [54.83, 73.16], t(2068) = 13.70, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-6.88, 0.27], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.30])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-41.78, 24.31], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-11.58, 36.10], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-20.73, 25.50], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.27, 95% CI [-31.44, 6.90], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.85, 43.07], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.29, 95% CI [1.59, 20.99], t(2068) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.05, 95% CI [-3.38, 43.47], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 8.64], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.70, 95% CI [-4.57, 21.98], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-9.79, 3.73], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.53, 5.60], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.40, 9.92], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-13.76, 3.49], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-30.54, 16.83], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.19, 95% CI [-21.63, 17.24], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.64, 95% CI [-21.58, 46.85], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.469; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.76])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.20, 95% CI [-1.49, 27.89], t(2068) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.55, 95% CI [-13.95, 33.04], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.53, 95% CI [-3.08, 32.14], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-23.97, 35.05], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 3.21])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.94, 95% CI [-62.09, 4.22], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.99,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.38, 95% CI [-31.32, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-28.38, 37.88], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.51, 95% CI [-24.02, 22.99], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.66])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.84, 95% CI [-9.94, 21.61], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.06, 95% CI [-11.93, 16.05], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-28.81, 35.60], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.19, 95% CI [-10.35, 10.73], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.85, 95% CI [-26.99, 3.28], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.29], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-13.02, 14.49], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.07, 95% CI [-19.16, 19.30], t(2068) = 6.79e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -1.03, 95% CI [-3.10, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-38.57, 27.30], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-12.65, 17.37], t(2068) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-6.10, 27.36], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.04, 95% CI [-33.68, -0.40], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-12.21, 13.70], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-15.92, 23.38], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.83, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.64, 95% CI [-4.87, 28.15], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.96, 95% CI [-0.52, 22.44], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.33, 95% CI [-16.68, 49.35], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -3.19,
## 95% CI [-5.36, -1.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.95, 95% CI [4.83, 51.08], t(2068) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-21.48, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.39, 95% CI [-11.80, 9.03], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta =
## 9.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.23], t(2068) =
## -0.48, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.28, 95% CI [-44.15, 13.59], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-4.74, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.55, 11.22], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.30, 95% CI [-16.13, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.73, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-13.29, 11.12], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.52, 6.25], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.66, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.39], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.42], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.95, 3.98], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.97, 95% CI [-0.99, 12.94], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.14, 1.77], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.50, 5.03], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.24, 95% CI [-5.96, 20.43], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 12.33], t(2068) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-2.50, 8.22], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-8.78, 7.44], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-10.13, 5.79], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-34.13, 40.06], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-25.48, 19.10], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-3.21, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-14.68, 27.55], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-5.53, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-5.85, 6.75], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.27, 95% CI [-4.54, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-9.08, 1.50], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-8.70, 11.00], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.10, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.71, 95% CI [-12.09, -1.34], t(2068) = -2.45, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.30, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.63, 95% CI [-33.13, 9.86], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-10.29, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.39], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-10.65, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-4.88, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-5.61, 3.85], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.29, 95% CI [3.00, 19.57], t(2068) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.32, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.63], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.00, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 0.41], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.57, 95% CI [-63.40, -29.74], t(2068) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.81, -3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-9.28, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.74], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-9.55, 11.60], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 63.99 (95% CI [54.83, 73.16], t(2068)
## = 13.70, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-6.88, 0.27], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.30])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-41.78, 24.31], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std. beta = -1.88,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-11.58, 36.10], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-20.73, 25.50], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.27, 95% CI [-31.44, 6.90], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.61, 95% CI [-3.85, 43.07], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.29, 95% CI [1.59, 20.99], t(2068) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.05, 95% CI [-3.38, 43.47], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 8.64], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.01, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.70, 95% CI [-4.57, 21.98], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.56, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-9.79, 3.73], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.53, 5.60], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.40, 9.92], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-13.76, 3.49], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-30.54, 16.83], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.19, 95% CI [-21.63, 17.24], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.64, 95% CI [-21.58, 46.85], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.469; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.76])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.20, 95% CI [-1.49, 27.89], t(2068) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [0.12, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.55, 95% CI [-13.95, 33.04], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.426; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.53, 95% CI [-3.08, 32.14], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.54, 95% CI [-23.97, 35.05], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 3.21])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -28.94, 95% CI [-62.09, 4.22], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.99,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.38, 95% CI [-31.32, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-28.38, 37.88], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.51, 95% CI [-24.02, 22.99], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 2.66])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.84, 95% CI [-9.94, 21.61], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.06, 95% CI [-11.93, 16.05], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-28.81, 35.60], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.19, 95% CI [-10.35, 10.73], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.85, 95% CI [-26.99, 3.28], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.29], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.73, 95% CI [-13.02, 14.49], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.07, 95% CI [-19.16, 19.30], t(2068) = 6.79e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -1.03, 95% CI [-3.10, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-38.57, 27.30], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-12.65, 17.37], t(2068) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.63, 95% CI [-6.10, 27.36], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.04, 95% CI [-33.68, -0.40], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-12.21, 13.70], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.910; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-15.92, 23.38], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.710; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.83, 95% CI [-28.83, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.64, 95% CI [-4.87, 28.15], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.96, 95% CI [-0.52, 22.44], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.33, 95% CI [-16.68, 49.35], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -3.19,
## 95% CI [-5.36, -1.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.95, 95% CI [4.83, 51.08], t(2068) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.12, 3.09])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-21.48, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.39, 95% CI [-11.80, 9.03], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta =
## 9.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.23], t(2068) =
## -0.48, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.28, 95% CI [-44.15, 13.59], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-4.74, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.55, 11.22], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.30, 95% CI [-16.13, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.73, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-13.29, 11.12], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.52, 6.25], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-7.09, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.66, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.39], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.42], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.95, 3.98], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.97, 95% CI [-0.99, 12.94], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.14, 1.77], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.50, 5.03], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.24, 95% CI [-5.96, 20.43], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 12.33], t(2068) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-2.50, 8.22], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-8.78, 7.44], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-10.13, 5.79], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-34.13, 40.06], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-25.48, 19.10], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-3.21, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-14.68, 27.55], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-5.53, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-5.85, 6.75], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.27, 95% CI [-4.54, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-9.08, 1.50], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-8.70, 11.00], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.10, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.71, 95% CI [-12.09, -1.34], t(2068) = -2.45, p = 0.014;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.30, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.63, 95% CI [-33.13, 9.86], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-10.29, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.39], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-10.65, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-4.88, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-5.61, 3.85], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.715; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.29, 95% CI [3.00, 19.57], t(2068) = 2.67, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.32, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-2.63, 8.63], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.00, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 0.41], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.57, 95% CI [-63.40, -29.74], t(2068) = -5.43, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.81, -3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-9.28, 8.36], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.74], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-9.55, 11.60], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.1.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14377.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2961 -0.4422 -0.0192  0.4449  4.5071 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   232.97   15.263        
##           time_firstPFT  13.62    3.691   -0.08
##  Residual                25.61    5.061        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       36.301299   7.342618   4.944
## time_firstPFT                     -0.384186   2.886908  -0.133
## PM_5yrPreCensor                   -0.391492   0.390937  -1.001
## disadv                             3.789809   2.889905   1.311
## dich_RaceNon-White                -6.972097   2.821250  -2.471
## sexF                               3.919343   1.748750   2.241
## age_dx                             0.389439   0.091133   4.273
## smokeHxFormer                      3.699390   1.730418   2.138
## smokeHxAlways                     19.799741   8.514010   2.326
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.062748   3.956063  -0.521
## site02R                          -12.226037  16.211890  -0.754
## site03R                           10.344256  11.797071   0.877
## site04R                            2.078309  11.288555   0.184
## site05R                          -13.701509   9.406523  -1.457
## site06R                           10.101538  16.156717   0.625
## site07R                           10.152517   4.774877   2.126
## site09R                           18.717933  11.495625   1.628
## site101                            2.390106   3.608865   0.662
## site102                            9.965041   6.580226   1.514
## site103                           -3.642452   3.522442  -1.034
## site104                           -9.690477   6.702739  -1.446
## site105                            2.610002   3.542087   0.737
## site106                           -7.050138   4.343859  -1.623
## site107                           -4.156395  11.613689  -0.358
## site108                            2.141980   9.985460   0.215
## site10R                            9.654293  17.049724   0.566
## site11R                            9.620425   7.194224   1.337
## site12R                            5.047449  11.489896   0.439
## site13R                           15.949735   8.688445   1.836
## site14R                            4.425715  14.695998   0.301
## site15R                          -35.486631  16.264643  -2.182
## site16R                          -10.503126   7.426137  -1.414
## site17R                            8.881899  16.352465   0.543
## site18R                           -4.277867  11.533154  -0.371
## site19R                            5.285451   7.791177   0.678
## site20R                            0.560509   6.867859   0.082
## site21R                            2.017511  15.691015   0.129
## site22R                           -3.763583   5.260237  -0.715
## site23R                          -14.637057   8.906212  -1.643
## site24R                            3.045806   6.364918   0.479
## site25R                           -0.364395   6.825303  -0.053
## site28R                            3.397831   9.466998   0.359
## site29R                           -8.259798  16.154363  -0.511
## site31R                            3.435279   7.448052   0.461
## site32R                            7.801663   8.240035   0.947
## site33R                          -15.531988   8.170677  -1.901
## site34R                           -1.779969   6.344582  -0.281
## site35R                           -2.824897   9.666195  -0.292
## site36R                          -12.830102   7.364274  -1.742
## site37R                           14.191388   8.174779   1.736
## site38R                           10.755796   5.624761   1.912
## site39R                           21.048686  16.462863   1.279
## site40R                           25.132185  11.315944   2.221
## site41R                           -4.735390   9.489138  -0.499
## site42R                           -2.064655   5.173029  -0.399
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreCensor     -0.081271   0.168294  -0.483
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.006326   1.107340  -0.006
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.182797   1.126407   0.162
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.037611   0.662852   0.057
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.060076   0.034693  -1.732
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.522248   0.676210   0.772
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        0.949833   5.319426   0.179
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.768998   1.709895   1.035
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.468078  14.768611  -0.980
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.688722   5.128547   0.524
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.863318   5.606073  -0.868
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.766996   6.267453  -0.122
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.632407   1.543687  -2.353
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.431161   4.353543  -1.477
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.890442   1.292656  -0.689
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.088241   2.327629  -1.327
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.702458   1.348757   1.262
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.437957   3.649512   1.764
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.614777   1.283456  -0.479
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.421825   1.737032   1.394
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.372510   6.774206   1.088
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.987704   3.467838   1.727
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.784791   2.822011   1.341
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -0.216637   4.228166  -0.051
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.608126   4.143186  -0.388
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.436148  18.953809   0.181
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.930269  11.414772  -0.257
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.794997   2.789382   0.644
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.981806  10.811407   0.646
## time_firstPFT:site19R              4.205901   4.398607   0.956
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.282542   3.302254   0.388
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.483105   4.569992   0.981
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.820358   2.773948  -1.017
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.907072  24.704663   0.361
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -0.283229   2.441526  -0.116
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.923161   2.837461  -2.087
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -10.190465  11.084584  -0.919
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.282022   4.868167  -0.058
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.496771   2.155381   0.230
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.497427   3.363867  -1.040
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.328090   3.989977   0.834
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.660803   2.472369  -0.267
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.237787   4.312085   2.838
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.361968   2.932881   1.146
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.854963   2.898975  -0.640
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -3.075758   1.956083  -1.572
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -47.162723   8.728929  -5.403
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.649555   4.630209   0.140
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.709437   5.597226   0.305
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.023523   5.414971   0.374
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.696
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90, 50.70], t(2038)
## = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## PM_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## PM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90, 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90,
## 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90, 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90,
## 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90,
## 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 36.30 (95% CI
## [21.90, 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90,
## 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 36.30 (95% CI [21.90, 50.70], t(2038) = 4.94, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-6.05, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.38], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.09, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.79, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.46], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.50, -1.44], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta =
## -0.39, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.92,
## 95% CI [0.49, 7.35], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.70, 95% CI [0.31, 7.09], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 19.80, 95% CI [3.10, 36.50], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta =
## 1.25, 95% CI [0.04, 2.47])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-9.82, 5.70], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-44.02, 19.57], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std. beta =
## -2.02, 95% CI [-4.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.34, 95% CI [-12.79, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-20.06, 24.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.70, 95% CI [-32.15, 4.75], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.10, 95% CI [-21.58, 41.79], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.532; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 10.15, 95% CI [0.79, 19.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.72, 95% CI [-3.83, 41.26], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.39, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-2.94, 22.87], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.64, 95% CI [-10.55, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-22.84, 3.45], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta =
## 4.77e-03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.61, 95% CI [-4.34, 9.56], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.05, 95% CI [-15.57, 1.47], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.16, 95% CI [-26.93, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-17.44, 21.72], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.65, 95% CI [-23.78, 43.09], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.49, 23.73], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [2.81e-03, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.05, 95% CI [-17.49, 27.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.95, 95% CI [-1.09, 32.99], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std. beta = 0.80,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-24.40, 33.25], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -35.49, 95% CI [-67.38, -3.59], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -2.36,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 9.16e-04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.50, 95% CI [-25.07, 4.06], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.88, 95% CI [-23.19, 40.95], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.90, 18.34], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-9.99, 20.56], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-12.91, 14.03], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-28.75, 32.79], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-14.08, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-32.10, 2.83], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 3.99])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-9.44, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 13.02], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.40, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.96], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.80, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.26, 95% CI [-39.94, 23.42], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-11.17, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-8.36, 23.96], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.89, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.53, 95% CI [-31.56, 0.49], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.22, 10.66], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.82, 95% CI [-21.78, 16.13], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.83, 95% CI [-27.27, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.19, 95% CI [-1.84, 30.22], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.76, 95% CI [-0.28, 21.79], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.05, 95% CI [-11.24, 53.33], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = -2.98,
## 95% CI [-5.15, -0.81])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.13, 95% CI [2.94, 47.32], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 1.54, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.00])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-23.34, 13.87], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.618; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.21, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.25], t(2038) =
## -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.17], t(2038) = -5.71e-03, p =
## 0.995; Std. beta = -1.94e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.03, 2.39], t(2038) =
## 0.16, p = 0.871; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.34], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std.
## beta = 4.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.96e-03], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.90e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.38], t(2038) =
## 0.18, p = 0.858; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-1.58, 5.12], t(2038) =
## 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.47, 95% CI [-43.43, 14.50], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-7.37, 12.75], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.600; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-15.86, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.61], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-14.97, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.09, 95% CI [-7.65, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-0.94, 4.35], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.44, 95% CI [-0.72, 13.60], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-3.13, 1.90], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 5.83], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.91, 20.66], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.277; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.99, 95% CI [-0.81, 12.79], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.084; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.78, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.32], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-8.51, 8.08], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-9.73, 6.52], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-33.73, 40.61], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.32, 19.46], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.797;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-3.68, 7.27], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.98, 95% CI [-14.22, 28.18], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.53, 3.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.21, 95% CI [-4.42, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-5.19, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.48, 95% CI [-4.48, 13.45], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-8.26, 2.62], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.91, 95% CI [-39.54, 57.36], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.92, 95% CI [-11.49, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.19, 95% CI [-31.93, 11.55], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.358;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-9.83, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.73, 4.72], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.09, 3.10], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.50, 11.15], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.404; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.24, 95% CI [3.78, 20.69], t(2038) = 2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.32, 95% CI [0.41, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-2.39, 9.11], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-7.54, 3.83], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-6.91, 0.76], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.16, 95% CI [-64.28, -30.04], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.92, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-8.43, 9.73], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-9.27, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.60, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.2 SO4

8.2.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14559
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3235 -0.4418 -0.0204  0.4463  4.5134 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   252.05   15.876        
##           time_firstPFT  13.00    3.605   -0.12
##  Residual                25.58    5.057        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                 Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     69.46689    3.66267  18.966
## time_firstPFT                   -3.84856    1.26949  -3.032
## SO4_5yrPreCensor                -2.72269    0.93993  -2.897
## site02R                        -15.81313   16.90826  -0.935
## site03R                          5.82874   12.27196   0.475
## site04R                         -2.98950   11.85047  -0.252
## site05R                        -16.16341    9.78252  -1.652
## site06R                         15.10672   11.97595   1.261
## site07R                          6.30402    5.18730   1.215
## site09R                         14.67929   11.97428   1.226
## site101                         -3.58647    3.95939  -0.906
## site102                          2.33900    6.96854   0.336
## site103                         -9.56672    4.02406  -2.377
## site104                        -14.38375    7.09526  -2.027
## site105                         -2.72585    4.02072  -0.678
## site106                         -9.85317    4.64355  -2.122
## site107                        -12.22083   12.08010  -1.012
## site108                         -8.47956    9.96865  -0.851
## site10R                          6.84372   17.44890   0.392
## site11R                          8.44843    7.62080   1.109
## site12R                          3.92087   11.99225   0.327
## site13R                          9.93747    9.03363   1.100
## site14R                          0.52223   15.06520   0.035
## site15R                        -33.81928   16.84639  -2.008
## site16R                        -21.55821    7.76241  -2.777
## site17R                          0.03175   16.83247   0.002
## site18R                         -5.34736   12.01185  -0.445
## site19R                         -0.07655    8.09053  -0.009
## site20R                         -2.65340    7.22236  -0.367
## site21R                         -1.56916   16.37507  -0.096
## site22R                         -4.64332    5.60248  -0.829
## site23R                        -16.09952    7.78302  -2.069
## site24R                         -1.34325    6.82375  -0.197
## site25R                         -6.32997    7.41973  -0.853
## site28R                         -4.16764    9.84591  -0.423
## site29R                        -11.02348   16.73313  -0.659
## site31R                         -2.44886    7.71711  -0.317
## site32R                          3.81516    8.80430   0.433
## site33R                        -21.00240    8.50055  -2.471
## site34R                         -4.00916    6.70437  -0.598
## site35R                         -1.73096   10.02793  -0.173
## site36R                        -18.34509    7.72881  -2.374
## site37R                          6.41551    8.54655   0.751
## site38R                          6.21231    6.00121   1.035
## site39R                          9.88904   16.80135   0.589
## site40R                         21.27441   11.94002   1.782
## site41R                         -7.71699    9.89441  -0.780
## site42R                         -5.99098    5.51625  -1.086
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreCensor  -0.08796    0.33720  -0.261
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -15.35748   14.74676  -1.041
## time_firstPFT:site03R            1.33638    5.09582   0.262
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -5.28181    5.55322  -0.951
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -1.02817    6.23314  -0.165
## time_firstPFT:site06R           -3.21351    4.81588  -0.667
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -4.10793    1.57092  -2.615
## time_firstPFT:site09R           -6.61087    4.29788  -1.538
## time_firstPFT:site101           -0.93926    1.31386  -0.715
## time_firstPFT:site102           -2.84255    2.31480  -1.228
## time_firstPFT:site103            1.66283    1.38874   1.197
## time_firstPFT:site104            6.12741    3.59003   1.707
## time_firstPFT:site105           -0.56725    1.34949  -0.420
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.85426    1.72582   1.074
## time_firstPFT:site107            7.37538    6.74085   1.094
## time_firstPFT:site108            6.28288    3.20575   1.960
## time_firstPFT:site11R            2.85496    2.79205   1.023
## time_firstPFT:site12R           -0.56919    4.17033  -0.136
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -2.10663    4.08029  -0.516
## time_firstPFT:site14R            3.10228   18.92192   0.164
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -3.12766   11.37581  -0.275
## time_firstPFT:site16R            2.12638    2.73959   0.776
## time_firstPFT:site18R            6.45526   10.78022   0.599
## time_firstPFT:site19R            3.06902    4.29270   0.715
## time_firstPFT:site20R            0.57236    3.23327   0.177
## time_firstPFT:site21R            4.23014    4.52870   0.934
## time_firstPFT:site22R           -3.73166    2.74644  -1.359
## time_firstPFT:site23R            1.24866    5.02856   0.248
## time_firstPFT:site24R           -0.27593    2.46327  -0.112
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -6.71682    2.86510  -2.344
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -11.63525   10.96688  -1.061
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -0.82957    4.77034  -0.174
## time_firstPFT:site31R            0.50424    2.07928   0.243
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -4.28212    3.39315  -1.262
## time_firstPFT:site33R            2.83459    3.87885   0.731
## time_firstPFT:site34R           -0.76810    2.45045  -0.313
## time_firstPFT:site35R           11.50934    4.21493   2.731
## time_firstPFT:site36R            3.07736    2.90447   1.060
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -2.58639    2.82148  -0.917
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -3.25023    1.96590  -1.653
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -46.40257    8.59505  -5.399
## time_firstPFT:site40R           -0.30087    4.52775  -0.066
## time_firstPFT:site41R            0.93642    5.57173   0.168
## time_firstPFT:site42R            1.06962    5.41153   0.198
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.923
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.733
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 69.47 (95% CI [62.28,
## 76.65], t(2068) = 18.97, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.85, 95% CI [-6.34, -1.36], t(2068) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.58, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-4.57, -0.88], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.81, 95% CI [-48.97, 17.35], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-18.24, 29.90], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-26.23, 20.25], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.16, 95% CI [-35.35, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.11, 95% CI [-8.38, 38.59], t(2068) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.30, 95% CI [-3.87, 16.48], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 5.64e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.68, 95% CI [-8.80, 38.16], t(2068) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-11.35, 4.18], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.33, 16.01], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-17.46, -1.68], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.38, 95% CI [-28.30, -0.47], t(2068) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.73, 95% CI [-10.61, 5.16], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.85, 95% CI [-18.96, -0.75], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-35.91, 11.47], t(2068) = -1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.66, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.48, 95% CI [-28.03, 11.07], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.84, 95% CI [-27.38, 41.06], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.45, 95% CI [-6.50, 23.39], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-19.60, 27.44], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 27.65], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.271; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-29.02, 30.07], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 2.93])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.82, 95% CI [-66.86, -0.78], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.56, 95% CI [-36.78, -6.34], t(2068) = -2.78, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.04, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-32.98, 33.04], t(2068) = 1.89e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 1.87e-03, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.35, 95% CI [-28.90, 18.21], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-15.94, 15.79], t(2068) = -9.46e-03, p = 0.992; Std. beta =
## 0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.65, 95% CI [-16.82, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-33.68, 30.54], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.63, 6.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.10, 95% CI [-31.36, -0.84], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.34, 95% CI [-14.73, 12.04], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-20.88, 8.22], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-23.48, 15.14], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-43.84, 21.79], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta =
## -0.72, 95% CI [-2.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-17.58, 12.69], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-13.45, 21.08], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.00, 95% CI [-37.67, -4.33], t(2068) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.01, 95% CI [-17.16, 9.14], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-21.40, 17.93], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.50, -3.19], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-10.35, 23.18], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-5.56, 17.98], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.89, 95% CI [-23.06, 42.84], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -3.55,
## 95% CI [-5.72, -1.38])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.27, 95% CI [-2.14, 44.69], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-27.12, 11.69], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.81, 4.83], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.57], t(2068) =
## -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.36, 95% CI [-44.28, 13.56], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.298;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.76, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.66, 11.33], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.28, 95% CI [-16.17, 5.61], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-13.25, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.869;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.21, 95% CI [-12.66, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-7.19, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-15.04, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.64], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-7.38, 1.70], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-1.06, 4.39], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.13, 95% CI [-0.91, 13.17], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.08], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.53, 5.24], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.38, 95% CI [-5.84, 20.59], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-3.96e-03, 12.57], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-4.28e-04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.33], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.75, 7.61], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.90], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.606; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-34.01, 40.21], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.18], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.783;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-3.25, 7.50], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [-14.69, 27.60], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.35, 11.49], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-5.77, 6.91], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.65, 13.11], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.73, 95% CI [-9.12, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.174; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.61, 11.11], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.11, 4.55], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.34, -1.10], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.64, 95% CI [-33.14, 9.87], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-10.18, 8.53], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.57, 4.58], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.37], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.77, 10.44], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.04], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.51, 95% CI [3.24, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.73, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.35, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.77], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.12, 2.95], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.25, 95% CI [-7.11, 0.61], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.40, 95% CI [-63.26, -29.55], t(2068) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-6.80, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.18, 8.58], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.86], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.54, 11.68], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SO4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 69.47 (95% CI [62.28, 76.65],
## t(2068) = 18.97, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.85, 95% CI [-6.34, -1.36], t(2068) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.58, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-4.57, -0.88], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.81, 95% CI [-48.97, 17.35], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-18.24, 29.90], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-26.23, 20.25], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.16, 95% CI [-35.35, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.11, 95% CI [-8.38, 38.59], t(2068) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.30, 95% CI [-3.87, 16.48], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 5.64e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.68, 95% CI [-8.80, 38.16], t(2068) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-11.35, 4.18], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.33, 16.01], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-17.46, -1.68], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.38, 95% CI [-28.30, -0.47], t(2068) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.73, 95% CI [-10.61, 5.16], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.85, 95% CI [-18.96, -0.75], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-35.91, 11.47], t(2068) = -1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.66, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.48, 95% CI [-28.03, 11.07], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.84, 95% CI [-27.38, 41.06], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.45, 95% CI [-6.50, 23.39], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-19.60, 27.44], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 27.65], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.271; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-29.02, 30.07], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 2.93])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.82, 95% CI [-66.86, -0.78], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.56, 95% CI [-36.78, -6.34], t(2068) = -2.78, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.04, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-32.98, 33.04], t(2068) = 1.89e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 1.87e-03, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.35, 95% CI [-28.90, 18.21], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-15.94, 15.79], t(2068) = -9.46e-03, p = 0.992; Std. beta =
## 0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.65, 95% CI [-16.82, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-33.68, 30.54], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.63, 6.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.10, 95% CI [-31.36, -0.84], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.34, 95% CI [-14.73, 12.04], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-20.88, 8.22], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-23.48, 15.14], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-43.84, 21.79], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta =
## -0.72, 95% CI [-2.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-17.58, 12.69], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-13.45, 21.08], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.00, 95% CI [-37.67, -4.33], t(2068) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.01, 95% CI [-17.16, 9.14], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-21.40, 17.93], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.50, -3.19], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-10.35, 23.18], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-5.56, 17.98], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.89, 95% CI [-23.06, 42.84], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -3.55,
## 95% CI [-5.72, -1.38])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.27, 95% CI [-2.14, 44.69], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-27.12, 11.69], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.81, 4.83], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.57], t(2068) =
## -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.36, 95% CI [-44.28, 13.56], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.298;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.76, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.66, 11.33], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.28, 95% CI [-16.17, 5.61], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-13.25, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.869;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.21, 95% CI [-12.66, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-7.19, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-15.04, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.64], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-7.38, 1.70], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-1.06, 4.39], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.13, 95% CI [-0.91, 13.17], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.08], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.53, 5.24], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.38, 95% CI [-5.84, 20.59], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-3.96e-03, 12.57], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-4.28e-04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.33], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.75, 7.61], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.90], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.606; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-34.01, 40.21], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.18], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.783;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-3.25, 7.50], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [-14.69, 27.60], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.35, 11.49], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-5.77, 6.91], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.65, 13.11], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.73, 95% CI [-9.12, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.174; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.61, 11.11], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.11, 4.55], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.34, -1.10], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.64, 95% CI [-33.14, 9.87], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-10.18, 8.53], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.57, 4.58], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.37], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.77, 10.44], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.04], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.51, 95% CI [3.24, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.73, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.35, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.77], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.12, 2.95], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.25, 95% CI [-7.11, 0.61], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.40, 95% CI [-63.26, -29.55], t(2068) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-6.80, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.18, 8.58], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.86], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.54, 11.68], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 69.47 (95% CI [62.28, 76.65], t(2068) = 18.97, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.85, 95% CI [-6.34, -1.36], t(2068) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.58, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-4.57, -0.88], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.81, 95% CI [-48.97, 17.35], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-18.24, 29.90], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-26.23, 20.25], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.16, 95% CI [-35.35, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.11, 95% CI [-8.38, 38.59], t(2068) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.30, 95% CI [-3.87, 16.48], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 5.64e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.68, 95% CI [-8.80, 38.16], t(2068) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-11.35, 4.18], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.33, 16.01], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-17.46, -1.68], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.38, 95% CI [-28.30, -0.47], t(2068) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.73, 95% CI [-10.61, 5.16], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.85, 95% CI [-18.96, -0.75], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-35.91, 11.47], t(2068) = -1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.66, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.48, 95% CI [-28.03, 11.07], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.84, 95% CI [-27.38, 41.06], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.45, 95% CI [-6.50, 23.39], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-19.60, 27.44], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 27.65], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.271; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-29.02, 30.07], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 2.93])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.82, 95% CI [-66.86, -0.78], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.56, 95% CI [-36.78, -6.34], t(2068) = -2.78, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.04, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-32.98, 33.04], t(2068) = 1.89e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 1.87e-03, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.35, 95% CI [-28.90, 18.21], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-15.94, 15.79], t(2068) = -9.46e-03, p = 0.992; Std. beta =
## 0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.65, 95% CI [-16.82, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-33.68, 30.54], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.63, 6.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.10, 95% CI [-31.36, -0.84], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.34, 95% CI [-14.73, 12.04], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-20.88, 8.22], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-23.48, 15.14], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-43.84, 21.79], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta =
## -0.72, 95% CI [-2.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-17.58, 12.69], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-13.45, 21.08], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.00, 95% CI [-37.67, -4.33], t(2068) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.01, 95% CI [-17.16, 9.14], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-21.40, 17.93], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.50, -3.19], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-10.35, 23.18], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-5.56, 17.98], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.89, 95% CI [-23.06, 42.84], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -3.55,
## 95% CI [-5.72, -1.38])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.27, 95% CI [-2.14, 44.69], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-27.12, 11.69], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.81, 4.83], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.57], t(2068) =
## -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.36, 95% CI [-44.28, 13.56], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.298;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.76, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.66, 11.33], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.28, 95% CI [-16.17, 5.61], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-13.25, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.869;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.21, 95% CI [-12.66, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-7.19, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-15.04, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.64], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-7.38, 1.70], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-1.06, 4.39], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.13, 95% CI [-0.91, 13.17], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.08], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.53, 5.24], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.38, 95% CI [-5.84, 20.59], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-3.96e-03, 12.57], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-4.28e-04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.33], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.75, 7.61], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.90], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.606; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-34.01, 40.21], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.18], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.783;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-3.25, 7.50], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [-14.69, 27.60], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.35, 11.49], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-5.77, 6.91], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.65, 13.11], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.73, 95% CI [-9.12, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.174; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.61, 11.11], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.11, 4.55], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.34, -1.10], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.64, 95% CI [-33.14, 9.87], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-10.18, 8.53], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.57, 4.58], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.37], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.77, 10.44], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.04], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.51, 95% CI [3.24, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.73, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.35, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.77], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.12, 2.95], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.25, 95% CI [-7.11, 0.61], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.40, 95% CI [-63.26, -29.55], t(2068) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-6.80, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.18, 8.58], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.86], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.54, 11.68], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 69.47 (95% CI [62.28, 76.65], t(2068)
## = 18.97, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.85, 95% CI [-6.34, -1.36], t(2068) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.58, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-4.57, -0.88], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.81, 95% CI [-48.97, 17.35], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-18.24, 29.90], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-26.23, 20.25], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.16, 95% CI [-35.35, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.11, 95% CI [-8.38, 38.59], t(2068) = 1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.30, 95% CI [-3.87, 16.48], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 5.64e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.68, 95% CI [-8.80, 38.16], t(2068) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-11.35, 4.18], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.34, 95% CI [-11.33, 16.01], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-17.46, -1.68], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.38, 95% CI [-28.30, -0.47], t(2068) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.73, 95% CI [-10.61, 5.16], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.85, 95% CI [-18.96, -0.75], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-35.91, 11.47], t(2068) = -1.01, p = 0.312; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.66, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.48, 95% CI [-28.03, 11.07], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.84, 95% CI [-27.38, 41.06], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.45, 95% CI [-6.50, 23.39], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-19.60, 27.44], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 27.65], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.271; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-29.02, 30.07], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 2.93])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.82, 95% CI [-66.86, -0.78], t(2068) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -2.27,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.56, 95% CI [-36.78, -6.34], t(2068) = -2.78, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.04, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-32.98, 33.04], t(2068) = 1.89e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 1.87e-03, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.35, 95% CI [-28.90, 18.21], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.08, 95% CI [-15.94, 15.79], t(2068) = -9.46e-03, p = 0.992; Std. beta =
## 0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.65, 95% CI [-16.82, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-33.68, 30.54], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.63, 6.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.10, 95% CI [-31.36, -0.84], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.34, 95% CI [-14.73, 12.04], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-20.88, 8.22], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-23.48, 15.14], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-43.84, 21.79], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta =
## -0.72, 95% CI [-2.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-17.58, 12.69], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-13.45, 21.08], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.00, 95% CI [-37.67, -4.33], t(2068) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.01, 95% CI [-17.16, 9.14], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-21.40, 17.93], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.50, -3.19], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-10.35, 23.18], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.21, 95% CI [-5.56, 17.98], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.89, 95% CI [-23.06, 42.84], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -3.55,
## 95% CI [-5.72, -1.38])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.27, 95% CI [-2.14, 44.69], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-27.12, 11.69], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.81, 4.83], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.57], t(2068) =
## -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.36, 95% CI [-44.28, 13.56], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.298;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.76, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-8.66, 11.33], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.28, 95% CI [-16.17, 5.61], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-13.25, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.869;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.21, 95% CI [-12.66, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-7.19, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-15.04, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.64], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-7.38, 1.70], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-1.06, 4.39], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.13, 95% CI [-0.91, 13.17], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.08], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.53, 5.24], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.38, 95% CI [-5.84, 20.59], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.63, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.28, 95% CI [-3.96e-03, 12.57], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-4.28e-04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.33], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.307; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-8.75, 7.61], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.90], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.606; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-34.01, 40.21], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.18], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.783;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-3.25, 7.50], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [-14.69, 27.60], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.549; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 2.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.35, 11.49], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-5.77, 6.91], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.65, 13.11], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.73, 95% CI [-9.12, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.174; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-8.61, 11.11], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-5.11, 4.55], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.34, -1.10], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.64, 95% CI [-33.14, 9.87], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289;
## Std. beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-10.18, 8.53], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-3.57, 4.58], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.37], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.77, 10.44], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.465; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.04], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.754; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.51, 95% CI [3.24, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.73, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.35, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-2.62, 8.77], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.12, 2.95], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.25, 95% CI [-7.11, 0.61], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.40, 95% CI [-63.26, -29.55], t(2068) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-6.80, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.18, 8.58], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.99, 11.86], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.54, 11.68], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.2.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14368.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2907 -0.4417 -0.0141  0.4452  4.4986 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   229.66   15.154        
##           time_firstPFT  13.58    3.686   -0.08
##  Residual                25.62    5.062        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       40.46811    6.82987   5.925
## time_firstPFT                     -0.77976    2.54085  -0.307
## SO4_5yrPreCensor                  -2.38999    0.93828  -2.547
## disadv                             3.09394    2.88496   1.072
## dich_RaceNon-White                -6.72061    2.78634  -2.412
## sexF                               3.90287    1.73232   2.253
## age_dx                             0.39302    0.09050   4.343
## smokeHxFormer                      3.70515    1.71845   2.156
## smokeHxAlways                     18.53401    8.35977   2.217
## smokeHxUnknown                    -0.61408    3.97329  -0.155
## site02R                          -18.44697   16.32443  -1.130
## site03R                            4.87874   11.94555   0.408
## site04R                           -2.27635   11.36624  -0.200
## site05R                          -16.74560    9.42627  -1.776
## site06R                            6.58369   16.12140   0.408
## site07R                            6.10543    5.02059   1.216
## site09R                           14.17577   11.56269   1.226
## site101                           -1.54103    3.84413  -0.401
## site102                            4.69081    6.80511   0.689
## site103                           -8.85398    4.00101  -2.213
## site104                          -14.76884    6.86224  -2.152
## site105                           -1.75950    3.89072  -0.452
## site106                          -10.85117    4.56354  -2.378
## site107                           -8.57610   11.65296  -0.736
## site108                           -2.93358   10.01035  -0.293
## site10R                            4.81499   17.07054   0.282
## site11R                            5.84501    7.32457   0.798
## site12R                            0.65989   11.51337   0.057
## site13R                           12.12291    8.76963   1.382
## site14R                            0.18209   14.73890   0.012
## site15R                          -39.22874   16.22960  -2.417
## site16R                          -14.81124    7.58305  -1.953
## site17R                            5.04134   16.32596   0.309
## site18R                           -7.93885   11.56377  -0.687
## site19R                            0.57621    7.84082   0.073
## site20R                           -3.23196    6.96637  -0.464
## site21R                           -2.00074   15.67741  -0.128
## site22R                           -7.79583    5.49497  -1.419
## site23R                          -18.17836    8.96812  -2.027
## site24R                           -1.52687    6.57178  -0.232
## site25R                           -6.43541    7.25645  -0.887
## site28R                            0.04108    9.51482   0.004
## site29R                          -12.89259   16.14213  -0.799
## site31R                           -0.62440    7.52764  -0.083
## site32R                            2.20268    8.51669   0.259
## site33R                          -18.66002    8.19765  -2.276
## site34R                           -5.54147    6.44515  -0.860
## site35R                           -7.16794    9.68637  -0.740
## site36R                          -16.39254    7.44902  -2.201
## site37R                            9.92902    8.31297   1.194
## site38R                            6.99695    5.76774   1.213
## site39R                           15.83135   16.43335   0.963
## site40R                           19.66353   11.47128   1.714
## site41R                           -9.27321    9.60289  -0.966
## site42R                           -5.89766    5.38864  -1.094
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreCensor    -0.14792    0.36244  -0.408
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.04301    1.11580  -0.039
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.13185    1.11656   0.118
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.02623    0.66077   0.040
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05979    0.03466  -1.725
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.52483    0.67527   0.777
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.35732    5.29720   0.256
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.81774    1.72192   1.056
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.72520   14.80024  -0.995
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.53116    5.19708   0.487
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.95518    5.63979  -0.879
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.81040    6.27977  -0.129
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.68135    1.64465  -2.238
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.51752    4.40007  -1.481
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.86943    1.35020  -0.644
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.08139    2.39869  -1.285
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.70767    1.47327   1.159
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.46653    3.67739   1.758
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.62729    1.38580  -0.453
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.38600    1.80442   1.322
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.36688    6.79171   1.085
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.10417    3.45454   1.767
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.66636    2.88817   1.269
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -0.25933    4.26569  -0.061
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.66882    4.17291  -0.400
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.44597   18.96196   0.182
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.96784   11.42396  -0.260
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.75827    2.84789   0.617
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.88155   10.82137   0.636
## time_firstPFT:site19R              4.25425    4.41378   0.964
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.27103    3.33031   0.382
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.32691    4.60414   0.940
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.89212    2.83450  -1.020
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.56931   24.66641   0.347
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -0.30814    2.50690  -0.123
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -6.07567    2.97539  -2.042
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -10.16562   11.08620  -0.917
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.29865    4.89678  -0.061
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.52622    2.18640   0.241
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.70764    3.47680  -1.066
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.36037    3.99216   0.842
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.65025    2.50617  -0.259
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.34577    4.30065   2.871
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.32711    2.96887   1.121
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.94432    2.97467  -0.654
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -3.09639    2.00948  -1.541
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -47.07843    8.73083  -5.392
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.68582    4.65664   0.147
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.65465    5.62879   0.294
## time_firstPFT:site42R              1.95780    5.43751   0.360
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.919
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.695
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07, 53.86], t(2038)
## = 5.93, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## SO4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07, 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07,
## 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07, 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07,
## 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07,
## 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07, 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07,
## 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 40.47 (95% CI [27.07, 53.86], t(2038) = 5.93, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.76, 4.20], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.30])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-4.23, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.09, 95% CI [-2.56, 8.75], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.05, 0.15])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.72, 95% CI [-12.18, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta =
## -0.38, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.90,
## 95% CI [0.51, 7.30], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02,
## 0.45])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.34, 7.08], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.53, 95% CI [2.14, 34.93], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [0.01, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-8.41, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.45, 95% CI [-50.46, 13.57], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta =
## -2.41, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-18.55, 28.31], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-24.57, 20.01], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.75, 95% CI [-35.23, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-25.03, 38.20], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.74, 15.95], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-8.50, 36.85], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.54, 95% CI [-9.08, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-8.65, 18.04], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = 8.23e-04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.85, 95% CI [-16.70, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.77, 95% CI [-28.23, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.76, 95% CI [-9.39, 5.87], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.85, 95% CI [-19.80, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-31.43, 14.28], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.57, 16.70], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-28.66, 38.29], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.778; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-8.52, 20.21], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.66, 95% CI [-21.92, 23.24], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.12, 95% CI [-5.08, 29.32], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-28.72, 29.09], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 2.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -39.23, 95% CI [-71.06, -7.40], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -2.58,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.81, 95% CI [-29.68, 0.06], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.04, 95% CI [-26.98, 37.06], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.94, 95% CI [-30.62, 14.74], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 2.26])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.58, 95% CI [-14.80, 15.95], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.23, 95% CI [-16.89, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.00, 95% CI [-32.75, 28.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-18.57, 2.98], t(2038) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 4.74e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.18, 95% CI [-35.77, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-4.36, 3.75])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.53, 95% CI [-14.41, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-20.67, 7.80], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.82, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-18.62, 18.70], t(2038) = 4.32e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.91, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.89, 95% CI [-44.55, 18.76], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425; Std. beta =
## -0.79, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.62, 95% CI [-15.39, 14.14], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-14.50, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.66, 95% CI [-34.74, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-18.18, 7.10], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.17, 95% CI [-26.16, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.39, 95% CI [-31.00, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.93, 95% CI [-6.37, 26.23], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.60, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.00, 95% CI [-4.31, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-16.40, 48.06], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.28,
## 95% CI [-5.45, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.66, 95% CI [-2.83, 42.16], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-28.11, 9.56], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-16.47, 4.67], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.56], t(2038) =
## -0.41, p = 0.683; Std. beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.23, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -1.32e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-2.06, 2.32], t(2038) =
## 0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.27, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 2.83e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.19e-03], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.12e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-9.03, 11.75], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.56, 5.19], t(2038) =
## 1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.73, 95% CI [-43.75, 14.30], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.320;
## Std. beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-4.71, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-7.66, 12.72], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-16.02, 6.11], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-13.13, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.91, -0.46], t(2038) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52, 95% CI [-15.15, 2.11], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.78], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.62], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-1.18, 4.60], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-0.75, 13.68], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-3.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.32, p = 0.186; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.37, 95% CI [-5.95, 20.69], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 12.88], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.67, 95% CI [-2.00, 9.33], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.62, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-9.85, 6.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.45, 95% CI [-33.74, 40.63], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-25.37, 19.44], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.76, 95% CI [-3.83, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.88, 95% CI [-14.34, 28.10], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.25, 95% CI [-4.40, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.26, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.70, 13.36], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-8.45, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.57, 95% CI [-39.80, 56.94], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = 0.92, 95% CI [-4.29, 6.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-5.22, 4.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.902; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.08, 95% CI [-11.91, -0.24], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.28, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.58], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-9.90, 9.30], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-3.76, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-10.53, 3.11], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-4.47, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-5.57, 4.26], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.35, 95% CI [3.91, 20.78], t(2038) = 2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.33, 95% CI [0.42, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.33, 95% CI [-2.50, 9.15], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.78, 3.89], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-7.04, 0.84], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-64.20, -29.96], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-6.91, -3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-8.45, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-9.38, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.769; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.96, 95% CI [-8.71, 12.62], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.3 NO3

8.3.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14558.4
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3285 -0.4341 -0.0165  0.4494  4.5145 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   256.56   16.017        
##           time_firstPFT  13.14    3.625   -0.13
##  Residual                25.52    5.052        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                 Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     63.51336    3.14498  20.195
## time_firstPFT                   -2.25089    1.30917  -1.719
## NO3_5yrPreCensor                -3.58899    2.59183  -1.385
## site02R                         -6.94180   16.82881  -0.412
## site03R                         13.35451   12.06359   1.107
## site04R                          5.43002   11.85692   0.458
## site05R                        -11.73679    9.71716  -1.208
## site06R                         19.17964   11.96418   1.603
## site07R                         13.35630    4.75114   2.811
## site09R                         20.55266   11.85110   1.734
## site101                          2.40642    3.26656   0.737
## site102                          9.34194    6.43854   1.451
## site103                         -3.55478    3.30072  -1.077
## site104                         -8.63347    6.82576  -1.265
## site105                          2.96175    3.36314   0.881
## site106                         -3.82169    4.17905  -0.914
## site107                         -6.52749   11.96479  -0.546
## site108                         -2.46477    9.77902  -0.252
## site10R                          9.64139   17.41045   0.554
## site11R                         11.54834    7.65489   1.509
## site12R                         10.52527   11.81558   0.891
## site13R                         14.82854    8.89289   1.667
## site14R                          6.18861   14.97869   0.413
## site15R                        -30.43214   16.96430  -1.794
## site16R                        -15.11300    7.49036  -2.018
## site17R                          5.42273   16.84815   0.322
## site18R                         -1.76697   12.04782  -0.147
## site19R                          5.01843    7.98612   0.628
## site20R                          2.88016    6.96403   0.414
## site21R                          2.28648   16.44706   0.139
## site22R                          1.90189    5.27459   0.361
## site23R                        -12.47475    7.73174  -1.613
## site24R                          6.41808    6.38305   1.005
## site25R                          2.46669    6.95443   0.355
## site28R                          1.06695    9.78161   0.109
## site29R                         -5.33540   16.71764  -0.319
## site31R                          2.01798    7.59299   0.266
## site32R                          9.71871    8.56396   1.135
## site33R                        -17.58131    8.48133  -2.073
## site34R                          1.42400    6.41763   0.222
## site35R                          3.53839    9.90860   0.357
## site36R                        -12.54383    7.52008  -1.668
## site37R                         12.81897    8.31577   1.542
## site38R                         10.03073    5.90936   1.697
## site39R                         16.16269   16.75789   0.964
## site40R                         30.91869   11.88854   2.601
## site41R                         -0.75180    9.68348  -0.078
## site42R                         -0.42261    5.19932  -0.081
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreCensor  -1.74573    1.13553  -1.537
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -14.64981   14.71042  -0.996
## time_firstPFT:site03R            1.43392    5.01351   0.286
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -4.20710    5.53722  -0.760
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -1.15523    6.20537  -0.186
## time_firstPFT:site06R           -3.51971    4.79413  -0.734
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -3.64249    1.38890  -2.623
## time_firstPFT:site09R           -6.61242    4.22895  -1.564
## time_firstPFT:site101           -1.01569    1.06918  -0.950
## time_firstPFT:site102           -3.04730    2.10308  -1.449
## time_firstPFT:site103            0.76110    1.21043   0.629
## time_firstPFT:site104            5.17269    3.52918   1.466
## time_firstPFT:site105           -1.08590    1.15073  -0.944
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.88169    1.57306   1.196
## time_firstPFT:site107            6.85329    6.70004   1.023
## time_firstPFT:site108            5.26675    3.14864   1.673
## time_firstPFT:site11R            1.87509    2.82336   0.664
## time_firstPFT:site12R           -0.77508    4.09064  -0.189
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -2.30527    4.02983  -0.572
## time_firstPFT:site14R            3.26036   18.88990   0.173
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -4.27705   11.38059  -0.376
## time_firstPFT:site16R            2.08583    2.62285   0.795
## time_firstPFT:site18R            5.66400   10.76931   0.526
## time_firstPFT:site19R            1.83956    4.29183   0.429
## time_firstPFT:site20R            0.20729    3.16050   0.066
## time_firstPFT:site21R            3.56019    4.52725   0.786
## time_firstPFT:site22R           -3.74821    2.65313  -1.413
## time_firstPFT:site23R            0.20250    5.05316   0.040
## time_firstPFT:site24R            0.03636    2.30398   0.016
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -6.53913    2.70148  -2.421
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -11.51496   10.93925  -1.053
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -1.34554    4.72987  -0.284
## time_firstPFT:site31R           -0.31928    2.04245  -0.156
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -4.85973    3.30604  -1.470
## time_firstPFT:site33R            1.91188    3.88868   0.492
## time_firstPFT:site34R           -1.11403    2.35005  -0.474
## time_firstPFT:site35R           10.56127    4.19031   2.520
## time_firstPFT:site36R            3.31128    2.81960   1.174
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -2.28305    2.72452  -0.838
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -4.15517    1.96429  -2.115
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -47.31082    8.56632  -5.523
## time_firstPFT:site40R           -0.75881    4.44977  -0.171
## time_firstPFT:site41R            1.25458    5.51318   0.228
## time_firstPFT:site42R            1.20053    5.37143   0.224
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.923
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.740
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 63.51 (95% CI [57.35,
## 69.68], t(2068) = 20.20, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.25, 95% CI [-4.82, 0.32], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.52, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-8.67, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-39.94, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.35, 95% CI [-10.30, 37.01], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.43, 95% CI [-17.82, 28.68], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.74, 95% CI [-30.79, 7.32], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-4.28, 42.64], t(2068) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.36, 95% CI [4.04, 22.67], t(2068) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.55, 95% CI [-2.69, 43.79], t(2068) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-4.00, 8.81], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.34, 95% CI [-3.28, 21.97], t(2068) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.03, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.63, 95% CI [-22.02, 4.75], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.63, 9.56], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.37], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.53, 95% CI [-29.99, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.46, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.71], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.64, 95% CI [-24.50, 43.79], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.55, 95% CI [-3.46, 26.56], t(2068) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.53, 95% CI [-12.65, 33.70], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.83, 95% CI [-2.61, 32.27], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.19, 95% CI [-23.19, 35.56], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -30.43, 95% CI [-63.70, 2.84], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.11, 95% CI [-29.80, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.42, 95% CI [-27.62, 38.46], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.77, 95% CI [-25.39, 21.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-10.64, 20.68], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-10.78, 16.54], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.29, 95% CI [-29.97, 34.54], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-8.44, 12.25], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-27.64, 2.69], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-6.10, 18.94], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.11], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.723; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.07, 95% CI [-18.12, 20.25], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.34, 95% CI [-38.12, 27.45], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-12.87, 16.91], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-7.08, 26.51], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.91, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.58, 95% CI [-34.21, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.42, 95% CI [-11.16, 14.01], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-15.89, 22.97], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.07, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.54, 95% CI [-27.29, 2.20], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.82, 95% CI [-3.49, 29.13], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-1.56, 21.62], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.16, 95% CI [-16.70, 49.03], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.26,
## 95% CI [-5.42, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.92, 95% CI [7.60, 54.23], t(2068) = 2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.76, 95%
## CI [0.27, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.75, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.24], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.42, 95% CI [-10.62, 9.77], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-3.97, 0.48], t(2068) =
## -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.65, 95% CI [-43.50, 14.20], t(2068) = -1.00, p = 0.319;
## Std. beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-4.67, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-8.40, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-15.07, 6.65], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.447; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-13.32, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-12.92, 5.88], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-6.37, -0.92], t(2068) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-14.91, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.11, 1.08], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.17, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.61, 3.13], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.17, 95% CI [-1.75, 12.09], t(2068) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.34, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.20, 4.97], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85, 95% CI [-6.29, 19.99], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.68, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 11.44], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 7.41], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-8.80, 7.25], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.21, 5.60], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.567; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.31], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.60, 18.04], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-3.06, 7.23], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.66, 95% CI [-15.46, 26.78], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 2.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-6.58, 10.26], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.41], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.948; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.56, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.44], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-8.95, 1.45], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-9.71, 10.11], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.55], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 3.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.54, 95% CI [-11.84, -1.24], t(2068) = -2.42, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-32.97, 9.94], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.54, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-10.62, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.32, 3.69], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-11.34, 1.62], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.91, 95% CI [-5.71, 9.54], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-5.72, 3.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [2.34, 18.78], t(2068) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.25, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.84], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.06], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.16, 95% CI [-8.01, -0.30], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.31, 95% CI [-64.11, -30.51], t(2068) = -5.52, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.89, -3.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.49, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-9.56, 12.07], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.33, 11.73], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NO3_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 63.51 (95% CI [57.35, 69.68],
## t(2068) = 20.20, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.25, 95% CI [-4.82, 0.32], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.52, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-8.67, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-39.94, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.35, 95% CI [-10.30, 37.01], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.43, 95% CI [-17.82, 28.68], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.74, 95% CI [-30.79, 7.32], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-4.28, 42.64], t(2068) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.36, 95% CI [4.04, 22.67], t(2068) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.55, 95% CI [-2.69, 43.79], t(2068) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-4.00, 8.81], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.34, 95% CI [-3.28, 21.97], t(2068) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.03, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.63, 95% CI [-22.02, 4.75], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.63, 9.56], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.37], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.53, 95% CI [-29.99, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.46, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.71], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.64, 95% CI [-24.50, 43.79], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.55, 95% CI [-3.46, 26.56], t(2068) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.53, 95% CI [-12.65, 33.70], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.83, 95% CI [-2.61, 32.27], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.19, 95% CI [-23.19, 35.56], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -30.43, 95% CI [-63.70, 2.84], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.11, 95% CI [-29.80, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.42, 95% CI [-27.62, 38.46], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.77, 95% CI [-25.39, 21.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-10.64, 20.68], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-10.78, 16.54], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.29, 95% CI [-29.97, 34.54], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-8.44, 12.25], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-27.64, 2.69], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-6.10, 18.94], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.11], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.723; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.07, 95% CI [-18.12, 20.25], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.34, 95% CI [-38.12, 27.45], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-12.87, 16.91], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-7.08, 26.51], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.91, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.58, 95% CI [-34.21, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.42, 95% CI [-11.16, 14.01], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-15.89, 22.97], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.07, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.54, 95% CI [-27.29, 2.20], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.82, 95% CI [-3.49, 29.13], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-1.56, 21.62], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.16, 95% CI [-16.70, 49.03], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.26,
## 95% CI [-5.42, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.92, 95% CI [7.60, 54.23], t(2068) = 2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.76, 95%
## CI [0.27, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.75, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.24], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.42, 95% CI [-10.62, 9.77], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-3.97, 0.48], t(2068) =
## -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.65, 95% CI [-43.50, 14.20], t(2068) = -1.00, p = 0.319;
## Std. beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-4.67, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-8.40, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-15.07, 6.65], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.447; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-13.32, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-12.92, 5.88], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-6.37, -0.92], t(2068) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-14.91, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.11, 1.08], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.17, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.61, 3.13], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.17, 95% CI [-1.75, 12.09], t(2068) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.34, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.20, 4.97], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85, 95% CI [-6.29, 19.99], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.68, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 11.44], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 7.41], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-8.80, 7.25], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.21, 5.60], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.567; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.31], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.60, 18.04], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-3.06, 7.23], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.66, 95% CI [-15.46, 26.78], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 2.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-6.58, 10.26], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.41], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.948; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.56, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.44], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-8.95, 1.45], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-9.71, 10.11], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.55], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 3.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.54, 95% CI [-11.84, -1.24], t(2068) = -2.42, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-32.97, 9.94], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.54, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-10.62, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.32, 3.69], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-11.34, 1.62], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.91, 95% CI [-5.71, 9.54], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-5.72, 3.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [2.34, 18.78], t(2068) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.25, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.84], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.06], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.16, 95% CI [-8.01, -0.30], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.31, 95% CI [-64.11, -30.51], t(2068) = -5.52, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.89, -3.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.49, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-9.56, 12.07], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.33, 11.73], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 63.51 (95% CI [57.35, 69.68], t(2068) = 20.20, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.25, 95% CI [-4.82, 0.32], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.52, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-8.67, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-39.94, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.35, 95% CI [-10.30, 37.01], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.43, 95% CI [-17.82, 28.68], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.74, 95% CI [-30.79, 7.32], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-4.28, 42.64], t(2068) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.36, 95% CI [4.04, 22.67], t(2068) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.55, 95% CI [-2.69, 43.79], t(2068) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-4.00, 8.81], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.34, 95% CI [-3.28, 21.97], t(2068) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.03, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.63, 95% CI [-22.02, 4.75], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.63, 9.56], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.37], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.53, 95% CI [-29.99, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.46, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.71], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.64, 95% CI [-24.50, 43.79], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.55, 95% CI [-3.46, 26.56], t(2068) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.53, 95% CI [-12.65, 33.70], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.83, 95% CI [-2.61, 32.27], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.19, 95% CI [-23.19, 35.56], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -30.43, 95% CI [-63.70, 2.84], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.11, 95% CI [-29.80, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.42, 95% CI [-27.62, 38.46], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.77, 95% CI [-25.39, 21.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-10.64, 20.68], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-10.78, 16.54], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.29, 95% CI [-29.97, 34.54], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-8.44, 12.25], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-27.64, 2.69], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-6.10, 18.94], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.11], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.723; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.07, 95% CI [-18.12, 20.25], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.34, 95% CI [-38.12, 27.45], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-12.87, 16.91], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-7.08, 26.51], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.91, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.58, 95% CI [-34.21, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.42, 95% CI [-11.16, 14.01], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-15.89, 22.97], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.07, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.54, 95% CI [-27.29, 2.20], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.82, 95% CI [-3.49, 29.13], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-1.56, 21.62], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.16, 95% CI [-16.70, 49.03], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.26,
## 95% CI [-5.42, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.92, 95% CI [7.60, 54.23], t(2068) = 2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.76, 95%
## CI [0.27, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.75, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.24], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.42, 95% CI [-10.62, 9.77], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-3.97, 0.48], t(2068) =
## -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.65, 95% CI [-43.50, 14.20], t(2068) = -1.00, p = 0.319;
## Std. beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-4.67, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-8.40, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-15.07, 6.65], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.447; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-13.32, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-12.92, 5.88], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-6.37, -0.92], t(2068) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-14.91, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.11, 1.08], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.17, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.61, 3.13], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.17, 95% CI [-1.75, 12.09], t(2068) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.34, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.20, 4.97], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85, 95% CI [-6.29, 19.99], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.68, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 11.44], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 7.41], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-8.80, 7.25], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.21, 5.60], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.567; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.31], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.60, 18.04], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-3.06, 7.23], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.66, 95% CI [-15.46, 26.78], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 2.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-6.58, 10.26], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.41], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.948; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.56, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.44], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-8.95, 1.45], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-9.71, 10.11], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.55], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 3.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.54, 95% CI [-11.84, -1.24], t(2068) = -2.42, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-32.97, 9.94], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.54, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-10.62, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.32, 3.69], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-11.34, 1.62], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.91, 95% CI [-5.71, 9.54], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-5.72, 3.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [2.34, 18.78], t(2068) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.25, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.84], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.06], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.16, 95% CI [-8.01, -0.30], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.31, 95% CI [-64.11, -30.51], t(2068) = -5.52, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.89, -3.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.49, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-9.56, 12.07], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.33, 11.73], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 63.51 (95% CI [57.35, 69.68], t(2068)
## = 20.20, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.25, 95% CI [-4.82, 0.32], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta =
## -0.41, 95% CI [-0.52, -0.30])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.59, 95% CI [-8.67, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-39.94, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = -1.72,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.35, 95% CI [-10.30, 37.01], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.43, 95% CI [-17.82, 28.68], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.74, 95% CI [-30.79, 7.32], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.18, 95% CI [-4.28, 42.64], t(2068) = 1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.36, 95% CI [4.04, 22.67], t(2068) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.55, 95% CI [-2.69, 43.79], t(2068) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.08])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.41, 95% CI [-4.00, 8.81], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.34, 95% CI [-3.28, 21.97], t(2068) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.55, 95% CI [-10.03, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.63, 95% CI [-22.02, 4.75], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.63, 9.56], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-12.02, 4.37], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.53, 95% CI [-29.99, 16.94], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.46, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.71], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.64, 95% CI [-24.50, 43.79], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.55, 95% CI [-3.46, 26.56], t(2068) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.53, 95% CI [-12.65, 33.70], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.83, 95% CI [-2.61, 32.27], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.19, 95% CI [-23.19, 35.56], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -30.43, 95% CI [-63.70, 2.84], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.11, 95% CI [-29.80, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.42, 95% CI [-27.62, 38.46], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.77, 95% CI [-25.39, 21.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 2.52])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-10.64, 20.68], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-10.78, 16.54], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.29, 95% CI [-29.97, 34.54], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-8.44, 12.25], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.47, 95% CI [-27.64, 2.69], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.42, 95% CI [-6.10, 18.94], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-11.17, 16.11], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.723; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.07, 95% CI [-18.12, 20.25], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.34, 95% CI [-38.12, 27.45], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-12.87, 16.91], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.72, 95% CI [-7.08, 26.51], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.91, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.58, 95% CI [-34.21, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.42, 95% CI [-11.16, 14.01], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-15.89, 22.97], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-0.07, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.54, 95% CI [-27.29, 2.20], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.82, 95% CI [-3.49, 29.13], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-1.56, 21.62], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.16, 95% CI [-16.70, 49.03], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -3.26,
## 95% CI [-5.42, -1.11])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 30.92, 95% CI [7.60, 54.23], t(2068) = 2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.76, 95%
## CI [0.27, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.75, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.24], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.42, 95% CI [-10.62, 9.77], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-3.97, 0.48], t(2068) =
## -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.65, 95% CI [-43.50, 14.20], t(2068) = -1.00, p = 0.319;
## Std. beta = -1.57, 95% CI [-4.67, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-8.40, 11.27], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.21, 95% CI [-15.07, 6.65], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.447; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-13.32, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-12.92, 5.88], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-6.37, -0.92], t(2068) = -2.62, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.61, 95% CI [-14.91, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.02, 95% CI [-3.11, 1.08], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.17, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.61, 3.13], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.530; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.17, 95% CI [-1.75, 12.09], t(2068) = 1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.34, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.20, 4.97], t(2068) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85, 95% CI [-6.29, 19.99], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.68, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 11.44], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-3.66, 7.41], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-8.80, 7.25], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-10.21, 5.60], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.567; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.10, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.31], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-26.60, 18.04], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-3.06, 7.23], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.66, 95% CI [-15.46, 26.78], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 2.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-6.58, 10.26], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.99, 6.41], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.948; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.56, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.44], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-8.95, 1.45], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-9.71, 10.11], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-4.48, 4.55], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 3.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.54, 95% CI [-11.84, -1.24], t(2068) = -2.42, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-32.97, 9.94], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.54, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-10.62, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.32, 3.69], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.86, 95% CI [-11.34, 1.62], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.91, 95% CI [-5.71, 9.54], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-5.72, 3.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [2.34, 18.78], t(2068) = 2.52, p = 0.012; Std.
## beta = 1.13, 95% CI [0.25, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-2.22, 8.84], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-7.63, 3.06], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.16, 95% CI [-8.01, -0.30], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.31, 95% CI [-64.11, -30.51], t(2068) = -5.52, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.08, 95% CI [-6.89, -3.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-9.49, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-9.56, 12.07], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.33, 11.73], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.3.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14366.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2985 -0.4383 -0.0210  0.4483  4.5006 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   232.95   15.263        
##           time_firstPFT  13.73    3.706   -0.10
##  Residual                25.55    5.055        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       35.58751    6.58679   5.403
## time_firstPFT                      0.84878    2.55469   0.332
## NO3_5yrPreCensor                  -3.27798    2.53468  -1.293
## disadv                             3.78096    2.88693   1.310
## dich_RaceNon-White                -6.96545    2.81361  -2.476
## sexF                               4.05750    1.75522   2.312
## age_dx                             0.38685    0.09106   4.248
## smokeHxFormer                      3.78632    1.73263   2.185
## smokeHxAlways                     18.33632    8.41310   2.179
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.32313    3.93272  -0.591
## site02R                          -10.52916   16.19357  -0.650
## site03R                           11.47125   11.70611   0.980
## site04R                            4.85002   11.36884   0.427
## site05R                          -13.18829    9.35734  -1.409
## site06R                            9.85122   16.15652   0.610
## site07R                           12.15658    4.60873   2.638
## site09R                           19.28524   11.40784   1.691
## site101                            3.44887    3.18807   1.082
## site102                           10.67712    6.25911   1.706
## site103                           -3.91939    3.33808  -1.174
## site104                          -10.17315    6.61851  -1.537
## site105                            2.88016    3.27982   0.878
## site106                           -5.68800    4.10948  -1.384
## site107                           -3.69512   11.51048  -0.321
## site108                            2.01008    9.84643   0.204
## site10R                            6.69145   17.01557   0.393
## site11R                            8.16758    7.35457   1.111
## site12R                            6.02164   11.33534   0.531
## site13R                           16.29653    8.61220   1.892
## site14R                            5.07630   14.63043   0.347
## site15R                          -36.91529   16.34348  -2.259
## site16R                           -9.27814    7.29247  -1.272
## site17R                            9.35365   16.31880   0.573
## site18R                           -5.36377   11.59526  -0.463
## site19R                            4.74698    7.72556   0.614
## site20R                            1.36891    6.70716   0.204
## site21R                            1.02146   15.72420   0.065
## site22R                           -2.11771    5.16448  -0.410
## site23R                          -15.10405    8.90937  -1.695
## site24R                            5.10171    6.13759   0.831
## site25R                            1.33603    6.76414   0.198
## site28R                            4.32440    9.44736   0.458
## site29R                           -7.84860   16.08040  -0.488
## site31R                            3.19824    7.38908   0.433
## site32R                            7.04914    8.27699   0.852
## site33R                          -15.90240    8.16878  -1.947
## site34R                           -1.06884    6.16824  -0.173
## site35R                           -2.85338    9.56144  -0.298
## site36R                          -11.55157    7.24604  -1.594
## site37R                           15.39964    8.07794   1.906
## site38R                            9.97003    5.69061   1.752
## site39R                           20.88356   16.39073   1.274
## site40R                           27.91077   11.44382   2.439
## site41R                           -3.26866    9.36115  -0.349
## site42R                           -1.09833    5.07230  -0.217
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreCensor    -1.99798    1.19674  -1.670
## time_firstPFT:disadv               0.00685    1.10758   0.006
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.45790    1.13537   0.403
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.13754    0.66678   0.206
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.06117    0.03477  -1.759
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.55212    0.67560   0.817
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.14283    5.29778   0.216
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.88026    1.69442   1.110
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -13.68331   14.75811  -0.927
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.84021    5.09541   0.557
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -3.53126    5.63091  -0.627
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.89262    6.24940  -0.143
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.95928    1.46653  -2.018
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.34154    4.32745  -1.465
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.83368    1.10576  -0.754
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.13762    2.16594  -1.449
## time_firstPFT:site103              0.75470    1.30994   0.576
## time_firstPFT:site104              5.44950    3.62993   1.501
## time_firstPFT:site105             -1.07268    1.18124  -0.908
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.54792    1.64065   1.553
## time_firstPFT:site107              6.96980    6.74183   1.034
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.78104    3.43925   1.390
## time_firstPFT:site11R              2.71950    2.90867   0.935
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -0.29186    4.18713  -0.070
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.69576    4.11051  -0.413
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.80449   18.92549   0.201
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -4.23825   11.43377  -0.371
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.81489    2.72336   0.666
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.13767   10.81087   0.568
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.07405    4.39427   0.700
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.04632    3.24047   0.323
## time_firstPFT:site21R              3.71317    4.60414   0.806
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.69525    2.73169  -0.987
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.22993   24.67811   0.333
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.23176    2.34722   0.099
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.71871    2.78985  -2.050
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -10.22810   11.05737  -0.925
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.67084    4.84148  -0.139
## time_firstPFT:site31R             -0.34251    2.14342  -0.160
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -4.29093    3.39159  -1.265
## time_firstPFT:site33R              2.46938    4.00252   0.617
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.93932    2.41615  -0.389
## time_firstPFT:site35R             11.44232    4.27709   2.675
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.76742    2.88698   1.305
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.53546    2.85700  -0.537
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -4.01451    2.00934  -1.998
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -48.36829    8.72026  -5.547
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.42388    4.57939   0.093
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.11369    5.56681   0.380
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.29787    5.39345   0.426
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.702
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67, 48.51], t(2038)
## = 5.40, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## NO3_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67, 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67,
## 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67, 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67,
## 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67,
## 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67, 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67,
## 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 35.59 (95% CI [22.67, 48.51], t(2038) = 5.40, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-4.16, 5.86], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std. beta =
## -0.49, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.32])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.28, 95% CI [-8.25, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta =
## -0.14, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.78, 95% CI [-1.88, 9.44], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.97, 95% CI [-12.48, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.37, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.06,
## 95% CI [0.62, 7.50], t(2038) = 2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.47])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [0.39, 7.18], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.49])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.34, 95% CI [1.84, 34.84], t(2038) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.18, 95% CI [-0.02, 2.39])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-10.04, 5.39], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-42.29, 21.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-4.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.47, 95% CI [-11.49, 34.43], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.32])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.85, 95% CI [-17.45, 27.15], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.19, 95% CI [-31.54, 5.16], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.85, 95% CI [-21.83, 41.54], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.45])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.16, 95% CI [3.12, 21.19], t(2038) = 2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.29, 95% CI [-3.09, 41.66], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-2.80, 9.70], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.92, 95% CI [-10.47, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.17, 95% CI [-23.15, 2.81], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-3.55, 9.31], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-13.75, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-26.27, 18.88], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-17.30, 21.32], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-26.68, 40.06], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.694; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.17, 95% CI [-6.26, 22.59], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.02, 95% CI [-16.21, 28.25], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.30, 95% CI [-0.59, 33.19], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.81,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.08, 95% CI [-23.62, 33.77], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.92, 95% CI [-68.97, -4.86], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -2.56,
## 95% CI [-4.91, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.28, 95% CI [-23.58, 5.02], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-22.65, 41.36], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 2.44])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-28.10, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.34])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-10.40, 19.90], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.37, 95% CI [-11.78, 14.52], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.02, 95% CI [-29.82, 31.86], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-12.25, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.10, 95% CI [-32.58, 2.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-4.21, 3.90])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.10, 95% CI [-6.93, 17.14], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.34, 95% CI [-11.93, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.843; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.32, 95% CI [-14.20, 22.85], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.85, 95% CI [-39.38, 23.69], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 17.69], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.05, 95% CI [-9.18, 23.28], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.03, 95%
## CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.90, 95% CI [-31.92, 0.12], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.07, 95% CI [-13.17, 11.03], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.85, 95% CI [-21.60, 15.90], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = 0.86,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.40, 95% CI [-0.44, 31.24], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.97, 95% CI [-1.19, 21.13], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.88, 95% CI [-11.26, 53.03], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-5.25, -0.94])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.91, 95% CI [5.47, 50.35], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.22, 3.15])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.27, 95% CI [-21.63, 15.09], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta =
## -3.58e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.05, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-4.34, 0.35], t(2038) =
## -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.85e-03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.18], t(2038) = 6.18e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 2.10e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.77, 2.68], t(2038) =
## 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.45], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.02e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.96e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.88], t(2038) =
## 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.14, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.53], t(2038) =
## 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-1.44, 5.20], t(2038) =
## 1.11, p = 0.267; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.68, 95% CI [-42.63, 15.26], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354;
## Std. beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-7.15, 12.83], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-14.57, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.15, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.84, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -8.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.83, 2.15], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-3.00, 1.33], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-7.39, 1.11], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-1.81, 3.32], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.24], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-0.67, 5.77], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.121; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.97, 95% CI [-6.25, 20.19], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.67, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.96, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.165; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.42], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-8.50, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.76, 6.37], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.680; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.80, 95% CI [-33.31, 40.92], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-26.66, 18.18], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.711;
## Std. beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.505; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.06, 27.34], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.07, 95% CI [-5.54, 11.69], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-5.31, 7.40], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [-5.32, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-8.05, 2.66], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.23, 95% CI [-40.17, 56.63], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.89, 95% CI [-4.33, 6.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-4.37, 4.83], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.921; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.72, 95% CI [-11.19, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.23, 95% CI [-31.91, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-3.44, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-10.17, 8.82], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-10.94, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-5.38, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-5.68, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.44, 95% CI [3.05, 19.83], t(2038) = 2.68, p = 0.008; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.33, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-1.89, 9.43], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.01, 95% CI [-7.96, -0.07], t(2038) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.86, -7.97e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -48.37, 95% CI [-65.47, -31.27], t(2038) = -5.55, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.21, 95% CI [-7.05, -3.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-8.56, 9.40], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-8.80, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.95, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.88], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.4 NH4

8.4.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14551
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3219 -0.4376 -0.0212  0.4480  4.4896 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   250.62   15.831        
##           time_firstPFT  12.96    3.601   -0.13
##  Residual                25.58    5.057        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     70.3667     3.5106  20.044
## time_firstPFT                   -3.0354     1.2205  -2.487
## NH4_5yrPreCensor                -7.8678     2.3748  -3.313
## site02R                        -16.5268    16.8443  -0.981
## site03R                          4.8910    12.2291   0.400
## site04R                         -2.7725    11.7635  -0.236
## site05R                        -17.5180     9.7932  -1.789
## site06R                         13.6623    11.9789   1.141
## site07R                          6.0290     5.0964   1.183
## site09R                         13.7425    11.9392   1.151
## site101                         -4.2134     3.8886  -1.084
## site102                          1.8355     6.8535   0.268
## site103                        -10.8014     4.0135  -2.691
## site104                        -15.4885     7.0561  -2.195
## site105                         -3.6559     3.9895  -0.916
## site106                        -10.1463     4.5600  -2.225
## site107                        -13.0884    12.0382  -1.087
## site108                         -9.7487     9.9436  -0.980
## site10R                          2.6218    17.4034   0.151
## site11R                          5.3360     7.8082   0.683
## site12R                          2.7986    11.9624   0.234
## site13R                          8.6582     9.0443   0.957
## site14R                         -0.7413    15.0509  -0.049
## site15R                        -36.6777    16.8891  -2.172
## site16R                        -22.4475     7.7395  -2.900
## site17R                         -1.2335    16.8052  -0.073
## site18R                         -8.1550    12.0956  -0.674
## site19R                         -1.7201     8.1174  -0.212
## site20R                         -4.0169     7.2486  -0.554
## site21R                         -4.6752    16.4277  -0.285
## site22R                         -4.9356     5.5343  -0.892
## site23R                        -18.3461     7.8817  -2.328
## site24R                         -1.5661     6.7173  -0.233
## site25R                         -6.1548     7.2629  -0.847
## site28R                         -5.1466     9.8354  -0.523
## site29R                        -12.9347    16.7310  -0.773
## site31R                         -4.4716     7.7991  -0.573
## site32R                          2.6629     8.7784   0.303
## site33R                        -23.1312     8.5774  -2.697
## site34R                         -4.8758     6.6820  -0.730
## site35R                         -3.3873    10.0478  -0.337
## site36R                        -18.9182     7.6879  -2.461
## site37R                          5.7631     8.5018   0.678
## site38R                          3.7442     6.1722   0.607
## site39R                          9.4793    16.7137   0.567
## site40R                         22.8678    11.7661   1.944
## site41R                         -8.6542     9.8656  -0.877
## site42R                         -6.7820     5.5007  -1.233
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreCensor  -0.8334     0.8571  -0.972
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -16.0073    14.7423  -1.086
## time_firstPFT:site03R            0.6662     5.0898   0.131
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -5.7466     5.5348  -1.038
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -1.5522     6.2371  -0.249
## time_firstPFT:site06R           -3.7246     4.8166  -0.773
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -4.6088     1.5447  -2.984
## time_firstPFT:site09R           -7.2260     4.2894  -1.685
## time_firstPFT:site101           -1.4598     1.2890  -1.132
## time_firstPFT:site102           -3.4697     2.2658  -1.531
## time_firstPFT:site103            0.9379     1.3834   0.678
## time_firstPFT:site104            5.2957     3.5896   1.475
## time_firstPFT:site105           -1.1751     1.3430  -0.875
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.3518     1.7042   0.793
## time_firstPFT:site107            6.7370     6.7361   1.000
## time_firstPFT:site108            5.5179     3.2048   1.722
## time_firstPFT:site11R            2.1519     2.8636   0.751
## time_firstPFT:site12R           -1.2685     4.1692  -0.304
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -2.7359     4.0840  -0.670
## time_firstPFT:site14R            2.7827    18.9146   0.147
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -3.8733    11.3896  -0.340
## time_firstPFT:site16R            1.4788     2.7447   0.539
## time_firstPFT:site18R            5.7691    10.7851   0.535
## time_firstPFT:site19R            2.3446     4.3007   0.545
## time_firstPFT:site20R           -0.1395     3.2480  -0.043
## time_firstPFT:site21R            3.4991     4.5678   0.766
## time_firstPFT:site22R           -4.3259     2.7482  -1.574
## time_firstPFT:site23R            0.6165     5.0441   0.122
## time_firstPFT:site24R           -0.8654     2.4333  -0.356
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -7.2840     2.8195  -2.583
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -12.3408    10.9580  -1.126
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -1.5536     4.7850  -0.325
## time_firstPFT:site31R           -0.1811     2.1230  -0.085
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -4.9720     3.3889  -1.467
## time_firstPFT:site33R            2.1631     3.8960   0.555
## time_firstPFT:site34R           -1.3405     2.4517  -0.547
## time_firstPFT:site35R           10.7888     4.2264   2.553
## time_firstPFT:site36R            2.5641     2.8917   0.887
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -3.1233     2.8089  -1.112
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -3.9437     2.0349  -1.938
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -47.0773     8.5826  -5.485
## time_firstPFT:site40R           -0.9456     4.4890  -0.211
## time_firstPFT:site41R            0.3262     5.5684   0.059
## time_firstPFT:site42R            0.5715     5.4032   0.106
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.922
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.739
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 70.37 (95% CI [63.48,
## 77.25], t(2068) = 20.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.04, 95% CI [-5.43, -0.64], t(2068) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.25])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.87, 95% CI [-12.53, -3.21], t(2068) = -3.31, p < .001; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.53, 95% CI [-49.56, 16.51], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.89, 95% CI [-19.09, 28.87], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.77, 95% CI [-25.84, 20.30], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.52, 95% CI [-36.72, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.66, 95% CI [-9.83, 37.15], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.97, 16.02], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.74, 95% CI [-9.67, 37.16], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.21, 95% CI [-11.84, 3.41], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.84, 95% CI [-11.60, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-18.67, -2.93], t(2068) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.04, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.49, 95% CI [-29.33, -1.65], t(2068) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-11.48, 4.17], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.15, 95% CI [-19.09, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-36.70, 10.52], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-29.25, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.62, 95% CI [-31.51, 36.75], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.34, 95% CI [-9.98, 20.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.80, 95% CI [-20.66, 26.26], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.66, 95% CI [-9.08, 26.40], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-30.26, 28.78], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.68, 95% CI [-69.80, -3.56], t(2068) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.45, 95% CI [-37.63, -7.27], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.14, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-34.19, 31.72], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.72, 95% CI [-17.64, 14.20], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.02, 95% CI [-18.23, 10.20], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.68, 95% CI [-36.89, 27.54], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.79, 5.92], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.80, -2.89], t(2068) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-14.74, 11.61], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-20.40, 8.09], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.15, 95% CI [-24.43, 14.14], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.47, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-45.75, 19.88], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta =
## -0.90, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.47, 95% CI [-19.77, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.66, 95% CI [-14.55, 19.88], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.13, 95% CI [-39.95, -6.31], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.29, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-17.98, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-23.09, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.00, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-10.91, 22.44], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.36, 15.85], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.48, 95% CI [-23.30, 42.26], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = -3.64,
## 95% CI [-5.79, -1.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.87, 95% CI [-0.21, 45.94], t(2068) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 1.26,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-28.00, 10.69], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.78, 95% CI [-17.57, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.218; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-2.51, 0.85], t(2068) =
## -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -16.01, 95% CI [-44.92, 12.90], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278;
## Std. beta = -1.72, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-9.32, 10.65], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.75, 95% CI [-16.60, 5.11], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.78, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.68], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.72, 95% CI [-13.17, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.41, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-7.64, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.23, 95% CI [-15.64, 1.19], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.47, 95% CI [-7.91, 0.97], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-1.78, 3.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-1.74, 12.34], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.81, 1.46], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.69], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [-6.47, 19.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.70, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.77, 11.80], t(2068) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.452; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-9.44, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-10.75, 5.27], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-34.31, 39.88], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.69, 4.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.21, 18.46], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.734;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-3.90, 6.86], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.77, 95% CI [-15.38, 26.92], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.65, 2.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.34, 95% CI [-6.09, 10.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-6.51, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-5.46, 12.46], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-9.72, 1.06], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-9.28, 10.51], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-5.64, 3.91], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.81, -1.75], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.38, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.34, 95% CI [-33.83, 9.15], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.260;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-10.94, 7.83], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-4.34, 3.98], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.932; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-11.62, 1.67], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-5.48, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.15, 3.47], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.79, 95% CI [2.50, 19.08], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.27, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-3.11, 8.23], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.375; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-8.63, 2.39], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-7.93, 0.05], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.85, 5.04e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-63.91, -30.25], t(2068) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.06, 95% CI [-6.87, -3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-9.75, 7.86], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-10.59, 11.25], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-10.02, 11.17], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NH4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 70.37 (95% CI [63.48, 77.25],
## t(2068) = 20.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.04, 95% CI [-5.43, -0.64], t(2068) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.25])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.87, 95% CI [-12.53, -3.21], t(2068) = -3.31, p < .001; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.53, 95% CI [-49.56, 16.51], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.89, 95% CI [-19.09, 28.87], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.77, 95% CI [-25.84, 20.30], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.52, 95% CI [-36.72, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.66, 95% CI [-9.83, 37.15], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.97, 16.02], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.74, 95% CI [-9.67, 37.16], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.21, 95% CI [-11.84, 3.41], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.84, 95% CI [-11.60, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-18.67, -2.93], t(2068) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.04, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.49, 95% CI [-29.33, -1.65], t(2068) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-11.48, 4.17], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.15, 95% CI [-19.09, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-36.70, 10.52], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-29.25, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.62, 95% CI [-31.51, 36.75], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.34, 95% CI [-9.98, 20.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.80, 95% CI [-20.66, 26.26], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.66, 95% CI [-9.08, 26.40], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-30.26, 28.78], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.68, 95% CI [-69.80, -3.56], t(2068) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.45, 95% CI [-37.63, -7.27], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.14, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-34.19, 31.72], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.72, 95% CI [-17.64, 14.20], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.02, 95% CI [-18.23, 10.20], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.68, 95% CI [-36.89, 27.54], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.79, 5.92], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.80, -2.89], t(2068) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-14.74, 11.61], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-20.40, 8.09], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.15, 95% CI [-24.43, 14.14], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.47, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-45.75, 19.88], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta =
## -0.90, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.47, 95% CI [-19.77, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.66, 95% CI [-14.55, 19.88], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.13, 95% CI [-39.95, -6.31], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.29, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-17.98, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-23.09, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.00, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-10.91, 22.44], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.36, 15.85], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.48, 95% CI [-23.30, 42.26], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = -3.64,
## 95% CI [-5.79, -1.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.87, 95% CI [-0.21, 45.94], t(2068) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 1.26,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-28.00, 10.69], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.78, 95% CI [-17.57, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.218; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-2.51, 0.85], t(2068) =
## -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -16.01, 95% CI [-44.92, 12.90], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278;
## Std. beta = -1.72, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-9.32, 10.65], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.75, 95% CI [-16.60, 5.11], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.78, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.68], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.72, 95% CI [-13.17, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.41, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-7.64, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.23, 95% CI [-15.64, 1.19], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.47, 95% CI [-7.91, 0.97], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-1.78, 3.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-1.74, 12.34], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.81, 1.46], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.69], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [-6.47, 19.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.70, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.77, 11.80], t(2068) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.452; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-9.44, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-10.75, 5.27], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-34.31, 39.88], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.69, 4.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.21, 18.46], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.734;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-3.90, 6.86], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.77, 95% CI [-15.38, 26.92], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.65, 2.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.34, 95% CI [-6.09, 10.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-6.51, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-5.46, 12.46], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-9.72, 1.06], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-9.28, 10.51], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-5.64, 3.91], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.81, -1.75], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.38, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.34, 95% CI [-33.83, 9.15], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.260;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-10.94, 7.83], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-4.34, 3.98], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.932; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-11.62, 1.67], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-5.48, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.15, 3.47], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.79, 95% CI [2.50, 19.08], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.27, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-3.11, 8.23], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.375; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-8.63, 2.39], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-7.93, 0.05], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.85, 5.04e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-63.91, -30.25], t(2068) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.06, 95% CI [-6.87, -3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-9.75, 7.86], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-10.59, 11.25], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-10.02, 11.17], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 70.37 (95% CI [63.48, 77.25], t(2068) = 20.04, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.04, 95% CI [-5.43, -0.64], t(2068) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.25])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.87, 95% CI [-12.53, -3.21], t(2068) = -3.31, p < .001; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.53, 95% CI [-49.56, 16.51], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.89, 95% CI [-19.09, 28.87], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.77, 95% CI [-25.84, 20.30], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.52, 95% CI [-36.72, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.66, 95% CI [-9.83, 37.15], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.97, 16.02], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.74, 95% CI [-9.67, 37.16], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.21, 95% CI [-11.84, 3.41], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.84, 95% CI [-11.60, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-18.67, -2.93], t(2068) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.04, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.49, 95% CI [-29.33, -1.65], t(2068) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-11.48, 4.17], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.15, 95% CI [-19.09, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-36.70, 10.52], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-29.25, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.62, 95% CI [-31.51, 36.75], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.34, 95% CI [-9.98, 20.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.80, 95% CI [-20.66, 26.26], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.66, 95% CI [-9.08, 26.40], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-30.26, 28.78], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.68, 95% CI [-69.80, -3.56], t(2068) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.45, 95% CI [-37.63, -7.27], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.14, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-34.19, 31.72], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.72, 95% CI [-17.64, 14.20], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.02, 95% CI [-18.23, 10.20], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.68, 95% CI [-36.89, 27.54], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.79, 5.92], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.80, -2.89], t(2068) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-14.74, 11.61], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-20.40, 8.09], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.15, 95% CI [-24.43, 14.14], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.47, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-45.75, 19.88], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta =
## -0.90, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.47, 95% CI [-19.77, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.66, 95% CI [-14.55, 19.88], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.13, 95% CI [-39.95, -6.31], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.29, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-17.98, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-23.09, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.00, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-10.91, 22.44], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.36, 15.85], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.48, 95% CI [-23.30, 42.26], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = -3.64,
## 95% CI [-5.79, -1.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.87, 95% CI [-0.21, 45.94], t(2068) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 1.26,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-28.00, 10.69], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.78, 95% CI [-17.57, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.218; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-2.51, 0.85], t(2068) =
## -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -16.01, 95% CI [-44.92, 12.90], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278;
## Std. beta = -1.72, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-9.32, 10.65], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.75, 95% CI [-16.60, 5.11], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.78, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.68], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.72, 95% CI [-13.17, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.41, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-7.64, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.23, 95% CI [-15.64, 1.19], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.47, 95% CI [-7.91, 0.97], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-1.78, 3.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-1.74, 12.34], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.81, 1.46], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.69], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [-6.47, 19.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.70, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.77, 11.80], t(2068) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.452; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-9.44, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-10.75, 5.27], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-34.31, 39.88], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.69, 4.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.21, 18.46], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.734;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-3.90, 6.86], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.77, 95% CI [-15.38, 26.92], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.65, 2.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.34, 95% CI [-6.09, 10.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-6.51, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-5.46, 12.46], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-9.72, 1.06], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-9.28, 10.51], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-5.64, 3.91], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.81, -1.75], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.38, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.34, 95% CI [-33.83, 9.15], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.260;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-10.94, 7.83], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-4.34, 3.98], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.932; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-11.62, 1.67], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-5.48, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.15, 3.47], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.79, 95% CI [2.50, 19.08], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.27, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-3.11, 8.23], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.375; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-8.63, 2.39], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-7.93, 0.05], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.85, 5.04e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-63.91, -30.25], t(2068) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.06, 95% CI [-6.87, -3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-9.75, 7.86], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-10.59, 11.25], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-10.02, 11.17], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.20. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 70.37 (95% CI [63.48, 77.25], t(2068)
## = 20.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.04, 95% CI [-5.43, -0.64], t(2068) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.25])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.87, 95% CI [-12.53, -3.21], t(2068) = -3.31, p < .001; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.53, 95% CI [-49.56, 16.51], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.20, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.89, 95% CI [-19.09, 28.87], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.77, 95% CI [-25.84, 20.30], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.52, 95% CI [-36.72, 1.69], t(2068) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.66, 95% CI [-9.83, 37.15], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.97, 16.02], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.237; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.74, 95% CI [-9.67, 37.16], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.21, 95% CI [-11.84, 3.41], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.84, 95% CI [-11.60, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-18.67, -2.93], t(2068) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.04, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.49, 95% CI [-29.33, -1.65], t(2068) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-11.48, 4.17], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.15, 95% CI [-19.09, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-36.70, 10.52], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-29.25, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.62, 95% CI [-31.51, 36.75], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.34, 95% CI [-9.98, 20.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.80, 95% CI [-20.66, 26.26], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.66, 95% CI [-9.08, 26.40], t(2068) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-30.26, 28.78], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.961; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -36.68, 95% CI [-69.80, -3.56], t(2068) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.45, 95% CI [-37.63, -7.27], t(2068) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.14, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-34.19, 31.72], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-31.88, 15.57], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.72, 95% CI [-17.64, 14.20], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.02, 95% CI [-18.23, 10.20], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.68, 95% CI [-36.89, 27.54], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-15.79, 5.92], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.35, 95% CI [-33.80, -2.89], t(2068) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.57, 95% CI [-14.74, 11.61], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-20.40, 8.09], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.15, 95% CI [-24.43, 14.14], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.47, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-45.75, 19.88], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta =
## -0.90, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.47, 95% CI [-19.77, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.66, 95% CI [-14.55, 19.88], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.13, 95% CI [-39.95, -6.31], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.29, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-17.98, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-23.09, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.00, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.76, 95% CI [-10.91, 22.44], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.36, 15.85], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.48, 95% CI [-23.30, 42.26], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = -3.64,
## 95% CI [-5.79, -1.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.87, 95% CI [-0.21, 45.94], t(2068) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 1.26,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-28.00, 10.69], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.78, 95% CI [-17.57, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.218; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-2.51, 0.85], t(2068) =
## -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -16.01, 95% CI [-44.92, 12.90], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.278;
## Std. beta = -1.72, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-9.32, 10.65], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.75, 95% CI [-16.60, 5.11], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.78, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.68], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.72, 95% CI [-13.17, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.41, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-7.64, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.23, 95% CI [-15.64, 1.19], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.99, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.47, 95% CI [-7.91, 0.97], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-1.78, 3.65], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-1.74, 12.34], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.81, 1.46], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-1.99, 4.69], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.74, 95% CI [-6.47, 19.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.70, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.52, 95% CI [-0.77, 11.80], t(2068) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.452; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-9.44, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-10.75, 5.27], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-34.31, 39.88], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.69, 4.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-26.21, 18.46], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.734;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.82, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-3.90, 6.86], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.77, 95% CI [-15.38, 26.92], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-1.65, 2.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.34, 95% CI [-6.09, 10.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.586; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-6.51, 6.23], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-5.46, 12.46], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-9.72, 1.06], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-9.28, 10.51], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-5.64, 3.91], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -7.28, 95% CI [-12.81, -1.75], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.38, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.34, 95% CI [-33.83, 9.15], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.260;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.55, 95% CI [-10.94, 7.83], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.18, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-4.34, 3.98], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.932; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-11.62, 1.67], t(2068) = -1.47, p = 0.142; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.25, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.16, 95% CI [-5.48, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.15, 3.47], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.79, 95% CI [2.50, 19.08], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.27, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.56, 95% CI [-3.11, 8.23], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.375; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-8.63, 2.39], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-7.93, 0.05], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.85, 5.04e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.08, 95% CI [-63.91, -30.25], t(2068) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.06, 95% CI [-6.87, -3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-9.75, 7.86], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-10.59, 11.25], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-10.02, 11.17], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.20])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.4.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14360.4
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2880 -0.4408 -0.0203  0.4465  4.4790 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   228.27   15.109        
##           time_firstPFT  13.57    3.684   -0.10
##  Residual                25.61    5.060        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       41.63718    6.74398   6.174
## time_firstPFT                      0.08279    2.50876   0.033
## NH4_5yrPreCensor                  -7.19526    2.36958  -3.037
## disadv                             2.73953    2.88515   0.950
## dich_RaceNon-White                -6.35301    2.78788  -2.279
## sexF                               4.09422    1.72983   2.367
## age_dx                             0.39361    0.09024   4.362
## smokeHxFormer                      3.83332    1.71442   2.236
## smokeHxAlways                     18.75177    8.33744   2.249
## smokeHxUnknown                    -0.55274    3.94422  -0.140
## site02R                          -19.51931   16.26345  -1.200
## site03R                            3.69124   11.90496   0.310
## site04R                           -2.29811   11.28271  -0.204
## site05R                          -18.16448    9.43895  -1.924
## site06R                            5.15472   16.09996   0.320
## site07R                            5.66001    4.93117   1.148
## site09R                           12.97293   11.53230   1.125
## site101                           -2.37491    3.78391  -0.628
## site102                            3.82455    6.69994   0.571
## site103                          -10.38037    4.01672  -2.584
## site104                          -16.15359    6.83564  -2.363
## site105                           -2.88789    3.87177  -0.746
## site106                          -11.39140    4.49048  -2.537
## site107                           -9.63007   11.61117  -0.829
## site108                           -4.73838   10.01475  -0.473
## site10R                            0.43499   17.01692   0.026
## site11R                            2.87359    7.50431   0.383
## site12R                           -0.67290   11.48875  -0.059
## site13R                           10.69094    8.78387   1.217
## site14R                           -1.30617   14.72733  -0.089
## site15R                          -42.15047   16.27611  -2.590
## site16R                          -15.98379    7.57108  -2.111
## site17R                            3.44967   16.30750   0.212
## site18R                          -10.56546   11.63498  -0.908
## site19R                           -1.24868    7.87239  -0.159
## site20R                           -4.76425    7.00208  -0.680
## site21R                           -4.99624   15.72718  -0.318
## site22R                           -8.30805    5.43234  -1.529
## site23R                          -20.45096    9.04994  -2.260
## site24R                           -2.01516    6.47031  -0.311
## site25R                           -6.62519    7.10284  -0.933
## site28R                           -1.03705    9.50675  -0.109
## site29R                          -15.04310   16.14718  -0.932
## site31R                           -2.92620    7.63477  -0.383
## site32R                            0.79071    8.49875   0.093
## site33R                          -20.78402    8.27466  -2.512
## site34R                           -6.59457    6.42953  -1.026
## site35R                           -9.00967    9.71273  -0.928
## site36R                          -17.10337    7.41011  -2.308
## site37R                            9.12974    8.26938   1.104
## site38R                            4.49080    5.94569   0.755
## site39R                           14.68586   16.36668   0.897
## site40R                           21.00513   11.30083   1.859
## site41R                          -10.52863    9.58433  -1.099
## site42R                           -6.84573    5.37697  -1.273
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreCensor    -1.08012    0.92550  -1.167
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.17727    1.11696  -0.159
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.27846    1.12267   0.248
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.06194    0.66095   0.094
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05811    0.03463  -1.678
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.50334    0.67376   0.747
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.34951    5.28830   0.255
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.07694    1.71176   1.213
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -15.48712   14.79382  -1.047
## time_firstPFT:site03R              1.73513    5.19102   0.334
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -5.37918    5.61996  -0.957
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -1.45095    6.28610  -0.231
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -4.22176    1.61570  -2.613
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -7.19124    4.39459  -1.636
## time_firstPFT:site101             -1.42764    1.32678  -1.076
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.78597    2.35007  -1.611
## time_firstPFT:site103              0.87811    1.48484   0.591
## time_firstPFT:site104              5.55052    3.68086   1.508
## time_firstPFT:site105             -1.29229    1.38291  -0.934
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.81477    1.78512   1.017
## time_firstPFT:site107              6.64368    6.78648   0.979
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.15366    3.47695   1.482
## time_firstPFT:site11R              2.83973    2.96629   0.957
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -1.00168    4.26745  -0.235
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -2.37890    4.17824  -0.569
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.07589   18.95129   0.162
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -3.80923   11.43877  -0.333
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.04043    2.85807   0.364
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.14379   10.82417   0.568
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.39634    4.42262   0.768
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.44466    3.34939   0.133
## time_firstPFT:site21R              3.51313    4.64629   0.756
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -3.55856    2.83787  -1.254
## time_firstPFT:site23R              7.15994   24.64226   0.291
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -0.92585    2.47648  -0.374
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -6.72777    2.92983  -2.296
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -10.93788   11.07807  -0.987
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.16633    4.91728  -0.237
## time_firstPFT:site31R             -0.31792    2.24839  -0.141
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -4.49037    3.47874  -1.291
## time_firstPFT:site33R              2.64759    4.00939   0.660
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -1.26720    2.51036  -0.505
## time_firstPFT:site35R             11.58485    4.31261   2.686
## time_firstPFT:site36R              2.80224    2.95487   0.948
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -2.58539    2.96677  -0.871
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -3.89877    2.08774  -1.867
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -47.92751    8.72691  -5.492
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.07198    4.61576   0.016
## time_firstPFT:site41R              0.95746    5.62760   0.170
## time_firstPFT:site42R              1.42914    5.42795   0.263
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.918
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.698
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41, 54.86], t(2038)
## = 6.17, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## NH4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41, 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41,
## 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41, 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41,
## 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41,
## 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41, 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41,
## 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.24. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 41.64 (95% CI [28.41, 54.86], t(2038) = 6.17, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-4.84, 5.00], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.26])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.20, 95% CI [-11.84, -2.55], t(2038) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-0.49, -0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 2.74, 95% CI [-2.92, 8.40], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI
## [-0.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.35, 95% CI [-11.82, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, -3.02e-04])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 4.09,
## 95% CI [0.70, 7.49], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [0.03,
## 0.46])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.22, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.83, 95% CI [0.47, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.06, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.75, 95% CI [2.40, 35.10], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta =
## 1.23, 95% CI [0.03, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-8.29, 7.18], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.52, 95% CI [-51.41, 12.38], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.230; Std. beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.31, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.69, 95% CI [-19.66, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-24.42, 19.83], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.16, 95% CI [-36.68, 0.35], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.57, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.15, 95% CI [-26.42, 36.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.749; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.33], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.97, 95% CI [-9.64, 35.59], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-9.80, 5.05], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.82, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.38, 95% CI [-18.26, -2.50], t(2038) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.03, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.15, 95% CI [-29.56, -2.75], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.89, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.71], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.39, 95% CI [-20.20, -2.58], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-32.40, 13.14], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-24.38, 14.90], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-32.94, 33.81], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.980; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.99])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-11.84, 17.59], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.67, 95% CI [-23.20, 21.86], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.54, 27.92], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-30.19, 27.58], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -42.15, 95% CI [-74.07, -10.23], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -2.83,
## 95% CI [-5.18, -0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.98, 95% CI [-30.83, -1.14], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.45, 95% CI [-28.53, 35.43], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.57, 95% CI [-33.38, 12.25], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.25, 95% CI [-16.69, 14.19], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-35.84, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.31, 95% CI [-18.96, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-1.52, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.45, 95% CI [-38.20, -2.70], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-14.70, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-20.55, 7.30], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-1.87, -0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-19.68, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-3.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.04, 95% CI [-46.71, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta =
## -0.99, 95% CI [-2.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-17.90, 12.05], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-15.88, 17.46], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.78, 95% CI [-37.01, -4.56], t(2038) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.99,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.59, 95% CI [-19.20, 6.01], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-28.06, 10.04], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.10, 95% CI [-31.64, -2.57], t(2038) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.13, 95% CI [-7.09, 25.35], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-7.17, 16.15], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.69, 95% CI [-17.41, 46.78], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta = -3.42,
## 95% CI [-5.57, -1.28])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.01, 95% CI [-1.16, 43.17], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = 1.25,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-29.32, 8.27], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-17.39, 3.70], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-2.37, 2.01], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -5.43e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-1.92, 2.48], t(2038) =
## 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.23, 1.36], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = 6.67e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 9.72e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.82], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-9.02, 11.72], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.799; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.28, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.49, 95% CI [-44.50, 13.53], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.295;
## Std. beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-8.45, 11.92], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.38, 95% CI [-16.40, 5.64], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.78, 10.88], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.22, 95% CI [-7.39, -1.05], t(2038) = -2.61, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.19, 95% CI [-15.81, 1.43], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.39, 0.82], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-2.03, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.55, 95% CI [-1.67, 12.77], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.132; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.00, 1.42], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.350; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.69, 5.32], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-6.67, 19.95], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.72, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.15, 95% CI [-1.67, 11.97], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.84, 95% CI [-2.98, 8.66], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-9.37, 7.37], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-10.57, 5.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.09, 40.24], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.81, 95% CI [-26.24, 18.62], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.83, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.04, 95% CI [-4.56, 6.65], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-15.08, 27.37], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-5.28, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.12, 7.01], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.51, 95% CI [-5.60, 12.63], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.12, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-41.17, 55.49], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-4.43, 5.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-5.78, 3.93], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.73, 95% CI [-12.47, -0.98], t(2038) = -2.30, p = 0.022;
## Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-32.66, 10.79], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.81, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-4.73, 4.09], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.49, 95% CI [-11.31, 2.33], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-6.19, 3.66], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.58, 95% CI [3.13, 20.04], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.34, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-8.40, 3.23], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.384; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-7.99, 0.20], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.93, 95% CI [-65.04, -30.81], t(2038) = -5.49, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.16, 95% CI [-7.00, -3.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-8.98, 9.12], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.988; Std.
## beta = 7.75e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-10.08, 11.99], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.865; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-9.22, 12.07], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.30])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.5 BC

8.5.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14560.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3304 -0.4393 -0.0151  0.4484  4.5283 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   257.57   16.049        
##           time_firstPFT  12.99    3.604   -0.11
##  Residual                25.57    5.057        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                               Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    59.2406     4.4552  13.297
## time_firstPFT                  -3.1200     1.7053  -1.830
## BC_5yrPreCensor                 0.3372     4.9353   0.068
## site02R                        -7.7573    16.8807  -0.460
## site03R                        13.7890    12.1191   1.138
## site04R                         3.3139    11.8239   0.280
## site05R                       -11.1273     9.7852  -1.137
## site06R                        20.0750    11.9707   1.677
## site07R                        12.8254     5.0089   2.560
## site09R                        21.7927    11.9478   1.824
## site101                         3.3287     3.7959   0.877
## site102                        11.2305     6.7575   1.662
## site103                        -0.7980     3.4183  -0.233
## site104                        -5.3052     6.9942  -0.759
## site105                         4.7260     3.7901   1.247
## site106                        -3.6811     4.4370  -0.830
## site107                        -4.7424    12.1407  -0.391
## site108                         0.5397    10.0810   0.054
## site10R                        14.0054    17.6366   0.794
## site11R                        14.2191     7.4492   1.909
## site12R                        11.8055    12.0593   0.979
## site13R                        16.0427     8.9297   1.797
## site14R                         7.0625    15.0656   0.469
## site15R                       -27.5595    16.8987  -1.631
## site16R                       -14.9509     7.5661  -1.976
## site17R                         5.9524    16.9261   0.352
## site18R                         0.6203    12.0182   0.052
## site19R                         8.6498     8.1386   1.063
## site20R                         3.7964     7.1589   0.530
## site21R                         4.0827    16.4290   0.249
## site22R                         1.3344     5.3642   0.249
## site23R                       -10.4839     7.7954  -1.345
## site24R                         6.2008     6.7130   0.924
## site25R                         1.8295     7.1159   0.257
## site28R                         0.7452     9.8031   0.076
## site29R                        -3.6344    16.8034  -0.216
## site31R                         4.2430     7.5552   0.562
## site32R                        12.2516     8.6879   1.410
## site33R                       -15.5642     8.5700  -1.816
## site34R                         2.5695     6.6094   0.389
## site35R                         6.1962    10.0370   0.617
## site36R                       -12.4202     7.5678  -1.641
## site37R                        12.9537     8.3687   1.548
## site38R                        12.5941     5.7679   2.183
## site39R                        18.8299    16.9031   1.114
## site40R                        28.5807    11.7901   2.424
## site41R                        -0.7779     9.7300  -0.080
## site42R                        -0.2635     5.2840  -0.050
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreCensor  -1.1871     1.8952  -0.626
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -15.3774    14.7212  -1.045
## time_firstPFT:site03R           1.3979     5.0186   0.279
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -5.4369     5.5296  -0.983
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -1.1489     6.2212  -0.185
## time_firstPFT:site06R          -2.9979     4.7793  -0.627
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -4.3117     1.5078  -2.860
## time_firstPFT:site09R          -6.6213     4.2305  -1.565
## time_firstPFT:site101          -1.2217     1.2947  -0.944
## time_firstPFT:site102          -3.1313     2.2499  -1.392
## time_firstPFT:site103           1.4549     1.2001   1.212
## time_firstPFT:site104           5.9760     3.5038   1.706
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.8535     1.3136  -0.650
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.6746     1.6702   1.003
## time_firstPFT:site107           7.0726     6.7379   1.050
## time_firstPFT:site108           5.7960     3.2585   1.779
## time_firstPFT:site11R           2.8914     2.7117   1.066
## time_firstPFT:site12R          -0.8801     4.1573  -0.212
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -2.1434     4.0347  -0.531
## time_firstPFT:site14R           2.8092    18.9169   0.149
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -3.1657    11.3572  -0.279
## time_firstPFT:site16R           2.0714     2.6479   0.782
## time_firstPFT:site18R           6.3279    10.7702   0.588
## time_firstPFT:site19R           2.7031     4.2781   0.632
## time_firstPFT:site20R           0.3569     3.2180   0.111
## time_firstPFT:site21R           4.3640     4.4807   0.974
## time_firstPFT:site22R          -3.8337     2.6900  -1.425
## time_firstPFT:site23R           0.9799     5.0354   0.195
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -0.5384     2.4263  -0.222
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -6.9447     2.8004  -2.480
## time_firstPFT:site28R         -11.5321    10.9581  -1.052
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -1.0425     4.7415  -0.220
## time_firstPFT:site31R           0.3890     1.9888   0.196
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -4.4171     3.3073  -1.336
## time_firstPFT:site33R           2.5544     3.8943   0.656
## time_firstPFT:site34R          -0.9470     2.3958  -0.395
## time_firstPFT:site35R          11.1152     4.2273   2.629
## time_firstPFT:site36R           3.0983     2.8279   1.096
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -2.5420     2.7258  -0.933
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -3.3402     1.8730  -1.783
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -46.7813     8.5923  -5.445
## time_firstPFT:site40R          -0.6516     4.5405  -0.144
## time_firstPFT:site41R           0.9716     5.5190   0.176
## time_firstPFT:site42R           0.9839     5.3919   0.182
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.924
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.730
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 59.24 (95% CI [50.50,
## 67.98], t(2068) = 13.30, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-6.46, 0.22], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.29])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-9.34, 10.02], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.76, 95% CI [-40.86, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.79, 95% CI [-9.98, 37.56], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-19.87, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-30.32, 8.06], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.07, 95% CI [-3.40, 43.55], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.83, 95% CI [3.00, 22.65], t(2068) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-1.64, 45.22], t(2068) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.12, 10.77], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.23, 95% CI [-2.02, 24.48], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.91], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-19.02, 8.41], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.448; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-2.71, 12.16], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-12.38, 5.02], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-28.55, 19.07], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.54, 95% CI [-19.23, 20.31], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.01, 95% CI [-20.58, 48.59], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.22, 95% CI [-0.39, 28.83], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [0.18, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.81, 95% CI [-11.84, 35.46], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.04, 95% CI [-1.47, 33.55], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-22.48, 36.61], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.56, 95% CI [-60.70, 5.58], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.95, 95% CI [-29.79, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-27.24, 39.15], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.62, 95% CI [-22.95, 24.19], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-7.31, 24.61], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-10.24, 17.84], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.14, 36.30], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.33, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.85], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.48, 95% CI [-25.77, 4.80], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 19.37], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.83, 95% CI [-12.13, 15.78], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.797; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.48, 19.97], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.06, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-36.59, 29.32], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-10.57, 19.06], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-4.79, 29.29], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.56, 95% CI [-32.37, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-10.39, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-13.49, 25.88], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 1.36,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.26, 2.42], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.95, 95% CI [-3.46, 29.37], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.59, 95% CI [1.28, 23.91], t(2068) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.83, 95% CI [-14.32, 51.98], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -3.06,
## 95% CI [-5.24, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.58, 95% CI [5.46, 51.70], t(2068) = 2.42, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-19.86, 18.30], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.936; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.63, 10.10], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.90, 2.53], t(2068) =
## -0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.38, 95% CI [-44.25, 13.49], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.296;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.75, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-8.44, 11.24], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.44, 95% CI [-16.28, 5.41], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.35, 11.05], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.854;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-12.37, 6.37], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-7.27, -1.35], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.62, 95% CI [-14.92, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.76, 1.32], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-7.54, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-0.90, 3.81], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.85], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.72], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.07, 95% CI [-6.14, 20.29], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.66, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.80, 95% CI [-0.59, 12.19], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-2.43, 8.21], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-9.03, 7.27], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.77], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-34.29, 39.91], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.68, 4.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.11], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.780;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.26], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.33, 95% CI [-14.79, 27.45], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.59, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-5.69, 11.09], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-5.95, 6.67], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.15], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-8.89, 10.85], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.22], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.94, 95% CI [-12.44, -1.45], t(2068) = -2.48, p = 0.013;
## Std. beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.53, 95% CI [-33.02, 9.96], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.55, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-10.34, 8.26], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.51, 4.29], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-10.90, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-5.08, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.65, 3.75], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.12, 95% CI [2.82, 19.41], t(2068) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.30, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.45, 8.64], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.273; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-7.89, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.01, 0.33], t(2068) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.78, 95% CI [-63.63, -29.93], t(2068) = -5.44, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.84, -3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-9.56, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.85, 11.79], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-9.59, 11.56], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.24])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## BC_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to BC_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 59.24 (95% CI [50.50, 67.98],
## t(2068) = 13.30, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-6.46, 0.22], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.29])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-9.34, 10.02], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.76, 95% CI [-40.86, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.79, 95% CI [-9.98, 37.56], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-19.87, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-30.32, 8.06], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.07, 95% CI [-3.40, 43.55], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.83, 95% CI [3.00, 22.65], t(2068) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-1.64, 45.22], t(2068) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.12, 10.77], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.23, 95% CI [-2.02, 24.48], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.91], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-19.02, 8.41], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.448; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-2.71, 12.16], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-12.38, 5.02], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-28.55, 19.07], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.54, 95% CI [-19.23, 20.31], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.01, 95% CI [-20.58, 48.59], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.22, 95% CI [-0.39, 28.83], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [0.18, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.81, 95% CI [-11.84, 35.46], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.04, 95% CI [-1.47, 33.55], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-22.48, 36.61], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.56, 95% CI [-60.70, 5.58], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.95, 95% CI [-29.79, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-27.24, 39.15], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.62, 95% CI [-22.95, 24.19], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-7.31, 24.61], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-10.24, 17.84], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.14, 36.30], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.33, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.85], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.48, 95% CI [-25.77, 4.80], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 19.37], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.83, 95% CI [-12.13, 15.78], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.797; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.48, 19.97], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.06, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-36.59, 29.32], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-10.57, 19.06], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-4.79, 29.29], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.56, 95% CI [-32.37, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-10.39, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-13.49, 25.88], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 1.36,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.26, 2.42], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.95, 95% CI [-3.46, 29.37], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.59, 95% CI [1.28, 23.91], t(2068) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.83, 95% CI [-14.32, 51.98], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -3.06,
## 95% CI [-5.24, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.58, 95% CI [5.46, 51.70], t(2068) = 2.42, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-19.86, 18.30], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.936; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.63, 10.10], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.90, 2.53], t(2068) =
## -0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.38, 95% CI [-44.25, 13.49], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.296;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.75, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-8.44, 11.24], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.44, 95% CI [-16.28, 5.41], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.35, 11.05], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.854;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-12.37, 6.37], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-7.27, -1.35], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.62, 95% CI [-14.92, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.76, 1.32], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-7.54, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-0.90, 3.81], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.85], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.72], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.07, 95% CI [-6.14, 20.29], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.66, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.80, 95% CI [-0.59, 12.19], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-2.43, 8.21], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-9.03, 7.27], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.77], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-34.29, 39.91], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.68, 4.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.11], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.780;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.26], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.33, 95% CI [-14.79, 27.45], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.59, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-5.69, 11.09], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-5.95, 6.67], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.15], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-8.89, 10.85], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.22], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.94, 95% CI [-12.44, -1.45], t(2068) = -2.48, p = 0.013;
## Std. beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.53, 95% CI [-33.02, 9.96], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.55, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-10.34, 8.26], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.51, 4.29], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-10.90, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-5.08, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.65, 3.75], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.12, 95% CI [2.82, 19.41], t(2068) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.30, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.45, 8.64], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.273; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-7.89, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.01, 0.33], t(2068) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.78, 95% CI [-63.63, -29.93], t(2068) = -5.44, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.84, -3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-9.56, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.85, 11.79], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-9.59, 11.56], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.24])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 59.24 (95% CI [50.50, 67.98], t(2068) = 13.30, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-6.46, 0.22], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.29])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-9.34, 10.02], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.76, 95% CI [-40.86, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.79, 95% CI [-9.98, 37.56], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-19.87, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-30.32, 8.06], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.07, 95% CI [-3.40, 43.55], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.83, 95% CI [3.00, 22.65], t(2068) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-1.64, 45.22], t(2068) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.12, 10.77], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.23, 95% CI [-2.02, 24.48], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.91], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-19.02, 8.41], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.448; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-2.71, 12.16], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-12.38, 5.02], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-28.55, 19.07], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.54, 95% CI [-19.23, 20.31], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.01, 95% CI [-20.58, 48.59], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.22, 95% CI [-0.39, 28.83], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [0.18, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.81, 95% CI [-11.84, 35.46], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.04, 95% CI [-1.47, 33.55], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-22.48, 36.61], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.56, 95% CI [-60.70, 5.58], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.95, 95% CI [-29.79, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-27.24, 39.15], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.62, 95% CI [-22.95, 24.19], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-7.31, 24.61], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-10.24, 17.84], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.14, 36.30], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.33, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.85], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.48, 95% CI [-25.77, 4.80], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 19.37], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.83, 95% CI [-12.13, 15.78], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.797; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.48, 19.97], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.06, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-36.59, 29.32], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-10.57, 19.06], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-4.79, 29.29], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.56, 95% CI [-32.37, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-10.39, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-13.49, 25.88], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 1.36,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.26, 2.42], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.95, 95% CI [-3.46, 29.37], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.59, 95% CI [1.28, 23.91], t(2068) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.83, 95% CI [-14.32, 51.98], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -3.06,
## 95% CI [-5.24, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.58, 95% CI [5.46, 51.70], t(2068) = 2.42, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-19.86, 18.30], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.936; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.63, 10.10], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.90, 2.53], t(2068) =
## -0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.38, 95% CI [-44.25, 13.49], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.296;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.75, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-8.44, 11.24], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.44, 95% CI [-16.28, 5.41], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.35, 11.05], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.854;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-12.37, 6.37], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-7.27, -1.35], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.62, 95% CI [-14.92, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.76, 1.32], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-7.54, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-0.90, 3.81], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.85], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.72], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.07, 95% CI [-6.14, 20.29], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.66, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.80, 95% CI [-0.59, 12.19], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-2.43, 8.21], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-9.03, 7.27], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.77], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-34.29, 39.91], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.68, 4.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.11], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.780;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.26], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.33, 95% CI [-14.79, 27.45], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.59, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-5.69, 11.09], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-5.95, 6.67], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.15], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-8.89, 10.85], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.22], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.94, 95% CI [-12.44, -1.45], t(2068) = -2.48, p = 0.013;
## Std. beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.53, 95% CI [-33.02, 9.96], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.55, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-10.34, 8.26], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.51, 4.29], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-10.90, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-5.08, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.65, 3.75], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.12, 95% CI [2.82, 19.41], t(2068) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.30, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.45, 8.64], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.273; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-7.89, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.01, 0.33], t(2068) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.78, 95% CI [-63.63, -29.93], t(2068) = -5.44, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.84, -3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-9.56, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.85, 11.79], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-9.59, 11.56], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.24])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 59.24 (95% CI [50.50, 67.98], t(2068)
## = 13.30, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.12, 95% CI [-6.46, 0.22], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.29])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-9.34, 10.02], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.76, 95% CI [-40.86, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.79, 95% CI [-9.98, 37.56], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = 0.94,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-19.87, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-30.32, 8.06], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.07, 95% CI [-3.40, 43.55], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.92,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.83, 95% CI [3.00, 22.65], t(2068) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.79, 95% CI [-1.64, 45.22], t(2068) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.17])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.33, 95% CI [-4.12, 10.77], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = 0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.23, 95% CI [-2.02, 24.48], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.91], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-19.02, 8.41], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.448; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.73, 95% CI [-2.71, 12.16], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-12.38, 5.02], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-28.55, 19.07], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.54, 95% CI [-19.23, 20.31], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std. beta = 0.55,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.01, 95% CI [-20.58, 48.59], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 2.87])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.22, 95% CI [-0.39, 28.83], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [0.18, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.81, 95% CI [-11.84, 35.46], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.04, 95% CI [-1.47, 33.55], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.06, 95% CI [-22.48, 36.61], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.56, 95% CI [-60.70, 5.58], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.95, 95% CI [-29.79, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-27.24, 39.15], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.31])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.62, 95% CI [-22.95, 24.19], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-7.31, 24.61], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.80, 95% CI [-10.24, 17.84], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.08, 95% CI [-28.14, 36.30], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.33, 95% CI [-9.19, 11.85], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.48, 95% CI [-25.77, 4.80], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 19.37], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.83, 95% CI [-12.13, 15.78], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.797; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.48, 19.97], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.06, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-36.59, 29.32], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-10.57, 19.06], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-4.79, 29.29], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.56, 95% CI [-32.37, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-10.39, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.20, 95% CI [-13.49, 25.88], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 1.36,
## 95% CI [0.12, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.42, 95% CI [-27.26, 2.42], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.95, 95% CI [-3.46, 29.37], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.59, 95% CI [1.28, 23.91], t(2068) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.83, 95% CI [-14.32, 51.98], t(2068) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -3.06,
## 95% CI [-5.24, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.58, 95% CI [5.46, 51.70], t(2068) = 2.42, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.63, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.12])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-19.86, 18.30], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.936; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.63, 10.10], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.90, 2.53], t(2068) =
## -0.63, p = 0.531; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.38, 95% CI [-44.25, 13.49], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.296;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-4.75, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-8.44, 11.24], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.44, 95% CI [-16.28, 5.41], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.35, 11.05], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.854;
## Std. beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.43, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-12.37, 6.37], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-7.27, -1.35], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.62, 95% CI [-14.92, 1.68], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.76, 1.32], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-7.54, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-0.90, 3.81], t(2068) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-0.90, 12.85], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.43, 1.72], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.07, 95% CI [-6.14, 20.29], t(2068) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.66, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.80, 95% CI [-0.59, 12.19], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [-2.43, 8.21], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-9.03, 7.27], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.14, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.77], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-34.29, 39.91], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-3.68, 4.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-25.44, 19.11], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.780;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.73, 2.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.26], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.33, 95% CI [-14.79, 27.45], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-1.59, 2.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-5.69, 11.09], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-5.95, 6.67], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.15], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.330; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-8.89, 10.85], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.22], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.94, 95% CI [-12.44, -1.45], t(2068) = -2.48, p = 0.013;
## Std. beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-1.34, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.53, 95% CI [-33.02, 9.96], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-3.55, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-10.34, 8.26], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.826; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.51, 4.29], t(2068) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-10.90, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.182; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.55, 95% CI [-5.08, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.65, 3.75], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.12, 95% CI [2.82, 19.41], t(2068) = 2.63, p = 0.009; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.30, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.10, 95% CI [-2.45, 8.64], t(2068) = 1.10, p = 0.273; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-7.89, 2.80], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-7.01, 0.33], t(2068) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.78, 95% CI [-63.63, -29.93], t(2068) = -5.44, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.84, -3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-9.56, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-9.85, 11.79], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-9.59, 11.56], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.24])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.5.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14368.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2978 -0.4356 -0.0133  0.4443  4.5109 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   233.62   15.285        
##           time_firstPFT  13.58    3.685   -0.08
##  Residual                25.62    5.061        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       30.91695    7.04263   4.390
## time_firstPFT                     -0.54285    2.67455  -0.203
## BC_5yrPreCensor                    1.57369    4.80274   0.328
## disadv                             3.99865    2.88510   1.386
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.47347    2.81512  -2.655
## sexF                               3.72974    1.75103   2.130
## age_dx                             0.38353    0.09142   4.195
## smokeHxFormer                      3.63547    1.73203   2.099
## smokeHxAlways                     18.71972    8.45427   2.214
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.53418    3.93455  -0.644
## site02R                          -10.96084   16.23647  -0.675
## site03R                           12.12510   11.75710   1.031
## site04R                            3.18401   11.32417   0.281
## site05R                          -12.33844    9.42050  -1.310
## site06R                           10.43676   16.17325   0.645
## site07R                           11.99116    4.83775   2.479
## site09R                           20.81650   11.48817   1.812
## site101                            4.79976    3.69241   1.300
## site102                           13.00962    6.53475   1.991
## site103                           -0.79832    3.41748  -0.234
## site104                           -6.33045    6.78462  -0.933
## site105                            5.02156    3.67553   1.366
## site106                           -5.19590    4.34439  -1.196
## site107                           -1.60138   11.66340  -0.137
## site108                            6.03387   10.15498   0.594
## site10R                           11.81753   17.24812   0.685
## site11R                           10.64624    7.16325   1.486
## site12R                            7.87383   11.57249   0.680
## site13R                           17.62740    8.63557   2.041
## site14R                            6.26597   14.70544   0.426
## site15R                          -33.86439   16.26147  -2.082
## site16R                           -8.77685    7.36494  -1.192
## site17R                           10.38493   16.37700   0.634
## site18R                           -3.02292   11.57278  -0.261
## site19R                            8.83091    7.88642   1.120
## site20R                            2.69176    6.88936   0.391
## site21R                            2.59071   15.70196   0.165
## site22R                           -2.38428    5.25184  -0.454
## site23R                          -12.85778    8.97225  -1.433
## site24R                            5.38648    6.44368   0.836
## site25R                            1.13209    6.92459   0.163
## site28R                            4.16384    9.46625   0.440
## site29R                           -5.80087   16.14947  -0.359
## site31R                            5.73473    7.32213   0.783
## site32R                           10.03006    8.40928   1.193
## site33R                          -13.64986    8.25870  -1.653
## site34R                            0.43451    6.35274   0.068
## site35R                            0.22549    9.68805   0.023
## site36R                          -11.28389    7.29113  -1.548
## site37R                           15.69625    8.12947   1.931
## site38R                           12.63138    5.54421   2.278
## site39R                           24.67529   16.52726   1.493
## site40R                           25.58466   11.32058   2.260
## site41R                           -2.90153    9.41404  -0.308
## site42R                           -0.76402    5.14895  -0.148
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreCensor     -0.97010    1.98981  -0.488
## time_firstPFT:disadv               0.05661    1.10638   0.051
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.19015    1.12586   0.169
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.06103    0.66602   0.092
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.05931    0.03473  -1.708
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.54144    0.67404   0.803
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.20316    5.31541   0.226
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.63162    1.68507   0.968
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.49476   14.76920  -0.981
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.79886    5.10274   0.549
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.92291    5.61426  -0.877
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.76465    6.26973  -0.122
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.66893    1.56834  -2.339
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.33953    4.32634  -1.465
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.94070    1.34147  -0.701
## time_firstPFT:site102             -3.06549    2.30549  -1.330
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.73820    1.29639   1.341
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.49885    3.61530   1.798
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.67577    1.34970  -0.501
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.40449    1.74411   1.379
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.35226    6.77925   1.085
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.84847    3.56241   1.642
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.84666    2.80438   1.372
## time_firstPFT:site12R             -0.32448    4.25523  -0.076
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.47710    4.11407  -0.359
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.36139   18.95601   0.177
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.89811   11.41050  -0.254
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.89401    2.74556   0.690
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.89835   10.81550   0.638
## time_firstPFT:site19R              4.17836    4.39255   0.951
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.30344    3.30076   0.395
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.57409    4.56147   1.003
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.78487    2.76519  -1.007
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.14246   24.71696   0.370
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -0.32337    2.46515  -0.131
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -6.04633    2.90039  -2.085
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -10.03139   11.08247  -0.905
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.24203    4.85173  -0.050
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.61184    2.07787   0.294
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.65600    3.39962  -1.075
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.25994    4.01622   0.812
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.66321    2.47380  -0.268
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.16606    4.32926   2.810
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.50092    2.89142   1.211
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.74702    2.86427  -0.610
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -3.01628    1.91781  -1.573
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -47.26644    8.75201  -5.401
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.61175    4.68342   0.131
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.82972    5.57578   0.328
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.02327    5.41389   0.374
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.694
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11, 44.73], t(2038)
## = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## BC_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## BC_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11, 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11,
## 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11, 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11,
## 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11,
## 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 30.92 (95% CI
## [17.11, 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11,
## 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 30.92 (95% CI [17.11, 44.73], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-5.79, 4.70], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.32])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 1.57, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.99], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std. beta =
## 1.45e-03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.15])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.66, 9.66], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.47, 95% CI [-12.99, -1.95], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.30, 7.16], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [7.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.24, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.72, 95% CI [2.14, 35.30], t(2038) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta =
## 1.21, 95% CI [-9.93e-04, 2.42])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -3.41e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.96, 95% CI [-42.80, 20.88], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.13, 95% CI [-10.93, 35.18], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.18, 95% CI [-19.02, 25.39], t(2038) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.81, 6.14], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-21.28, 42.15], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.99, 95% CI [2.50, 21.48], t(2038) = 2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.82, 95% CI [-1.71, 43.35], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.80, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.04], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 13.01, 95% CI [0.19, 25.83], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-7.50, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.815; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.33, 95% CI [-19.64, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.02, 95% CI [-2.19, 12.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-13.72, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.60, 95% CI [-24.47, 21.27], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.03, 95% CI [-13.88, 25.95], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.82, 95% CI [-22.01, 45.64], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.69])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 24.69], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.87, 95% CI [-14.82, 30.57], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.63, 95% CI [0.69, 34.56], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.27, 95% CI [-22.57, 35.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.29])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -33.86, 95% CI [-65.76, -1.97], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-23.22, 5.67], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.38, 95% CI [-21.73, 42.50], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.02, 95% CI [-25.72, 19.67], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.83, 95% CI [-6.64, 24.30], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.263; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.69, 95% CI [-10.82, 16.20], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-28.20, 33.38], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.42])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.38, 95% CI [-12.68, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.86, 95% CI [-30.45, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.12])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.39, 95% CI [-7.25, 18.02], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.50, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.13, 95% CI [-12.45, 14.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-14.40, 22.73], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.80, 95% CI [-37.47, 25.87], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.73, 95% CI [-8.62, 20.09], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.03, 95% CI [-6.46, 26.52], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.65, 95% CI [-29.85, 2.55], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-12.02, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-18.77, 19.22], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta = 1.10,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.28, 95% CI [-25.58, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.70, 95% CI [-0.25, 31.64], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.63, 95% CI [1.76, 23.50], t(2038) = 2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.48, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 24.68, 95% CI [-7.74, 57.09], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.96, -0.60])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.58, 95% CI [3.38, 47.79], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.09, 3.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.90, 95% CI [-21.36, 15.56], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta =
## -7.34e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.33], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.93], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-2.11, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std.
## beta = 1.73e-03, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-2.02, 2.40], t(2038) =
## 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-1.25, 1.37], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 6.57e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.80e-03], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.088;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 8.73e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.80, p = 0.422; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.22, 11.63], t(2038) =
## 0.23, p = 0.821; Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.63, 95% CI [-1.67, 4.94], t(2038) =
## 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.49, 95% CI [-43.46, 14.47], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-7.21, 12.81], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-15.93, 6.09], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.72, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.53], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-6.74, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-14.82, 2.14], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.57, 1.69], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.483; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-7.59, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.74, 95% CI [-0.80, 4.28], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-0.59, 13.59], t(2038) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-3.32, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.82], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [-5.94, 20.65], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.64, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.85, 95% CI [-1.14, 12.83], t(2038) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 9.35], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-8.67, 8.02], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-9.55, 6.59], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-33.81, 40.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.90, 95% CI [-25.28, 19.48], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.72, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.89, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.90, 95% CI [-14.31, 28.11], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-1.54, 3.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.18, 95% CI [-4.44, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-5.17, 7.78], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.57, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.52], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-8.21, 2.64], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.314; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.14, 95% CI [-39.33, 57.62], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-4.24, 6.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-5.16, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.05, 95% CI [-11.73, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037;
## Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.03, 95% CI [-31.77, 11.70], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365;
## Std. beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-3.42, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-9.76, 9.27], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-3.46, 4.69], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.66, 95% CI [-10.32, 3.01], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.14], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-5.51, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.789; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.17, 95% CI [3.68, 20.66], t(2038) = 2.81, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.40, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-2.17, 9.17], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.36, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.78, 0.74], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -47.27, 95% CI [-64.43, -30.10], t(2038) = -5.40, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.09, 95% CI [-6.94, -3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-8.57, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-9.11, 12.76], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.743; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.02, 95% CI [-8.59, 12.64], t(2038) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.36])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.6 OM

8.6.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14567.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3249 -0.4409 -0.0157  0.4482  4.5313 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   257.32   16.041        
##           time_firstPFT  13.00    3.606   -0.11
##  Residual                25.58    5.057        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    60.64937    3.35393  18.083
## time_firstPFT                  -3.98879    1.22319  -3.261
## OM_5yrPreCensor                -0.33558    0.92688  -0.362
## site02R                        -7.78631   16.84086  -0.462
## site03R                        13.61553   12.08133   1.127
## site04R                         3.01459   11.78371   0.256
## site05R                       -11.36639    9.73463  -1.168
## site06R                        20.61200   12.05087   1.710
## site07R                        12.48450    4.78020   2.612
## site09R                        21.41544   11.86463   1.805
## site101                         2.88966    3.33547   0.866
## site102                        10.85361    6.37511   1.702
## site103                        -1.04406    2.74701  -0.380
## site104                        -5.79093    6.51542  -0.889
## site105                         4.48969    3.17313   1.415
## site106                        -3.91217    4.19840  -0.932
## site107                        -5.18985   11.95276  -0.434
## site108                        -0.12434    9.67028  -0.013
## site10R                        14.27735   17.47217   0.817
## site11R                        14.44123    7.46612   1.934
## site12R                        11.15949   11.88075   0.939
## site13R                        15.82614    8.87658   1.783
## site14R                         6.63354   15.02259   0.442
## site15R                       -27.53788   16.86945  -1.632
## site16R                       -15.22788    7.52101  -2.025
## site17R                         5.76715   16.87187   0.342
## site18R                         0.50010   11.95162   0.042
## site19R                         7.80137    7.82394   0.997
## site20R                         3.43105    6.98357   0.491
## site21R                         4.37227   16.44129   0.266
## site22R                         0.99066    5.32047   0.186
## site23R                       -10.78366    7.63718  -1.412
## site24R                         5.68941    6.47005   0.879
## site25R                         1.65617    6.94935   0.238
## site28R                         0.75037    9.79254   0.077
## site29R                        -4.18379   16.74591  -0.250
## site31R                         4.00668    7.45754   0.537
## site32R                        11.71823    8.47831   1.382
## site33R                       -15.97722    8.41908  -1.898
## site34R                         2.15552    6.43974   0.335
## site35R                         5.59565    9.82696   0.569
## site36R                       -12.51236    7.53174  -1.661
## site37R                        12.80761    8.33347   1.537
## site38R                        12.47641    5.64924   2.209
## site39R                        18.16552   16.74052   1.085
## site40R                        28.70360   11.78852   2.435
## site41R                        -0.98151    9.70676  -0.101
## site42R                        -0.50492    5.22870  -0.097
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreCensor  -0.04996    0.34358  -0.145
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -15.10751   14.71667  -1.027
## time_firstPFT:site03R           1.59932    5.01030   0.319
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -5.13063    5.51034  -0.931
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -0.88589    6.20818  -0.143
## time_firstPFT:site06R          -2.96832    4.81879  -0.616
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -3.94797    1.38822  -2.844
## time_firstPFT:site09R          -6.39087    4.21895  -1.515
## time_firstPFT:site101          -0.78798    1.08804  -0.724
## time_firstPFT:site102          -2.61024    2.08453  -1.252
## time_firstPFT:site103           1.91514    0.94375   2.029
## time_firstPFT:site104           6.43103    3.44295   1.868
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.36623    1.05187  -0.348
## time_firstPFT:site106           2.02999    1.57233   1.291
## time_firstPFT:site107           7.57925    6.68929   1.133
## time_firstPFT:site108           6.48102    3.06877   2.112
## time_firstPFT:site11R           3.06119    2.72654   1.123
## time_firstPFT:site12R          -0.38244    4.08326  -0.094
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -1.90478    4.01749  -0.474
## time_firstPFT:site14R           3.07741   18.91459   0.163
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -2.92948   11.35342  -0.258
## time_firstPFT:site16R           2.31794    2.62215   0.884
## time_firstPFT:site18R           6.60797   10.76570   0.614
## time_firstPFT:site19R           3.22158    4.20556   0.766
## time_firstPFT:site20R           0.76965    3.15322   0.244
## time_firstPFT:site21R           4.44228    4.49345   0.989
## time_firstPFT:site22R          -3.58170    2.66534  -1.344
## time_firstPFT:site23R           1.38288    4.99520   0.277
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -0.08977    2.32240  -0.039
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -6.49655    2.70283  -2.404
## time_firstPFT:site28R         -11.38672   10.95833  -1.039
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -0.67297    4.71352  -0.143
## time_firstPFT:site31R           0.68136    1.93297   0.352
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -4.06291    3.26192  -1.246
## time_firstPFT:site33R           2.99005    3.83788   0.779
## time_firstPFT:site34R          -0.60562    2.33175  -0.260
## time_firstPFT:site35R          11.65852    4.14144   2.815
## time_firstPFT:site36R           3.27570    2.81564   1.163
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -2.39727    2.71760  -0.882
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -3.06838    1.82408  -1.682
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -46.20589    8.54607  -5.407
## time_firstPFT:site40R          -0.12775    4.46579  -0.029
## time_firstPFT:site41R           1.13344    5.51478   0.206
## time_firstPFT:site42R           1.19751    5.38249   0.222
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.924
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.729
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 60.65 (95% CI [54.07,
## 67.23], t(2068) = 18.08, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.99, 95% CI [-6.39, -1.59], t(2068) = -3.26, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.15, 1.48], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-40.81, 25.24], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -1.81,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.08, 37.31], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.01, 95% CI [-20.09, 26.12], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-30.46, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-3.02, 44.25], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [3.11, 21.86], t(2068) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.42, 95% CI [-1.85, 44.68], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.43], t(2068) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 23.36], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.43, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.57, 6.99], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.73, 10.71], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.91, 95% CI [-12.15, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.19, 95% CI [-28.63, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.09, 18.84], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.28, 95% CI [-19.99, 48.54], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.44, 95% CI [-0.20, 29.08], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.12,
## 95% CI [0.21, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.16, 95% CI [-12.14, 34.46], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-1.58, 33.23], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.63, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.09], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.54, 95% CI [-60.62, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.23, 95% CI [-29.98, -0.48], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-27.32, 38.85], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.94, 23.94], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-7.54, 23.14], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-10.26, 17.13], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.37, 95% CI [-27.87, 36.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.44, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.76, 4.19], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-7.00, 18.38], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.66, 95% CI [-11.97, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.45, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.18, 95% CI [-37.02, 28.66], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-10.62, 18.63], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.72, 95% CI [-4.91, 28.35], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.98, 95% CI [-32.49, 0.53], t(2068) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.78], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-13.68, 24.87], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.16, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.28, 2.26], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.81, 95% CI [-3.54, 29.15], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.40, 23.56], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.17, 95% CI [-14.66, 51.00], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -3.05,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.70, 95% CI [5.59, 51.82], t(2068) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.17])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.98, 95% CI [-20.02, 18.05], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.50, 95% CI [-10.76, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.62], t(2068) =
## -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -4.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.11, 95% CI [-43.97, 13.75], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.23, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.13, 95% CI [-15.94, 5.68], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.29], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.48], t(2068) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.95, 95% CI [-6.67, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-14.66, 1.88], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.35], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.469; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-6.70, 1.48], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.06, 3.77], t(2068) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [6.91e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-0.32, 13.18], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.43, 1.70], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.11], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.54, 20.70], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.60, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.48, 95% CI [0.46, 12.50], t(2068) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.05, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.41], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.63], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-9.78, 5.97], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.02, 40.17], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.19, 19.34], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.82, 7.46], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.61, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.72], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-1.56, 2.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-5.03, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.41, 6.95], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.25], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-8.81, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-8.41, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-4.64, 4.46], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -9.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-11.80, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.39, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.10], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-9.92, 8.57], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-3.11, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-10.46, 2.33], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.54, 10.52], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.18, 3.97], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.66, 95% CI [3.54, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.38, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.25, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.73, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-6.65, 0.51], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.21, 95% CI [-62.97, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.89, 8.63], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-9.68, 11.95], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## OM_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to OM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 60.65 (95% CI [54.07, 67.23],
## t(2068) = 18.08, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.99, 95% CI [-6.39, -1.59], t(2068) = -3.26, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.15, 1.48], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-40.81, 25.24], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -1.81,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.08, 37.31], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.01, 95% CI [-20.09, 26.12], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-30.46, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-3.02, 44.25], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [3.11, 21.86], t(2068) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.42, 95% CI [-1.85, 44.68], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.43], t(2068) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 23.36], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.43, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.57, 6.99], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.73, 10.71], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.91, 95% CI [-12.15, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.19, 95% CI [-28.63, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.09, 18.84], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.28, 95% CI [-19.99, 48.54], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.44, 95% CI [-0.20, 29.08], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.12,
## 95% CI [0.21, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.16, 95% CI [-12.14, 34.46], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-1.58, 33.23], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.63, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.09], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.54, 95% CI [-60.62, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.23, 95% CI [-29.98, -0.48], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-27.32, 38.85], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.94, 23.94], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-7.54, 23.14], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-10.26, 17.13], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.37, 95% CI [-27.87, 36.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.44, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.76, 4.19], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-7.00, 18.38], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.66, 95% CI [-11.97, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.45, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.18, 95% CI [-37.02, 28.66], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-10.62, 18.63], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.72, 95% CI [-4.91, 28.35], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.98, 95% CI [-32.49, 0.53], t(2068) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.78], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-13.68, 24.87], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.16, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.28, 2.26], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.81, 95% CI [-3.54, 29.15], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.40, 23.56], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.17, 95% CI [-14.66, 51.00], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -3.05,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.70, 95% CI [5.59, 51.82], t(2068) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.17])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.98, 95% CI [-20.02, 18.05], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.50, 95% CI [-10.76, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.62], t(2068) =
## -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -4.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.11, 95% CI [-43.97, 13.75], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.23, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.13, 95% CI [-15.94, 5.68], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.29], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.48], t(2068) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.95, 95% CI [-6.67, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-14.66, 1.88], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.35], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.469; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-6.70, 1.48], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.06, 3.77], t(2068) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [6.91e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-0.32, 13.18], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.43, 1.70], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.11], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.54, 20.70], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.60, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.48, 95% CI [0.46, 12.50], t(2068) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.05, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.41], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.63], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-9.78, 5.97], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.02, 40.17], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.19, 19.34], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.82, 7.46], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.61, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.72], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-1.56, 2.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-5.03, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.41, 6.95], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.25], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-8.81, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-8.41, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-4.64, 4.46], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -9.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-11.80, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.39, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.10], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-9.92, 8.57], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-3.11, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-10.46, 2.33], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.54, 10.52], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.18, 3.97], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.66, 95% CI [3.54, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.38, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.25, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.73, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-6.65, 0.51], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.21, 95% CI [-62.97, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.89, 8.63], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-9.68, 11.95], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 60.65 (95% CI [54.07, 67.23], t(2068) = 18.08, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.99, 95% CI [-6.39, -1.59], t(2068) = -3.26, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.15, 1.48], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-40.81, 25.24], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -1.81,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.08, 37.31], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.01, 95% CI [-20.09, 26.12], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-30.46, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-3.02, 44.25], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [3.11, 21.86], t(2068) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.42, 95% CI [-1.85, 44.68], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.43], t(2068) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 23.36], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.43, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.57, 6.99], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.73, 10.71], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.91, 95% CI [-12.15, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.19, 95% CI [-28.63, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.09, 18.84], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.28, 95% CI [-19.99, 48.54], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.44, 95% CI [-0.20, 29.08], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.12,
## 95% CI [0.21, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.16, 95% CI [-12.14, 34.46], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-1.58, 33.23], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.63, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.09], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.54, 95% CI [-60.62, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.23, 95% CI [-29.98, -0.48], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-27.32, 38.85], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.94, 23.94], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-7.54, 23.14], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-10.26, 17.13], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.37, 95% CI [-27.87, 36.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.44, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.76, 4.19], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-7.00, 18.38], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.66, 95% CI [-11.97, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.45, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.18, 95% CI [-37.02, 28.66], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-10.62, 18.63], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.72, 95% CI [-4.91, 28.35], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.98, 95% CI [-32.49, 0.53], t(2068) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.78], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-13.68, 24.87], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.16, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.28, 2.26], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.81, 95% CI [-3.54, 29.15], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.40, 23.56], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.17, 95% CI [-14.66, 51.00], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -3.05,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.70, 95% CI [5.59, 51.82], t(2068) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.17])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.98, 95% CI [-20.02, 18.05], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.50, 95% CI [-10.76, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.62], t(2068) =
## -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -4.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.11, 95% CI [-43.97, 13.75], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.23, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.13, 95% CI [-15.94, 5.68], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.29], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.48], t(2068) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.95, 95% CI [-6.67, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-14.66, 1.88], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.35], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.469; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-6.70, 1.48], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.06, 3.77], t(2068) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [6.91e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-0.32, 13.18], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.43, 1.70], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.11], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.54, 20.70], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.60, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.48, 95% CI [0.46, 12.50], t(2068) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.05, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.41], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.63], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-9.78, 5.97], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.02, 40.17], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.19, 19.34], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.82, 7.46], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.61, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.72], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-1.56, 2.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-5.03, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.41, 6.95], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.25], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-8.81, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-8.41, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-4.64, 4.46], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -9.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-11.80, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.39, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.10], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-9.92, 8.57], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-3.11, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-10.46, 2.33], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.54, 10.52], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.18, 3.97], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.66, 95% CI [3.54, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.38, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.25, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.73, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-6.65, 0.51], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.21, 95% CI [-62.97, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.89, 8.63], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-9.68, 11.95], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 60.65 (95% CI [54.07, 67.23], t(2068)
## = 18.08, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.99, 95% CI [-6.39, -1.59], t(2068) = -3.26, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.15, 1.48], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-40.81, 25.24], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = -1.81,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.08, 37.31], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.01, 95% CI [-20.09, 26.12], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-30.46, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.61, 95% CI [-3.02, 44.25], t(2068) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [3.11, 21.86], t(2068) = 2.61, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.42, 95% CI [-1.85, 44.68], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.16])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.43], t(2068) = 0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.85, 95% CI [-1.65, 23.36], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.43, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-18.57, 6.99], t(2068) = -0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.73, 10.71], t(2068) = 1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.91, 95% CI [-12.15, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.19, 95% CI [-28.63, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.22, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-19.09, 18.84], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.28, 95% CI [-19.99, 48.54], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.44, 95% CI [-0.20, 29.08], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 1.12,
## 95% CI [0.21, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.16, 95% CI [-12.14, 34.46], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.83, 95% CI [-1.58, 33.23], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.63, 95% CI [-22.83, 36.09], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.54, 95% CI [-60.62, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.23, 95% CI [-29.98, -0.48], t(2068) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-27.32, 38.85], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 2.29])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-22.94, 23.94], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 2.74])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-7.54, 23.14], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-10.26, 17.13], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.37, 95% CI [-27.87, 36.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.57])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.44, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.76, 4.19], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.69, 95% CI [-7.00, 18.38], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.33, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.66, 95% CI [-11.97, 15.28], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.75, 95% CI [-18.45, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.18, 95% CI [-37.02, 28.66], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.803; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-10.62, 18.63], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.72, 95% CI [-4.91, 28.35], t(2068) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.98, 95% CI [-32.49, 0.53], t(2068) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-10.47, 14.78], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.60, 95% CI [-13.68, 24.87], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = 1.37,
## 95% CI [0.16, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.28, 2.26], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.81, 95% CI [-3.54, 29.15], t(2068) = 1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.48, 95% CI [1.40, 23.56], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.17, 95% CI [-14.66, 51.00], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = -3.05,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 28.70, 95% CI [5.59, 51.82], t(2068) = 2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = 1.68, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.17])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.98, 95% CI [-20.02, 18.05], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.50, 95% CI [-10.76, 9.75], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.62], t(2068) =
## -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -4.90e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.11, 95% CI [-43.97, 13.75], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.23, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.13, 95% CI [-15.94, 5.68], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-13.06, 11.29], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.48], t(2068) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.95, 95% CI [-6.67, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-14.66, 1.88], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.35], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.469; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-6.70, 1.48], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.06, 3.77], t(2068) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [6.91e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [-0.32, 13.18], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.43, 1.70], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.728; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.11], t(2068) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.54, 20.70], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.60, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.48, 95% CI [0.46, 12.50], t(2068) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.05, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.06, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.41], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.63], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.925; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-9.78, 5.97], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-34.02, 40.17], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-3.65, 4.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-25.19, 19.34], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.796;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.82, 7.46], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.61, 95% CI [-14.50, 27.72], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-1.56, 2.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-5.03, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.77, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.41, 6.95], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.44, 95% CI [-4.37, 13.25], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-8.81, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-8.41, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-4.64, 4.46], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -9.65e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.50, 95% CI [-11.80, -1.20], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016;
## Std. beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.27, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.39, 95% CI [-32.88, 10.10], t(2068) = -1.04, p = 0.299;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.53, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-9.92, 8.57], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-3.11, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-10.46, 2.33], t(2068) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.54, 10.52], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.18, 3.97], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.66, 95% CI [3.54, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.82, p = 0.005; Std.
## beta = 1.25, 95% CI [0.38, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.25, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-7.73, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.07, 95% CI [-6.65, 0.51], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.21, 95% CI [-62.97, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-8.89, 8.63], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-9.68, 11.95], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.6.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14375.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2917 -0.4414 -0.0118  0.4477  4.5138 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   233.50   15.281        
##           time_firstPFT  13.58    3.685   -0.07
##  Residual                25.62    5.062        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       31.86588    6.54156   4.871
## time_firstPFT                     -1.23599    2.43295  -0.508
## OM_5yrPreCensor                    0.08613    0.92136   0.093
## disadv                             3.99613    2.89799   1.379
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.39143    2.81351  -2.627
## sexF                               3.77198    1.74872   2.157
## age_dx                             0.38513    0.09134   4.217
## smokeHxFormer                      3.64686    1.73183   2.106
## smokeHxAlways                     18.54400    8.46325   2.191
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.53314    3.93466  -0.644
## site02R                          -11.30767   16.20413  -0.698
## site03R                           11.82648   11.71977   1.009
## site04R                            2.89456   11.28889   0.256
## site05R                          -12.63999    9.37231  -1.349
## site06R                           10.36286   16.23060   0.638
## site07R                           11.54626    4.62194   2.498
## site09R                           20.40071   11.40810   1.788
## site101                            4.24886    3.25259   1.306
## site102                           12.34830    6.17923   1.998
## site103                           -1.41122    2.78629  -0.506
## site104                           -7.10212    6.30420  -1.127
## site105                            4.39106    3.09133   1.420
## site106                           -5.63564    4.12186  -1.367
## site107                           -2.21663   11.49176  -0.193
## site108                            5.08785    9.72259   0.523
## site10R                           11.98143   17.08432   0.701
## site11R                           10.44272    7.18174   1.454
## site12R                            7.21430   11.39829   0.633
## site13R                           17.37043    8.58968   2.022
## site14R                            5.91636   14.66353   0.403
## site15R                          -34.19574   16.23030  -2.107
## site16R                           -9.04658    7.32045  -1.236
## site17R                           10.00807   16.33217   0.613
## site18R                           -3.38857   11.51304  -0.294
## site19R                            8.08232    7.58201   1.066
## site20R                            2.20806    6.71698   0.329
## site21R                            2.50042   15.72322   0.159
## site22R                           -2.64384    5.20386  -0.508
## site23R                          -13.32256    8.84356  -1.506
## site24R                            4.83960    6.20981   0.779
## site25R                            0.63618    6.75749   0.094
## site28R                            4.03196    9.45565   0.426
## site29R                           -6.24872   16.09015  -0.388
## site31R                            5.35537    7.22058   0.742
## site32R                            9.43313    8.19653   1.151
## site33R                          -14.14701    8.11332  -1.744
## site34R                           -0.02119    6.18574  -0.003
## site35R                           -0.44648    9.47497  -0.047
## site36R                          -11.50369    7.25618  -1.585
## site37R                           15.48027    8.09587   1.912
## site38R                           12.27629    5.42847   2.261
## site39R                           23.86304   16.34950   1.460
## site40R                           25.59791   11.32117   2.261
## site41R                           -3.13203    9.38699  -0.334
## site42R                           -1.00189    5.09462  -0.197
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreCensor     -0.01565    0.36285  -0.043
## time_firstPFT:disadv               0.03221    1.12047   0.029
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.11078    1.11619   0.099
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.02246    0.66407   0.034
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.06053    0.03467  -1.746
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.54764    0.67562   0.811
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.38208    5.32766   0.259
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.60769    1.68703   0.953
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.29753   14.76656  -0.968
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.97216    5.09249   0.584
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.68129    5.59649  -0.836
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.52167    6.25287  -0.083
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.37348    1.45180  -2.324
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.18159    4.31759  -1.432
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.57171    1.12832  -0.507
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.64866    2.14318  -1.236
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.13020    1.01219   2.105
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.89331    3.53343   1.951
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.28172    1.08301  -0.260
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.70262    1.63899   1.649
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.75700    6.73109   1.152
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.51554    3.32383   1.960
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.95021    2.82424   1.399
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.08184    4.17904   0.020
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.29354    4.09742  -0.316
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.58615   18.95336   0.189
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.68723   11.40374  -0.236
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.09764    2.71991   0.771
## time_firstPFT:site18R              7.09740   10.81118   0.656
## time_firstPFT:site19R              4.63658    4.31191   1.075
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.65065    3.23167   0.511
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.59519    4.57722   1.004
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.57645    2.73839  -0.941
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.40458   24.71159   0.381
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.04846    2.35991   0.021
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.66087    2.78997  -2.029
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.84730   11.08061  -0.889
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.06895    4.81913   0.014
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.86608    2.01398   0.430
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.33653    3.34263  -0.998
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.63565    3.96120   0.918
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.35527    2.40380  -0.148
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.64618    4.23811   2.984
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.63095    2.88083   1.260
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.60719    2.85098  -0.564
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.79674    1.86533  -1.499
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.67027    8.68335  -5.375
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.08359    4.60993   0.235
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.99210    5.56915   0.358
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.20015    5.40396   0.407
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.694
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04, 44.69], t(2038)
## = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## OM_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## OM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04, 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04,
## 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04, 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04,
## 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04,
## 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 31.87 (95% CI
## [19.04, 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04,
## 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 31.87 (95% CI [19.04, 44.69], t(2038) = 4.87, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.54], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.36])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta =
## 3.34e-03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 4.00, 95% CI [-1.69, 9.68], t(2038) = 1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.39, 95% CI [-12.91, -1.87], t(2038) = -2.63, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.77,
## 95% CI [0.34, 7.20], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [6.58e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.22, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [0.25, 7.04], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.54, 95% CI [1.95, 35.14], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [2.08e-03, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-10.25, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta =
## -5.49e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.31, 95% CI [-43.09, 20.47], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-4.73, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.83, 95% CI [-11.16, 34.81], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.313; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-19.24, 25.03], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.798; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.64, 95% CI [-31.02, 5.74], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.178; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.47, 42.19], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.49])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.55, 95% CI [2.48, 20.61], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 20.40, 95% CI [-1.97, 42.77], t(2038) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-2.13, 10.63], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.35, 95% CI [0.23, 24.47], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = 0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.41, 95% CI [-6.88, 4.05], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.613; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.47, 5.26], t(2038) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.39, 95% CI [-1.67, 10.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-13.72, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-24.75, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.847; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.09, 95% CI [-13.98, 24.16], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.98, 95% CI [-21.52, 45.49], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.483; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.44, 95% CI [-3.64, 24.53], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.97,
## 95% CI [0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-15.14, 29.57], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.37, 95% CI [0.52, 34.22], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = 0.91, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.92, 95% CI [-22.84, 34.67], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.687; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 3.28])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.20, 95% CI [-66.03, -2.37], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.05, 95% CI [-23.40, 5.31], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-22.02, 42.04], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.39, 95% CI [-25.97, 19.19], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.54])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.08, 95% CI [-6.79, 22.95], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-10.96, 15.38], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.50, 95% CI [-28.33, 33.34], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.64, 95% CI [-12.85, 7.56], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.32, 95% CI [-30.67, 4.02], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.132; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-4.00, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.84, 95% CI [-7.34, 17.02], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.64, 95% CI [-12.62, 13.89], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.925; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.03, 95% CI [-14.51, 22.58], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.25, 95% CI [-37.80, 25.31], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-8.81, 19.52], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.458; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.46, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.64, 25.51], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta = 0.26, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.15, 95% CI [-30.06, 1.76], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-12.15, 12.11], t(2038) = -3.42e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-19.03, 18.14], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.73, 2.73], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 31.36], t(2038) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.28, 95% CI [1.63, 22.92], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.86, 95% CI [-8.20, 55.93], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -2.77,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.60, 95% CI [3.40, 47.80], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.14, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.13, 95% CI [-21.54, 15.28], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta =
## -6.40e-03, 95% CI [-1.31, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.00, 95% CI [-10.99, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.844; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = -1.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.17, 2.23], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.977; Std.
## beta = 9.87e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-2.08, 2.30], t(2038) =
## 0.10, p = 0.921; Std. beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.32], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 2.42e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.48e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.42e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.87], t(2038) =
## 0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.07, 11.83], t(2038) =
## 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-1.70, 4.92], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.66], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.68, 95% CI [-15.66, 6.29], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-12.78, 11.74], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.53], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-14.65, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std.
## beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-2.78, 1.64], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-6.85, 1.55], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [0.15, 4.12], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [0.02, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [-0.04, 13.82], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-3.89e-03, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.84], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-0.51, 5.92], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.76, 95% CI [-5.44, 20.96], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.84, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.52, 95% CI [-2.93e-03, 13.03], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.10e-04, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-1.59, 9.49], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.162; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.28], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 8.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-33.58, 40.76], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.850; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 4.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-25.05, 19.68], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.814;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-3.24, 7.43], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.10, 95% CI [-14.10, 28.30], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-1.52, 3.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-3.82, 13.09], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-4.69, 7.99], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.610; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-4.38, 13.57], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.95, 2.79], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.40, 95% CI [-39.06, 57.87], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.21, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.58, 4.68], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.984; Std.
## beta = 5.22e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.66, 95% CI [-11.13, -0.19], t(2038) = -2.03, p = 0.043;
## Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.20, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.85, 95% CI [-31.58, 11.88], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.374;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-3.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-9.38, 9.52], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = 7.43e-03, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.82], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-9.89, 3.22], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 11.40], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-5.07, 4.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.65, 95% CI [4.33, 20.96], t(2038) = 2.98, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.47, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.63, 95% CI [-2.02, 9.28], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-7.20, 3.98], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-6.45, 0.86], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.67, 95% CI [-63.70, -29.64], t(2038) = -5.37, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.03, 95% CI [-6.86, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.96, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.814; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.99, 95% CI [-8.93, 12.91], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-8.40, 12.80], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.684; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.38])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.7 SS

8.7.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14559
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3218 -0.4420 -0.0145  0.4483  4.5355 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   257.04   16.032        
##           time_firstPFT  12.95    3.599   -0.11
##  Residual                25.58    5.058        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    60.68121    1.93057  31.432
## time_firstPFT                  -4.40093    0.67887  -6.483
## SS_5yrPreCensor                -5.60169    6.91927  -0.810
## site02R                         5.17490   23.26151   0.222
## site03R                        13.62347   12.07310   1.128
## site04R                         3.42887   11.76509   0.291
## site05R                       -11.67323    9.73678  -1.199
## site06R                        19.95505   11.95943   1.669
## site07R                        12.84446    4.73771   2.711
## site09R                        23.01089   11.94627   1.926
## site101                         3.33979    3.22783   1.035
## site102                        10.41728    6.39551   1.629
## site103                        -0.51684    2.76931  -0.187
## site104                        -5.37463    6.45156  -0.833
## site105                         4.70919    3.16292   1.489
## site106                        -3.52029    4.19531  -0.839
## site107                        -4.78955   11.91961  -0.402
## site108                        -0.59891    9.65190  -0.062
## site10R                        19.52302   20.22450   0.965
## site11R                        14.59353    7.44457   1.960
## site12R                        11.00338   11.82673   0.930
## site13R                        15.91535    8.86057   1.796
## site14R                         7.97955   15.03942   0.531
## site15R                       -27.51454   16.86018  -1.632
## site16R                       -13.98052    7.61055  -1.837
## site17R                         5.50416   16.86748   0.326
## site18R                         2.21447   12.12236   0.183
## site19R                         8.29093    7.60707   1.090
## site20R                         3.21550    6.97043   0.461
## site21R                         4.27388   16.41429   0.260
## site22R                         2.25246    5.40037   0.417
## site23R                        -9.78994    7.67821  -1.275
## site24R                         5.66060    6.40399   0.884
## site25R                         9.18569   11.55176   0.795
## site28R                         0.55557    9.78972   0.057
## site29R                        -1.73630   16.87926  -0.103
## site31R                         4.18840    7.44211   0.563
## site32R                        12.26436    8.40224   1.460
## site33R                       -14.02552    8.62744  -1.626
## site34R                         2.62876    6.38004   0.412
## site35R                         6.21744    9.75773   0.637
## site36R                       -12.59586    7.52875  -1.673
## site37R                        13.18639    8.32932   1.583
## site38R                        12.53642    5.64506   2.221
## site39R                        17.87288   16.70642   1.070
## site40R                        29.69084   11.85603   2.504
## site41R                         0.02321    9.74815   0.002
## site42R                         0.23452    5.25022   0.045
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreCensor   1.28840    2.59280   0.497
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -18.12348   15.91393  -1.139
## time_firstPFT:site03R           1.59724    5.00792   0.319
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -5.11427    5.50079  -0.930
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -0.76122    6.20744  -0.123
## time_firstPFT:site06R          -3.05286    4.77709  -0.639
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -3.96693    1.37479  -2.885
## time_firstPFT:site09R          -6.68047    4.24882  -1.572
## time_firstPFT:site101          -0.80651    1.05625  -0.764
## time_firstPFT:site102          -2.46054    2.08805  -1.178
## time_firstPFT:site103           1.83468    0.95690   1.917
## time_firstPFT:site104           6.33890    3.44309   1.841
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.39934    1.05203  -0.380
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.97217    1.57363   1.253
## time_firstPFT:site107           7.57810    6.68281   1.134
## time_firstPFT:site108           6.74709    3.05501   2.209
## time_firstPFT:site11R           2.86936    2.71701   1.056
## time_firstPFT:site12R          -0.24686    4.07010  -0.061
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -1.86917    4.00809  -0.466
## time_firstPFT:site14R           2.89839   18.91604   0.153
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -2.98468   11.35205  -0.263
## time_firstPFT:site16R           2.13663    2.64514   0.808
## time_firstPFT:site18R           6.21116   10.78049   0.576
## time_firstPFT:site19R           3.23929    4.17788   0.775
## time_firstPFT:site20R           0.90047    3.14552   0.286
## time_firstPFT:site21R           4.33401    4.47891   0.968
## time_firstPFT:site22R          -3.87358    2.75129  -1.408
## time_firstPFT:site23R           1.12769    5.01879   0.225
## time_firstPFT:site24R           0.04783    2.30282   0.021
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -8.11947    4.21501  -1.926
## time_firstPFT:site28R         -11.30982   10.95768  -1.032
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -1.09194    4.78905  -0.228
## time_firstPFT:site31R           0.69200    1.92491   0.359
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -4.18025    3.26965  -1.278
## time_firstPFT:site33R           2.69806    3.87966   0.695
## time_firstPFT:site34R          -0.61322    2.31787  -0.265
## time_firstPFT:site35R          11.71814    4.11072   2.851
## time_firstPFT:site36R           3.27988    2.81258   1.166
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -2.48061    2.72096  -0.912
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -3.11356    1.82429  -1.707
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -45.97406    8.53629  -5.386
## time_firstPFT:site40R          -0.02656    4.42601  -0.006
## time_firstPFT:site41R           0.93076    5.53051   0.168
## time_firstPFT:site42R           1.14533    5.39007   0.212
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.924
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.730
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 60.68 (95% CI [56.90,
## 64.47], t(2068) = 31.43, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.40, 95% CI [-5.73, -3.07], t(2068) = -6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -5.60, 95% CI [-19.17, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-40.44, 50.79], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.05, 37.30], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-19.64, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-30.77, 7.42], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.96, 95% CI [-3.50, 43.41], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.84, 95% CI [3.55, 22.14], t(2068) = 2.71, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 46.44], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.34, 95% CI [-2.99, 9.67], t(2068) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-2.13, 22.96], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.91], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.37, 95% CI [-18.03, 7.28], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.71, 95% CI [-1.49, 10.91], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.52, 95% CI [-11.75, 4.71], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-28.17, 18.59], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-19.53, 18.33], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.52, 95% CI [-20.14, 59.19], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-6.11e-03, 29.19], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## 1.12, 95% CI [0.20, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.00, 95% CI [-12.19, 34.20], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.92, 95% CI [-1.46, 33.29], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.98, 95% CI [-21.51, 37.47], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.35])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.51, 95% CI [-60.58, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-28.91, 0.94], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-27.57, 38.58], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-21.56, 25.99], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-6.63, 23.21], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.45, 16.89], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-27.92, 36.46], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-8.34, 12.84], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.79, 95% CI [-24.85, 5.27], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-6.90, 18.22], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.19, 95% CI [-13.47, 31.84], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-18.64, 19.75], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.05, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.74, 95% CI [-34.84, 31.37], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.19, 95% CI [-10.41, 18.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-4.21, 28.74], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.03, 95% CI [-30.94, 2.89], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.88, 15.14], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.22, 95% CI [-12.92, 25.35], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std. beta = 1.41,
## 95% CI [0.20, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.60, 95% CI [-27.36, 2.17], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.19, 95% CI [-3.15, 29.52], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.54, 95% CI [1.47, 23.61], t(2068) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.87, 95% CI [-14.89, 50.64], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 29.69, 95% CI [6.44, 52.94], t(2068) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.75, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.02, 95% CI [-19.09, 19.14], t(2068) = 2.38e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.53], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.80, 6.37], t(2068) =
## 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -18.12, 95% CI [-49.33, 13.09], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.255;
## Std. beta = -1.95, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.22, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.11, 95% CI [-15.90, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.93, 11.41], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.32], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-6.66, -1.27], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.68, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.26], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-6.56, 1.63], t(2068) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-0.04, 3.71], t(2068) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-4.50e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 13.09], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.66], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-1.11, 5.06], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.68], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [0.76, 12.74], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.08, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-2.46, 8.20], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.74], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-9.73, 5.99], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-34.20, 39.99], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-25.25, 19.28], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-3.05, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-14.93, 27.35], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.95, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.07], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.45, 13.12], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-9.27, 1.52], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-8.71, 10.97], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.56], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 5.17e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.12, 95% CI [-16.39, 0.15], t(2068) = -1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.31, 95% CI [-32.80, 10.18], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-10.48, 8.30], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-10.59, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.91, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.72, 95% CI [3.66, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.26, 95% CI [0.39, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.24, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-7.82, 2.86], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-6.69, 0.46], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.97, 95% CI [-62.71, -29.23], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-6.74, -3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-8.71, 8.65], t(2068) = -6.00e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -2.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.92, 11.78], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.43, 11.72], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SS_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SS_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 60.68 (95% CI [56.90, 64.47],
## t(2068) = 31.43, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.40, 95% CI [-5.73, -3.07], t(2068) = -6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -5.60, 95% CI [-19.17, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-40.44, 50.79], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.05, 37.30], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-19.64, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-30.77, 7.42], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.96, 95% CI [-3.50, 43.41], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.84, 95% CI [3.55, 22.14], t(2068) = 2.71, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 46.44], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.34, 95% CI [-2.99, 9.67], t(2068) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-2.13, 22.96], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.91], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.37, 95% CI [-18.03, 7.28], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.71, 95% CI [-1.49, 10.91], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.52, 95% CI [-11.75, 4.71], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-28.17, 18.59], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-19.53, 18.33], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.52, 95% CI [-20.14, 59.19], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-6.11e-03, 29.19], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## 1.12, 95% CI [0.20, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.00, 95% CI [-12.19, 34.20], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.92, 95% CI [-1.46, 33.29], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.98, 95% CI [-21.51, 37.47], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.35])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.51, 95% CI [-60.58, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-28.91, 0.94], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-27.57, 38.58], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-21.56, 25.99], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-6.63, 23.21], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.45, 16.89], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-27.92, 36.46], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-8.34, 12.84], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.79, 95% CI [-24.85, 5.27], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-6.90, 18.22], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.19, 95% CI [-13.47, 31.84], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-18.64, 19.75], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.05, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.74, 95% CI [-34.84, 31.37], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.19, 95% CI [-10.41, 18.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-4.21, 28.74], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.03, 95% CI [-30.94, 2.89], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.88, 15.14], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.22, 95% CI [-12.92, 25.35], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std. beta = 1.41,
## 95% CI [0.20, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.60, 95% CI [-27.36, 2.17], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.19, 95% CI [-3.15, 29.52], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.54, 95% CI [1.47, 23.61], t(2068) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.87, 95% CI [-14.89, 50.64], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 29.69, 95% CI [6.44, 52.94], t(2068) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.75, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.02, 95% CI [-19.09, 19.14], t(2068) = 2.38e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.53], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.80, 6.37], t(2068) =
## 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -18.12, 95% CI [-49.33, 13.09], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.255;
## Std. beta = -1.95, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.22, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.11, 95% CI [-15.90, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.93, 11.41], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.32], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-6.66, -1.27], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.68, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.26], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-6.56, 1.63], t(2068) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-0.04, 3.71], t(2068) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-4.50e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 13.09], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.66], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-1.11, 5.06], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.68], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [0.76, 12.74], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.08, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-2.46, 8.20], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.74], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-9.73, 5.99], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-34.20, 39.99], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-25.25, 19.28], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-3.05, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-14.93, 27.35], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.95, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.07], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.45, 13.12], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-9.27, 1.52], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-8.71, 10.97], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.56], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 5.17e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.12, 95% CI [-16.39, 0.15], t(2068) = -1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.31, 95% CI [-32.80, 10.18], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-10.48, 8.30], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-10.59, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.91, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.72, 95% CI [3.66, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.26, 95% CI [0.39, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.24, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-7.82, 2.86], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-6.69, 0.46], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.97, 95% CI [-62.71, -29.23], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-6.74, -3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-8.71, 8.65], t(2068) = -6.00e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -2.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.92, 11.78], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.43, 11.72], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 60.68 (95% CI [56.90, 64.47], t(2068) = 31.43, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.40, 95% CI [-5.73, -3.07], t(2068) = -6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -5.60, 95% CI [-19.17, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-40.44, 50.79], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.05, 37.30], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-19.64, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-30.77, 7.42], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.96, 95% CI [-3.50, 43.41], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.84, 95% CI [3.55, 22.14], t(2068) = 2.71, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 46.44], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.34, 95% CI [-2.99, 9.67], t(2068) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-2.13, 22.96], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.91], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.37, 95% CI [-18.03, 7.28], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.71, 95% CI [-1.49, 10.91], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.52, 95% CI [-11.75, 4.71], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-28.17, 18.59], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-19.53, 18.33], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.52, 95% CI [-20.14, 59.19], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-6.11e-03, 29.19], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## 1.12, 95% CI [0.20, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.00, 95% CI [-12.19, 34.20], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.92, 95% CI [-1.46, 33.29], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.98, 95% CI [-21.51, 37.47], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.35])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.51, 95% CI [-60.58, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-28.91, 0.94], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-27.57, 38.58], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-21.56, 25.99], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-6.63, 23.21], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.45, 16.89], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-27.92, 36.46], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-8.34, 12.84], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.79, 95% CI [-24.85, 5.27], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-6.90, 18.22], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.19, 95% CI [-13.47, 31.84], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-18.64, 19.75], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.05, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.74, 95% CI [-34.84, 31.37], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.19, 95% CI [-10.41, 18.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-4.21, 28.74], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.03, 95% CI [-30.94, 2.89], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.88, 15.14], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.22, 95% CI [-12.92, 25.35], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std. beta = 1.41,
## 95% CI [0.20, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.60, 95% CI [-27.36, 2.17], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.19, 95% CI [-3.15, 29.52], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.54, 95% CI [1.47, 23.61], t(2068) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.87, 95% CI [-14.89, 50.64], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 29.69, 95% CI [6.44, 52.94], t(2068) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.75, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.02, 95% CI [-19.09, 19.14], t(2068) = 2.38e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.53], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.80, 6.37], t(2068) =
## 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -18.12, 95% CI [-49.33, 13.09], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.255;
## Std. beta = -1.95, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.22, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.11, 95% CI [-15.90, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.93, 11.41], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.32], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-6.66, -1.27], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.68, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.26], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-6.56, 1.63], t(2068) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-0.04, 3.71], t(2068) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-4.50e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 13.09], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.66], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-1.11, 5.06], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.68], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [0.76, 12.74], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.08, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-2.46, 8.20], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.74], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-9.73, 5.99], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-34.20, 39.99], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-25.25, 19.28], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-3.05, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-14.93, 27.35], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.95, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.07], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.45, 13.12], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-9.27, 1.52], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-8.71, 10.97], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.56], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 5.17e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.12, 95% CI [-16.39, 0.15], t(2068) = -1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.31, 95% CI [-32.80, 10.18], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-10.48, 8.30], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-10.59, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.91, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.72, 95% CI [3.66, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.26, 95% CI [0.39, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.24, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-7.82, 2.86], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-6.69, 0.46], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.97, 95% CI [-62.71, -29.23], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-6.74, -3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-8.71, 8.65], t(2068) = -6.00e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -2.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.92, 11.78], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.43, 11.72], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 60.68 (95% CI [56.90, 64.47], t(2068)
## = 31.43, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.40, 95% CI [-5.73, -3.07], t(2068) = -6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.54, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -5.60, 95% CI [-19.17, 7.97], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-40.44, 50.79], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.62, 95% CI [-10.05, 37.30], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std. beta = 0.95,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-19.64, 26.50], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-30.77, 7.42], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.96, 95% CI [-3.50, 43.41], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.90,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.84, 95% CI [3.55, 22.14], t(2068) = 2.71, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.01, 95% CI [-0.42, 46.44], t(2068) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.34, 95% CI [-2.99, 9.67], t(2068) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.42, 95% CI [-2.13, 22.96], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.52, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.91], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.852; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.37, 95% CI [-18.03, 7.28], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.405; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.71, 95% CI [-1.49, 10.91], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.52, 95% CI [-11.75, 4.71], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-28.17, 18.59], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-19.53, 18.33], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.52, 95% CI [-20.14, 59.19], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std. beta = 1.15,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 3.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-6.11e-03, 29.19], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## 1.12, 95% CI [0.20, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.00, 95% CI [-12.19, 34.20], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 2.09])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.92, 95% CI [-1.46, 33.29], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.98, 95% CI [-21.51, 37.47], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 3.35])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.51, 95% CI [-60.58, 5.55], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-28.91, 0.94], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-27.57, 38.58], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 2.28])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-21.56, 25.99], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-6.63, 23.21], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.22, 95% CI [-10.45, 16.89], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-27.92, 36.46], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-8.34, 12.84], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.79, 95% CI [-24.85, 5.27], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.66, 95% CI [-6.90, 18.22], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.34, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.19, 95% CI [-13.47, 31.84], t(2068) = 0.80, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.56, 95% CI [-18.64, 19.75], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.955; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-3.05, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.74, 95% CI [-34.84, 31.37], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.918; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.19, 95% CI [-10.41, 18.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.26, 95% CI [-4.21, 28.74], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.03, 95% CI [-30.94, 2.89], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.71, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.88, 15.14], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.22, 95% CI [-12.92, 25.35], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.524; Std. beta = 1.41,
## 95% CI [0.20, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.60, 95% CI [-27.36, 2.17], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.19, 95% CI [-3.15, 29.52], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.54, 95% CI [1.47, 23.61], t(2068) = 2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.87, 95% CI [-14.89, 50.64], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.21, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 29.69, 95% CI [6.44, 52.94], t(2068) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.75, 95%
## CI [0.26, 3.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.02, 95% CI [-19.09, 19.14], t(2068) = 2.38e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.41])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.53], t(2068) = 0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.80, 6.37], t(2068) =
## 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -18.12, 95% CI [-49.33, 13.09], t(2068) = -1.14, p = 0.255;
## Std. beta = -1.95, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-8.22, 11.42], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.11, 95% CI [-15.90, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.93, 11.41], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-12.42, 6.32], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.97, 95% CI [-6.66, -1.27], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.68, 95% CI [-15.01, 1.65], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std.
## beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.81, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.26], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.445; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-6.56, 1.63], t(2068) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-0.04, 3.71], t(2068) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-4.50e-03, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 13.09], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.66], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.704; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-1.11, 5.06], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.58, 95% CI [-5.53, 20.68], t(2068) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [0.76, 12.74], t(2068) = 2.21, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.08, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-2.46, 8.20], t(2068) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.74], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.87, 95% CI [-9.73, 5.99], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-34.20, 39.99], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-3.67, 4.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-25.25, 19.28], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-3.05, 7.32], t(2068) = 0.81, p = 0.419; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-14.93, 27.35], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.60, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.95, 11.43], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.438; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.27, 7.07], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.775; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.45, 13.12], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.87, 95% CI [-9.27, 1.52], t(2068) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-8.71, 10.97], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.822; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.56], t(2068) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 5.17e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.12, 95% CI [-16.39, 0.15], t(2068) = -1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.31, 95% CI [-32.80, 10.18], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.302;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-3.52, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-10.48, 8.30], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.820; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-3.08, 4.47], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-10.59, 2.23], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.91, 10.31], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.72, 95% CI [3.66, 19.78], t(2068) = 2.85, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.26, 95% CI [0.39, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.28, 95% CI [-2.24, 8.80], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.244; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.48, 95% CI [-7.82, 2.86], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-6.69, 0.46], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -45.97, 95% CI [-62.71, -29.23], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.94, 95% CI [-6.74, -3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-8.71, 8.65], t(2068) = -6.00e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = -2.81e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.92, 11.78], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.43, 11.72], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.26])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.7.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14367.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2894 -0.4405 -0.0117  0.4488  4.5169 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   233.31   15.274        
##           time_firstPFT  13.53    3.678   -0.07
##  Residual                25.63    5.062        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       32.86407    6.15177   5.342
## time_firstPFT                     -1.48730    2.24340  -0.663
## SS_5yrPreCensor                   -4.32870    6.74994  -0.641
## disadv                             3.87537    2.89260   1.340
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.26575    2.79874  -2.596
## sexF                               3.82212    1.74559   2.190
## age_dx                             0.38762    0.09116   4.252
## smokeHxFormer                      3.71215    1.73393   2.141
## smokeHxAlways                     18.17845    8.43119   2.156
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.39211    3.93691  -0.608
## site02R                           -1.30155   22.45651  -0.058
## site03R                           11.74413   11.71364   1.003
## site04R                            3.03676   11.27436   0.269
## site05R                          -13.01146    9.37164  -1.388
## site06R                           10.36074   16.16433   0.641
## site07R                           11.61598    4.58974   2.531
## site09R                           21.32821   11.49039   1.856
## site101                            4.30656    3.15337   1.366
## site102                           11.77793    6.21776   1.894
## site103                           -1.10208    2.81755  -0.391
## site104                           -7.10353    6.23117  -1.140
## site105                            4.48717    3.08723   1.453
## site106                           -5.42975    4.12788  -1.315
## site107                           -2.17918   11.47018  -0.190
## site108                            4.16698    9.66792   0.431
## site10R                           14.83972   19.89272   0.746
## site11R                           10.86119    7.16554   1.516
## site12R                            6.60618   11.34165   0.582
## site13R                           17.29013    8.58195   2.015
## site14R                            6.57571   14.68540   0.448
## site15R                          -34.09620   16.22432  -2.102
## site16R                           -8.28060    7.40951  -1.118
## site17R                            9.70668   16.33240   0.594
## site18R                           -2.04320   11.70078  -0.175
## site19R                            7.79576    7.34927   1.061
## site20R                            1.79584    6.70922   0.268
## site21R                            2.75978   15.69432   0.176
## site22R                           -1.94694    5.28243  -0.369
## site23R                          -12.79491    8.86806  -1.443
## site24R                            4.44660    6.15559   0.722
## site25R                            6.38372   11.23140   0.568
## site28R                            3.95265    9.45296   0.418
## site29R                           -4.85170   16.21892  -0.299
## site31R                            5.29327    7.21010   0.734
## site32R                            9.43130    8.10677   1.163
## site33R                          -12.90610    8.32876  -1.550
## site34R                            0.02932    6.12935   0.005
## site35R                           -0.43267    9.40387  -0.046
## site36R                          -11.57112    7.25236  -1.595
## site37R                           15.69386    8.09326   1.939
## site38R                           12.30161    5.42539   2.267
## site39R                           23.03452   16.29186   1.414
## site40R                           26.53631   11.40138   2.327
## site41R                           -2.55728    9.41818  -0.272
## site42R                           -0.61453    5.12045  -0.120
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreCensor      1.23157    2.66630   0.462
## time_firstPFT:disadv               0.02685    1.10320   0.024
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.04722    1.11979   0.042
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.01406    0.66002   0.021
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.06067    0.03462  -1.752
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.52786    0.67443   0.783
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.46547    5.30024   0.276
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.56267    1.68438   0.928
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -17.18214   16.02854  -1.072
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.95534    5.09030   0.581
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.71257    5.58603  -0.844
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.43277    6.25115  -0.069
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.42383    1.44503  -2.369
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.44881    4.34833  -1.483
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.62076    1.09596  -0.566
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.52991    2.15149  -1.176
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.05356    1.02111   2.011
## time_firstPFT:site104              6.82645    3.53456   1.931
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.32885    1.08556  -0.303
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.62865    1.64268   1.600
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.71729    6.72729   1.147
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.78627    3.31152   2.049
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.78820    2.81251   1.347
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.18508    4.16710   0.044
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.31101    4.08950  -0.321
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.38157   18.95635   0.178
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.72717   11.40261  -0.239
## time_firstPFT:site16R              1.89627    2.74499   0.691
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.75372   10.82653   0.624
## time_firstPFT:site19R              4.60491    4.28310   1.075
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.72927    3.22402   0.536
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.51548    4.55857   0.991
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.90531    2.83726  -1.024
## time_firstPFT:site23R              8.95743   24.71785   0.362
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.14057    2.34295   0.060
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -7.22122    4.33437  -1.666
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.76995   11.07785  -0.882
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.37879    4.90779  -0.077
## time_firstPFT:site31R              0.86807    2.00871   0.432
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.44111    3.34523  -1.029
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.30294    4.00625   0.824
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.38632    2.38524  -0.162
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.65785    4.20406   3.011
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.61376    2.87790   1.256
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.69033    2.85260  -0.593
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.84707    1.86620  -1.526
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.42804    8.67006  -5.355
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.08233    4.55630   0.238
## time_firstPFT:site41R              1.79311    5.58364   0.321
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.12156    5.41506   0.392
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.921
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.694
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80, 44.93], t(2038)
## = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## SS_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## SS_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80, 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80,
## 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80, 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80,
## 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80,
## 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 32.86 (95% CI
## [20.80, 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80,
## 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 32.86 (95% CI [20.80, 44.93], t(2038) = 5.34, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.49, 95% CI [-5.89, 2.91], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.51, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-17.57, 8.91], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.13])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.88, 95% CI [-1.80, 9.55], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.27, 95% CI [-12.75, -1.78], t(2038) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta =
## -0.42, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.82,
## 95% CI [0.40, 7.25], t(2038) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI
## [9.30e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [0.21, 0.57], t(2038) = 4.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.06,
## 0.27])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.71, 95% CI [0.31, 7.11], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.18, 95% CI [1.64, 34.71], t(2038) = 2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta =
## 1.20, 95% CI [-7.19e-03, 2.41])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.39, 95% CI [-10.11, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std. beta =
## -1.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-45.34, 42.74], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.74, 95% CI [-11.23, 34.72], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 2.36])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.04, 95% CI [-19.07, 25.15], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.788; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.01, 95% CI [-31.39, 5.37], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.36, 95% CI [-21.34, 42.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 2.48])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.62, 95% CI [2.61, 20.62], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.33, 95% CI [-1.21, 43.86], t(2038) = 1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 10.49], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.172; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.42, 23.97], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-6.63, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.10, 95% CI [-19.32, 5.12], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.49, 95% CI [-1.57, 10.54], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.43, 95% CI [-13.53, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.18, 95% CI [-24.67, 20.32], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 2.12])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.17, 95% CI [-14.79, 23.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.84, 95% CI [-24.17, 53.85], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.456; Std. beta = 0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 3.18])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-3.19, 24.91], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.98,
## 95% CI [0.08, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.85], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.29, 95% CI [0.46, 34.12], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 0.90, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.58, 95% CI [-22.22, 35.38], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.654; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 3.31])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.10, 95% CI [-65.91, -2.28], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.28, 95% CI [-22.81, 6.25], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.71, 95% CI [-22.32, 41.74], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-24.99, 20.90], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.861; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 2.60])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.80, 95% CI [-6.62, 22.21], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.87, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-11.36, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.789; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.61, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-28.02, 33.54], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.95, 95% CI [-12.31, 8.41], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.79, 95% CI [-30.19, 4.60], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-4.01, 4.11])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.45, 95% CI [-7.63, 16.52], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.38, 95% CI [-15.64, 28.41], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.570; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.95, 95% CI [-14.59, 22.49], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.85, 95% CI [-36.66, 26.96], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.29, 95% CI [-8.85, 19.43], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.47, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.43, 95% CI [-6.47, 25.33], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.25, 95%
## CI [-0.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.91, 95% CI [-29.24, 3.43], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-11.99, 12.05], t(2038) = 4.78e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-18.87, 18.01], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.963; Std. beta = 1.11,
## 95% CI [-0.08, 2.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.57, 95% CI [-25.79, 2.65], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 31.57], t(2038) = 1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.30, 95% CI [1.66, 22.94], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.03, 95% CI [-8.92, 54.98], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -2.80,
## 95% CI [-4.95, -0.65])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.54, 95% CI [4.18, 48.90], t(2038) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.66, 95%
## CI [0.20, 3.13])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-21.03, 15.91], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta =
## 9.69e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-10.66, 9.43], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.904; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-4.00, 6.46], t(2038) =
## 0.46, p = 0.644; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.19], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.981; Std.
## beta = 8.22e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.15, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.04, p = 0.966; Std. beta = 5.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.983; Std.
## beta = 1.52e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.23e-03], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 7.17e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.85], t(2038) =
## 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-8.93, 11.86], t(2038) =
## 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-1.74, 4.87], t(2038) =
## 0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -17.18, 95% CI [-48.62, 14.25], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284;
## Std. beta = -1.85, 95% CI [-5.24, 1.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.96, 95% CI [-7.03, 12.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-15.67, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.51, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.69, 11.83], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.37, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-6.26, -0.59], t(2038) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.45, 95% CI [-14.98, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.61, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.53], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-6.75, 1.69], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [0.05, 4.06], t(2038) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [5.49e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.83, 95% CI [-0.11, 13.76], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-2.46, 1.80], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-0.59, 5.85], t(2038) = 1.60, p = 0.110; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.72, 95% CI [-5.48, 20.91], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.59, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.79, 95% CI [0.29, 13.28], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-1.73, 9.30], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.99, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-9.33, 6.71], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-33.79, 40.56], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.858; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.64, 4.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-25.09, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.490; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.75, 95% CI [-14.48, 27.99], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-1.56, 3.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-3.79, 13.00], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-4.59, 8.05], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.52, 95% CI [-4.42, 13.46], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.322; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-8.47, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.306; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.96, 95% CI [-39.52, 57.43], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.717; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-4.26, 6.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-4.45, 4.74], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.22, 95% CI [-15.72, 1.28], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-1.69, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.77, 95% CI [-31.50, 11.96], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-10.00, 9.25], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.938; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-3.07, 4.81], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-10.00, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-4.55, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-5.06, 4.29], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.871; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.66, 95% CI [4.41, 20.90], t(2038) = 3.01, p = 0.003; Std.
## beta = 1.36, 95% CI [0.48, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-2.03, 9.26], t(2038) = 1.26, p = 0.209; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-7.28, 3.90], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-6.51, 0.81], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.43, 95% CI [-63.43, -29.42], t(2038) = -5.35, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.00, 95% CI [-6.83, -3.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-7.85, 10.02], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-9.16, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-8.50, 12.74], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.37])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.8 Soil

8.8.1 Base Model

FVC_lmer1 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(FVC_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14559.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.3226 -0.4426 -0.0144  0.4491  4.5338 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   256.69   16.021        
##           time_firstPFT  12.96    3.600   -0.11
##  Residual                25.58    5.058        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                      56.985632   2.863707  19.899
## time_firstPFT                    -4.499482   1.095454  -4.107
## Soil_5yrPreCensor                 5.242288   5.265462   0.996
## site02R                          -7.642164  16.822662  -0.454
## site03R                          10.888791  12.380893   0.879
## site04R                           2.886196  11.759816   0.245
## site05R                         -10.766638   9.722642  -1.107
## site06R                          18.899771  12.010659   1.574
## site07R                          12.697373   4.732210   2.683
## site09R                          22.703045  11.870759   1.913
## site101                           3.784043   3.273015   1.156
## site102                          11.781561   6.375372   1.848
## site103                           0.399228   3.019379   0.132
## site104                          -3.895060   6.631869  -0.587
## site105                           5.499773   3.285701   1.674
## site106                          -3.895208   4.180226  -0.932
## site107                          -3.691295  11.971935  -0.308
## site108                           1.110596   9.609035   0.116
## site10R                          13.080703  17.469799   0.749
## site11R                          12.609007   7.593268   1.661
## site12R                          12.019616  11.798515   1.019
## site13R                          16.746042   8.887138   1.884
## site14R                           8.287114  15.038768   0.551
## site15R                         -27.753554  16.849780  -1.647
## site16R                         -14.581506   7.506314  -1.943
## site17R                           4.871862  16.880657   0.289
## site18R                          -1.792236  12.165929  -0.147
## site19R                           4.588236   8.550953   0.537
## site20R                           2.771722   6.999719   0.396
## site21R                           2.754060  16.455871   0.167
## site22R                           2.212695   5.347782   0.414
## site23R                         -14.077046   8.380740  -1.680
## site24R                           6.499907   6.395028   1.016
## site25R                           2.015880   6.947329   0.290
## site28R                           0.508179   9.783757   0.052
## site29R                          -2.437807  16.736545  -0.146
## site31R                           4.965782   7.481534   0.664
## site32R                           4.810911  11.135093   0.432
## site33R                         -19.901909   9.370298  -2.124
## site34R                           3.305953   6.425036   0.515
## site35R                           7.135933   9.807964   0.728
## site36R                         -12.823873   7.530658  -1.703
## site37R                          13.487831   8.335914   1.618
## site38R                          12.979232   5.659542   2.293
## site39R                          18.241848  16.672977   1.094
## site40R                          26.828038  11.903446   2.254
## site41R                          -0.742995   9.686542  -0.077
## site42R                           0.398021   5.251044   0.076
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreCensor   0.699446   2.027348   0.345
## time_firstPFT:site02R           -15.084338  14.716035  -1.025
## time_firstPFT:site03R             1.071016   5.155759   0.208
## time_firstPFT:site04R            -5.067442   5.501361  -0.921
## time_firstPFT:site05R            -0.771886   6.208061  -0.124
## time_firstPFT:site06R            -3.262432   4.809137  -0.678
## time_firstPFT:site07R            -3.936174   1.372105  -2.869
## time_firstPFT:site09R            -6.373890   4.217939  -1.511
## time_firstPFT:site101            -0.677332   1.068712  -0.634
## time_firstPFT:site102            -2.495812   2.089114  -1.195
## time_firstPFT:site103             2.093902   1.057924   1.979
## time_firstPFT:site104             6.547041   3.470153   1.887
## time_firstPFT:site105            -0.232327   1.102876  -0.211
## time_firstPFT:site106             2.043804   1.566074   1.305
## time_firstPFT:site107             7.768139   6.697050   1.160
## time_firstPFT:site108             6.672409   3.049118   2.188
## time_firstPFT:site11R             2.788387   2.773566   1.005
## time_firstPFT:site12R            -0.260486   4.072884  -0.064
## time_firstPFT:site13R            -1.701916   4.028685  -0.422
## time_firstPFT:site14R             3.324525  18.919001   0.176
## time_firstPFT:site15R            -2.954930  11.351746  -0.260
## time_firstPFT:site16R             2.427026   2.618883   0.927
## time_firstPFT:site18R             6.155147  10.814708   0.569
## time_firstPFT:site19R             2.565925   4.567457   0.562
## time_firstPFT:site20R             0.773098   3.146537   0.246
## time_firstPFT:site21R             4.226392   4.505952   0.938
## time_firstPFT:site22R            -3.391919   2.674683  -1.268
## time_firstPFT:site23R             0.935802   5.173339   0.181
## time_firstPFT:site24R             0.009854   2.300705   0.004
## time_firstPFT:site25R            -6.379969   2.705029  -2.359
## time_firstPFT:site28R           -11.180132  10.958709  -1.020
## time_firstPFT:site29R            -0.428786   4.718147  -0.091
## time_firstPFT:site31R             0.822122   1.954294   0.421
## time_firstPFT:site32R            -5.286457   4.599010  -1.149
## time_firstPFT:site33R             2.657054   4.018728   0.661
## time_firstPFT:site34R            -0.474054   2.330360  -0.203
## time_firstPFT:site35R            11.795133   4.118204   2.864
## time_firstPFT:site36R             3.229825   2.817081   1.147
## time_firstPFT:site37R            -2.326107   2.719958  -0.855
## time_firstPFT:site38R            -3.021431   1.828852  -1.652
## time_firstPFT:site39R           -46.183637   8.531712  -5.413
## time_firstPFT:site40R            -0.061411   4.436152  -0.014
## time_firstPFT:site41R             1.154377   5.511693   0.209
## time_firstPFT:site42R             1.317335   5.387230   0.245
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(FVC_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.924
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.727
report(FVC_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 56.99 (95% CI [51.37,
## 62.60], t(2068) = 19.90, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.50, 95% CI [-6.65, -2.35], t(2068) = -4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.55, -0.35])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-5.08, 15.57], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-40.63, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.60, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.89, 95% CI [-13.39, 35.17], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-20.18, 25.95], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.77, 95% CI [-29.83, 8.30], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.90, 95% CI [-4.65, 42.45], t(2068) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.70, 95% CI [3.42, 21.98], t(2068) = 2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.70, 95% CI [-0.58, 45.98], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.63, 10.20], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.72, 24.28], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.52, 6.32], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-16.90, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.94, 11.94], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-12.09, 4.30], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-27.17, 19.79], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-17.73, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.08, 95% CI [-21.18, 47.34], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.61, 95% CI [-2.28, 27.50], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [0.06, 1.93])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.02, 95% CI [-11.12, 35.16], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.75, 95% CI [-0.68, 34.17], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-21.21, 37.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.40])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.75, 95% CI [-60.80, 5.29], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.90,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.58, 95% CI [-29.30, 0.14], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-28.23, 37.98], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-25.65, 22.07], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.59, 95% CI [-12.18, 21.36], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-10.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.75, 95% CI [-29.52, 35.03], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.27, 12.70], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-30.51, 2.36], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.50, 95% CI [-6.04, 19.04], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-11.61, 15.64], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-18.68, 19.70], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-35.26, 30.38], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-9.71, 19.64], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.51, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-17.03, 26.65], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.90, 95% CI [-38.28, -1.53], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.29, 15.91], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-12.10, 26.37], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = 1.47,
## 95% CI [0.26, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.59, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.49, 95% CI [-2.86, 29.84], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.98, 95% CI [1.88, 24.08], t(2068) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.24, 95% CI [-14.46, 50.94], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.83, 95% CI [3.48, 50.17], t(2068) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-9.90, 10.70], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.28, 4.68], t(2068) =
## 0.35, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.08, 95% CI [-43.94, 13.78], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.04, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-15.86, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.40], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.69, 6.17], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-6.63, -1.25], t(2068) = -2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.65, 1.90], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.42], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [0.02, 4.17], t(2068) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [2.06e-03, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-0.26, 13.35], t(2068) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.93], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.03, 5.12], t(2068) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.77, 95% CI [-5.37, 20.90], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.246; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.58, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.67, 95% CI [0.69, 12.65], t(2068) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.07, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-2.65, 8.23], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.25, 7.73], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.60, 6.20], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.43], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.31], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.71, 7.56], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-15.05, 27.36], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-6.39, 11.52], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.40, 6.94], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.61, 13.06], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-8.64, 1.85], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.21, 11.08], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.85e-03, 95% CI [-4.50, 4.52], t(2068) = 4.28e-03, p = 0.997;
## Std. beta = 1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.68, -1.08], t(2068) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.18, 95% CI [-32.67, 10.31], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-9.68, 8.82], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-3.01, 4.65], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.31, 3.73], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.54], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-5.04, 4.10], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.80, 95% CI [3.72, 19.87], t(2068) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.27, 95% CI [0.40, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.75], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.01], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.61, 0.57], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.18, 95% CI [-62.92, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-8.76, 8.64], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.65, 11.96], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.88], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.28])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to Soil_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 56.99 (95% CI [51.37, 62.60],
## t(2068) = 19.90, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.50, 95% CI [-6.65, -2.35], t(2068) = -4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.55, -0.35])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-5.08, 15.57], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-40.63, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.60, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.89, 95% CI [-13.39, 35.17], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-20.18, 25.95], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.77, 95% CI [-29.83, 8.30], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.90, 95% CI [-4.65, 42.45], t(2068) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.70, 95% CI [3.42, 21.98], t(2068) = 2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.70, 95% CI [-0.58, 45.98], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.63, 10.20], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.72, 24.28], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.52, 6.32], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-16.90, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.94, 11.94], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-12.09, 4.30], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-27.17, 19.79], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-17.73, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.08, 95% CI [-21.18, 47.34], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.61, 95% CI [-2.28, 27.50], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [0.06, 1.93])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.02, 95% CI [-11.12, 35.16], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.75, 95% CI [-0.68, 34.17], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-21.21, 37.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.40])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.75, 95% CI [-60.80, 5.29], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.90,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.58, 95% CI [-29.30, 0.14], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-28.23, 37.98], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-25.65, 22.07], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.59, 95% CI [-12.18, 21.36], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-10.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.75, 95% CI [-29.52, 35.03], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.27, 12.70], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-30.51, 2.36], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.50, 95% CI [-6.04, 19.04], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-11.61, 15.64], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-18.68, 19.70], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-35.26, 30.38], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-9.71, 19.64], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.51, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-17.03, 26.65], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.90, 95% CI [-38.28, -1.53], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.29, 15.91], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-12.10, 26.37], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = 1.47,
## 95% CI [0.26, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.59, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.49, 95% CI [-2.86, 29.84], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.98, 95% CI [1.88, 24.08], t(2068) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.24, 95% CI [-14.46, 50.94], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.83, 95% CI [3.48, 50.17], t(2068) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-9.90, 10.70], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.28, 4.68], t(2068) =
## 0.35, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.08, 95% CI [-43.94, 13.78], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.04, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-15.86, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.40], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.69, 6.17], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-6.63, -1.25], t(2068) = -2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.65, 1.90], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.42], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [0.02, 4.17], t(2068) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [2.06e-03, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-0.26, 13.35], t(2068) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.93], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.03, 5.12], t(2068) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.77, 95% CI [-5.37, 20.90], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.246; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.58, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.67, 95% CI [0.69, 12.65], t(2068) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.07, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-2.65, 8.23], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.25, 7.73], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.60, 6.20], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.43], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.31], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.71, 7.56], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-15.05, 27.36], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-6.39, 11.52], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.40, 6.94], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.61, 13.06], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-8.64, 1.85], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.21, 11.08], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.85e-03, 95% CI [-4.50, 4.52], t(2068) = 4.28e-03, p = 0.997;
## Std. beta = 1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.68, -1.08], t(2068) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.18, 95% CI [-32.67, 10.31], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-9.68, 8.82], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-3.01, 4.65], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.31, 3.73], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.54], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-5.04, 4.10], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.80, 95% CI [3.72, 19.87], t(2068) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.27, 95% CI [0.40, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.75], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.01], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.61, 0.57], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.18, 95% CI [-62.92, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-8.76, 8.64], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.65, 11.96], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.88], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.28])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 56.99 (95% CI [51.37, 62.60], t(2068) = 19.90, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.50, 95% CI [-6.65, -2.35], t(2068) = -4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.55, -0.35])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-5.08, 15.57], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-40.63, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.60, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.89, 95% CI [-13.39, 35.17], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-20.18, 25.95], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.77, 95% CI [-29.83, 8.30], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.90, 95% CI [-4.65, 42.45], t(2068) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.70, 95% CI [3.42, 21.98], t(2068) = 2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.70, 95% CI [-0.58, 45.98], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.63, 10.20], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.72, 24.28], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.52, 6.32], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-16.90, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.94, 11.94], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-12.09, 4.30], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-27.17, 19.79], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-17.73, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.08, 95% CI [-21.18, 47.34], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.61, 95% CI [-2.28, 27.50], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [0.06, 1.93])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.02, 95% CI [-11.12, 35.16], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.75, 95% CI [-0.68, 34.17], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-21.21, 37.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.40])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.75, 95% CI [-60.80, 5.29], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.90,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.58, 95% CI [-29.30, 0.14], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-28.23, 37.98], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-25.65, 22.07], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.59, 95% CI [-12.18, 21.36], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-10.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.75, 95% CI [-29.52, 35.03], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.27, 12.70], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-30.51, 2.36], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.50, 95% CI [-6.04, 19.04], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-11.61, 15.64], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-18.68, 19.70], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-35.26, 30.38], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-9.71, 19.64], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.51, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-17.03, 26.65], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.90, 95% CI [-38.28, -1.53], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.29, 15.91], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-12.10, 26.37], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = 1.47,
## 95% CI [0.26, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.59, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.49, 95% CI [-2.86, 29.84], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.98, 95% CI [1.88, 24.08], t(2068) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.24, 95% CI [-14.46, 50.94], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.83, 95% CI [3.48, 50.17], t(2068) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-9.90, 10.70], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.28, 4.68], t(2068) =
## 0.35, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.08, 95% CI [-43.94, 13.78], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.04, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-15.86, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.40], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.69, 6.17], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-6.63, -1.25], t(2068) = -2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.65, 1.90], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.42], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [0.02, 4.17], t(2068) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [2.06e-03, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-0.26, 13.35], t(2068) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.93], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.03, 5.12], t(2068) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.77, 95% CI [-5.37, 20.90], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.246; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.58, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.67, 95% CI [0.69, 12.65], t(2068) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.07, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-2.65, 8.23], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.25, 7.73], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.60, 6.20], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.43], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.31], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.71, 7.56], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-15.05, 27.36], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-6.39, 11.52], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.40, 6.94], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.61, 13.06], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-8.64, 1.85], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.21, 11.08], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.85e-03, 95% CI [-4.50, 4.52], t(2068) = 4.28e-03, p = 0.997;
## Std. beta = 1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.68, -1.08], t(2068) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.18, 95% CI [-32.67, 10.31], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-9.68, 8.82], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-3.01, 4.65], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.31, 3.73], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.54], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-5.04, 4.10], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.80, 95% CI [3.72, 19.87], t(2068) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.27, 95% CI [0.40, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.75], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.01], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.61, 0.57], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.18, 95% CI [-62.92, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-8.76, 8.64], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.65, 11.96], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.88], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.28])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.21. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 56.99 (95% CI [51.37, 62.60], t(2068)
## = 19.90, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.50, 95% CI [-6.65, -2.35], t(2068) = -4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.55, -0.35])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-5.08, 15.57], t(2068) = 1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta =
## 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-40.63, 25.35], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.60, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.89, 95% CI [-13.39, 35.17], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.89, 95% CI [-20.18, 25.95], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.77, 95% CI [-29.83, 8.30], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.90, 95% CI [-4.65, 42.45], t(2068) = 1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = 0.82,
## 95% CI [-0.68, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.70, 95% CI [3.42, 21.98], t(2068) = 2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 22.70, 95% CI [-0.58, 45.98], t(2068) = 1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-2.63, 10.20], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.248; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.78, 95% CI [-0.72, 24.28], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-5.52, 6.32], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-16.90, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.94, 11.94], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-12.09, 4.30], t(2068) = -0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-27.17, 19.79], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 2.06])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-17.73, 19.95], t(2068) = 0.12, p = 0.908; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.08, 95% CI [-21.18, 47.34], t(2068) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 2.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.61, 95% CI [-2.28, 27.50], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.99,
## 95% CI [0.06, 1.93])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.02, 95% CI [-11.12, 35.16], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.75, 95% CI [-0.68, 34.17], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.84,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.29, 95% CI [-21.21, 37.78], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std. beta = 0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 3.40])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -27.75, 95% CI [-60.80, 5.29], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.90,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.58, 95% CI [-29.30, 0.14], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.87, 95% CI [-28.23, 37.98], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-25.65, 22.07], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.59, 95% CI [-12.18, 21.36], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.592; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-10.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.692; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.75, 95% CI [-29.52, 35.03], t(2068) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 2.46])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-8.27, 12.70], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-30.51, 2.36], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.50, 95% CI [-6.04, 19.04], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.39, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.02, 95% CI [-11.61, 15.64], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.772; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-18.68, 19.70], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-3.04, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-35.26, 30.38], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-9.71, 19.64], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.51, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.81, 95% CI [-17.03, 26.65], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.90, 95% CI [-38.28, -1.53], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.29, 15.91], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-12.10, 26.37], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = 1.47,
## 95% CI [0.26, 2.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.59, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.49, 95% CI [-2.86, 29.84], t(2068) = 1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = 0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.98, 95% CI [1.88, 24.08], t(2068) = 2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = 0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.24, 95% CI [-14.46, 50.94], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.83, 95% CI [3.48, 50.17], t(2068) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.08, 3.07])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-19.74, 18.25], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 1.37])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-9.90, 10.70], t(2068) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.82, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-3.28, 4.68], t(2068) =
## 0.35, p = 0.730; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -15.08, 95% CI [-43.94, 13.78], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.305;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-4.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.07, 95% CI [-9.04, 11.18], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.835; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.07, 95% CI [-15.86, 5.72], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.70, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.40], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.901;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-12.69, 6.17], t(2068) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.94, 95% CI [-6.63, -1.25], t(2068) = -2.87, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.37, 95% CI [-14.65, 1.90], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.42], t(2068) = -0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [0.02, 4.17], t(2068) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [2.06e-03, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.55, 95% CI [-0.26, 13.35], t(2068) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.40, 1.93], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.03, 5.12], t(2068) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.77, 95% CI [-5.37, 20.90], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.246; Std.
## beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-0.58, 2.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.67, 95% CI [0.69, 12.65], t(2068) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.07, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-2.65, 8.23], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.315; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-8.25, 7.73], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.949; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-9.60, 6.20], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.32, 95% CI [-33.78, 40.43], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.861; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-3.63, 4.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-25.22, 19.31], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.795;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-2.71, 2.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-2.71, 7.56], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.354; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-15.05, 27.36], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-1.62, 2.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-6.39, 11.52], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.69, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-5.40, 6.94], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.23, 95% CI [-4.61, 13.06], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-8.64, 1.85], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-9.21, 11.08], t(2068) = 0.18, p = 0.856; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.85e-03, 95% CI [-4.50, 4.52], t(2068) = 4.28e-03, p = 0.997;
## Std. beta = 1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-11.68, -1.08], t(2068) = -2.36, p = 0.018;
## Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.18, 95% CI [-32.67, 10.31], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.308;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-3.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-9.68, 8.82], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.82, 95% CI [-3.01, 4.65], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.31, 3.73], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-5.22, 10.54], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.509; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-5.04, 4.10], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.80, 95% CI [3.72, 19.87], t(2068) = 2.86, p = 0.004; Std.
## beta = 1.27, 95% CI [0.40, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-2.29, 8.75], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.33, 95% CI [-7.66, 3.01], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-6.61, 0.57], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.18, 95% CI [-62.92, -29.45], t(2068) = -5.41, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -4.96, 95% CI [-6.76, -3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-8.76, 8.64], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-9.65, 11.96], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-9.25, 11.88], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.28])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

8.8.2 Complete Model

FVC_lmer2 <- lmer(fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(FVC_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14367.4
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.2866 -0.4404 -0.0080  0.4469  4.5156 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   232.73   15.256        
##           time_firstPFT  13.52    3.677   -0.07
##  Residual                25.62    5.062        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       29.87621    6.36844   4.691
## time_firstPFT                     -1.71082    2.39099  -0.716
## Soil_5yrPreCensor                  5.49093    5.08574   1.080
## disadv                             3.90403    2.88201   1.355
## dich_RaceNon-White                -7.68480    2.80820  -2.737
## sexF                               3.72580    1.74349   2.137
## age_dx                             0.38006    0.09115   4.170
## smokeHxFormer                      3.64210    1.72885   2.107
## smokeHxAlways                     18.51298    8.40992   2.201
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.60559    3.92822  -0.663
## site02R                          -11.12536   16.17834  -0.688
## site03R                            8.85481   12.00191   0.738
## site04R                            2.45160   11.26272   0.218
## site05R                          -12.22869    9.35625  -1.307
## site06R                            9.46334   16.17364   0.585
## site07R                           11.44838    4.58111   2.499
## site09R                           21.34641   11.41282   1.870
## site101                            4.78380    3.19249   1.498
## site102                           12.95352    6.18156   2.096
## site103                           -0.01968    3.05366  -0.006
## site104                           -5.49859    6.41448  -0.857
## site105                            5.29599    3.19416   1.658
## site106                           -5.78375    4.10816  -1.408
## site107                           -1.10499   11.50670  -0.096
## site108                            6.07333    9.63981   0.630
## site10R                            9.77042   17.07084   0.572
## site11R                            8.87343    7.29804   1.216
## site12R                            7.49981   11.30952   0.663
## site13R                           18.02763    8.59679   2.097
## site14R                            7.14016   14.67828   0.486
## site15R                          -34.27578   16.20595  -2.115
## site16R                           -8.57692    7.30477  -1.174
## site17R                            8.82432   16.34374   0.540
## site18R                           -5.82527   11.71301  -0.497
## site19R                            3.91666    8.23086   0.476
## site20R                            1.16636    6.73743   0.173
## site21R                            1.16060   15.72927   0.074
## site22R                           -1.70705    5.23106  -0.326
## site23R                          -17.03062    9.44561  -1.803
## site24R                            5.17213    6.14165   0.842
## site25R                            0.97733    6.75491   0.145
## site28R                            3.88557    9.44253   0.411
## site29R                           -5.01670   16.08038  -0.312
## site31R                            6.16877    7.24396   0.852
## site32R                            1.75911   10.68137   0.165
## site33R                          -18.59459    9.00705  -2.064
## site34R                            0.75773    6.16849   0.123
## site35R                            0.65485    9.45190   0.069
## site36R                          -11.83735    7.24974  -1.633
## site37R                           16.09642    8.09623   1.988
## site38R                           12.75212    5.43718   2.345
## site39R                           23.58753   16.24004   1.452
## site40R                           23.80204   11.42613   2.083
## site41R                           -2.95982    9.36002  -0.316
## site42R                           -0.28359    5.11779  -0.055
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreCensor    0.93984    2.10885   0.446
## time_firstPFT:disadv              -0.02498    1.10807  -0.023
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White   0.03690    1.12137   0.033
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.01038    0.66049   0.016
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.06090    0.03462  -1.759
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer        0.58001    0.67512   0.859
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways        1.44836    5.29943   0.273
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.59069    1.68255   0.945
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -14.30199   14.76452  -0.969
## time_firstPFT:site03R              2.29376    5.24534   0.437
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.64098    5.58521  -0.831
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -0.40712    6.25177  -0.065
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -3.39793    1.44092  -2.358
## time_firstPFT:site09R             -6.16533    4.31210  -1.430
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.46420    1.10811  -0.419
## time_firstPFT:site102             -2.55437    2.14671  -1.190
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.37719    1.14257   2.081
## time_firstPFT:site104              7.12352    3.57031   1.995
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.12687    1.13135  -0.112
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.70924    1.63302   1.659
## time_firstPFT:site107              7.94497    6.73850   1.179
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.76638    3.30431   2.048
## time_firstPFT:site11R              3.63756    2.87100   1.267
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.18900    4.16700   0.045
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -1.08057    4.10803  -0.263
## time_firstPFT:site14R              3.83758   18.95751   0.202
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.70456   11.40191  -0.237
## time_firstPFT:site16R              2.21151    2.71734   0.814
## time_firstPFT:site18R              6.53275   10.86418   0.601
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.74727    4.68316   0.800
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.59050    3.22706   0.493
## time_firstPFT:site21R              4.33246    4.58967   0.944
## time_firstPFT:site22R             -2.40506    2.74790  -0.875
## time_firstPFT:site23R              9.36508   24.74138   0.379
## time_firstPFT:site24R              0.11427    2.33937   0.049
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.52846    2.79434  -1.978
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.52720   11.08131  -0.860
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.28664    4.82384   0.059
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.01653    2.03506   0.500
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -4.92635    4.71096  -1.046
## time_firstPFT:site33R              3.12868    4.13232   0.757
## time_firstPFT:site34R             -0.20968    2.39830  -0.087
## time_firstPFT:site35R             12.76888    4.21039   3.033
## time_firstPFT:site36R              3.55454    2.88184   1.233
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.48206    2.85756  -0.519
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.73575    1.86886  -1.464
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -46.64174    8.65643  -5.388
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.04527    4.56262   0.229
## time_firstPFT:site41R              2.00926    5.56493   0.361
## time_firstPFT:site42R              2.32288    5.40785   0.430
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(FVC_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.920
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.692
report(FVC_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict fvc_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038)
## = 4.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreCensor (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## Soil_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## disadv (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0,
## is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## sex (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39,
## 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## age_dx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0,
## is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct with
## site (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.94)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39,
## 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict fvc_pct
## with cohort (formula: fvc_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.94) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.25. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 29.88 (95% CI [17.39, 42.37], t(2038) = 4.69, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.71, 95% CI [-6.40, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.36])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 5.49, 95% CI [-4.48, 15.46], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta =
## 0.10, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.25])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 3.90, 95% CI [-1.75, 9.56], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -7.68, 95% CI [-13.19, -2.18], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically significant and positive (beta = 3.73,
## 95% CI [0.31, 7.15], t(2038) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI
## [3.46e-03, 0.44])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [0.20, 0.56], t(2038) = 4.17, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.05,
## 0.26])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [0.25, 7.03], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [0.05, 0.48])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically significant and positive
## (beta = 18.51, 95% CI [2.02, 35.01], t(2038) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta =
## 1.22, 95% CI [0.01, 2.43])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.61, 95% CI [-10.31, 5.10], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.13, 95% CI [-42.85, 20.60], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta =
## -1.94, 95% CI [-4.71, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.85, 95% CI [-14.68, 32.39], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 2.18])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.45, 95% CI [-19.64, 24.54], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.23, 95% CI [-30.58, 6.12], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.46, 95% CI [-22.26, 41.18], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.559; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 2.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 11.45, 95% CI [2.46, 20.43], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.35, 95% CI [-1.04, 43.73], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 2.15])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.78, 95% CI [-1.48, 11.04], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.95, 95% CI [0.83, 25.08], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-6.01, 5.97], t(2038) = -6.45e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## 0.21, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-18.08, 7.08], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.97, 11.56], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.78, 95% CI [-13.84, 2.27], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.159; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.10, 95% CI [-23.67, 21.46], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.07, 95% CI [-12.83, 24.98], t(2038) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.96,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 2.13])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.77, 95% CI [-23.71, 43.25], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 2.55])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-5.44, 23.19], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std. beta = 0.85, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.50, 95% CI [-14.68, 29.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 1.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.03, 95% CI [1.17, 34.89], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 0.97, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.14, 95% CI [-21.65, 35.93], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 3.38])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -34.28, 95% CI [-66.06, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -2.26,
## 95% CI [-4.62, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.58, 95% CI [-22.90, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.82, 95% CI [-23.23, 40.88], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 2.41])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-28.80, 17.15], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 2.37])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.92, 95% CI [-12.23, 20.06], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.17, 95% CI [-12.05, 14.38], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-29.69, 32.01], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.941; Std. beta = 0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.71, 95% CI [-11.97, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -17.03, 95% CI [-35.55, 1.49], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 3.91])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.17, 95% CI [-6.87, 17.22], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.400; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.98, 95% CI [-12.27, 14.22], t(2038) = 0.14, p = 0.885; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.89, 95% CI [-14.63, 22.40], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.71, 1.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-36.55, 26.52], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.17, 95% CI [-8.04, 20.38], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = 0.45, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-19.19, 22.71], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.59, 95% CI [-36.26, -0.93], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.76, 95% CI [-11.34, 12.85], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.902; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.88, 19.19], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std. beta = 1.18,
## 95% CI [-0.01, 2.38])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.84, 95% CI [-26.06, 2.38], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.10, 95% CI [0.22, 31.97], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.82, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 12.75, 95% CI [2.09, 23.42], t(2038) = 2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = 0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.15, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 23.59, 95% CI [-8.26, 55.44], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -2.78,
## 95% CI [-4.93, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.80, 95% CI [1.39, 46.21], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.50, 95%
## CI [0.03, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.96, 95% CI [-21.32, 15.40], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta =
## 5.29e-03, 95% CI [-1.30, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-10.32, 9.75], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-3.20, 5.08], t(2038) =
## 0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-2.20, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std.
## beta = -7.65e-04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.16, 2.24], t(2038) =
## 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 3.97e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.31], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 1.12e-03, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.99e-03], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.13, 6.94e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.90], t(2038) =
## 0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.45, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.84], t(2038) =
## 0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-1.71, 4.89], t(2038) =
## 0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -14.30, 95% CI [-43.26, 14.65], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.333;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.66, 1.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.29, 95% CI [-7.99, 12.58], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.64, 95% CI [-15.59, 6.31], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.68, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-12.67, 11.85], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.948;
## Std. beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-6.22, -0.57], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.17, 95% CI [-14.62, 2.29], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-2.64, 1.71], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-6.76, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [0.14, 4.62], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [0.01, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.12, 95% CI [0.12, 14.13], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.01, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-2.35, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-0.49, 5.91], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.94, 95% CI [-5.27, 21.16], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.77, 95% CI [0.29, 13.25], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.64, 95% CI [-1.99, 9.27], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-7.98, 8.36], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.964; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-9.14, 6.98], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.84, 95% CI [-33.34, 41.02], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-3.59, 4.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-25.07, 19.66], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-2.70, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-3.12, 7.54], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.53, 95% CI [-14.77, 27.84], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-1.59, 3.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.75, 95% CI [-5.44, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-4.74, 7.92], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.33, 95% CI [-4.67, 13.33], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-7.79, 2.98], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.382; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.37, 95% CI [-39.16, 57.89], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.705; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-4.22, 6.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-4.47, 4.70], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.961; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -5.53, 95% CI [-11.01, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048;
## Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.19, -5.21e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.53, 95% CI [-31.26, 12.20], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.37, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-9.17, 9.75], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.97, 5.01], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-14.17, 4.31], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-4.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-4.91, 4.49], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.930; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 12.77, 95% CI [4.51, 21.03], t(2038) = 3.03, p = 0.002; Std.
## beta = 1.38, 95% CI [0.49, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.55, 95% CI [-2.10, 9.21], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.12], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-6.40, 0.93], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.143; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -46.64, 95% CI [-63.62, -29.67], t(2038) = -5.39, p < .001;
## Std. beta = -5.02, 95% CI [-6.85, -3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-7.90, 9.99], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-8.90, 12.92], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-8.28, 12.93], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.668; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.39])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9 Association between PM/Constituents in 5yrs Pre-Diagnosis and DLCO Decline

Linear mixed models with random intercept and slope will be used to evaluate the impact of PM During Disease on DLCO decline.

9.1 PM2.5

9.1.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14856.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1486 -0.4953 -0.0042  0.4378  7.1054 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   143.79   11.991        
##           time_firstPFT  10.51    3.243   -0.29
##  Residual                41.73    6.460        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                44.2943     4.2853  10.336
## time_firstPFT              -9.6630     2.1687  -4.456
## PM_5yrPreDx                -0.3120     0.3405  -0.916
## site02R                    -3.0799    13.6534  -0.226
## site03R                    23.9608    10.0302   2.389
## site04R                    -5.9391     9.3006  -0.639
## site05R                   -12.7518     7.7735  -1.640
## site06R                     4.2929     9.7050   0.442
## site07R                     4.4205     3.8918   1.136
## site09R                    -9.5286     9.5151  -1.001
## site101                    18.6533     3.0843   6.048
## site102                     6.9666     5.4707   1.273
## site103                    -3.7614     3.1478  -1.195
## site104                   -11.5876     5.7671  -2.009
## site105                     0.4881     2.8933   0.169
## site106                    -4.8754     3.6408  -1.339
## site107                     9.5603     9.6825   0.987
## site108                    -9.9109     7.9501  -1.247
## site10R                     1.3013    13.5027   0.096
## site11R                     2.2028     6.4675   0.341
## site12R                   -10.0565     9.4652  -1.062
## site13R                   -10.8983     7.3963  -1.473
## site14R                    -7.5534    15.0441  -0.502
## site15R                   -23.5737    13.6593  -1.726
## site16R                    -8.7354     5.9130  -1.477
## site17R                    58.6911    13.6923   4.286
## site18R                    -5.6267     9.7183  -0.579
## site19R                    -7.7896     6.0263  -1.293
## site20R                    -3.6960     5.6810  -0.651
## site21R                   -12.9966    12.7448  -1.020
## site22R                   -11.7199     4.3545  -2.691
## site23R                   -19.6069     6.2208  -3.152
## site24R                     1.2621     5.1917   0.243
## site25R                    -6.9597     5.6688  -1.228
## site28R                   -16.9606     7.9205  -2.141
## site29R                    -0.4255    13.3971  -0.032
## site31R                    -0.9277     5.9437  -0.156
## site32R                     4.2378     6.8195   0.621
## site33R                    -9.3090     6.7082  -1.388
## site34R                    -5.9574     5.2414  -1.137
## site35R                   -15.1364     8.1027  -1.868
## site36R                     3.3556     5.9807   0.561
## site37R                     1.5183     6.5465   0.232
## site38R                    -2.2028     4.5295  -0.486
## site39R                     4.8223    13.4820   0.358
## site40R                     1.2545     9.3229   0.135
## site41R                   -14.2959     7.8239  -1.827
## site42R                    -9.1016     4.3925  -2.072
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreDx   0.4149     0.1664   2.493
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -33.0531    18.5202  -1.785
## time_firstPFT:site03R       0.9372     5.9720   0.157
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -0.7243     6.2349  -0.116
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -3.1488     7.5338  -0.418
## time_firstPFT:site06R       3.9967     5.0074   0.798
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -0.9505     1.5491  -0.614
## time_firstPFT:site09R       2.3958     4.1961   0.571
## time_firstPFT:site101       1.2374     1.3904   0.890
## time_firstPFT:site102       1.2554     2.4205   0.519
## time_firstPFT:site103       4.1021     1.4901   2.753
## time_firstPFT:site104       5.4799     3.8947   1.407
## time_firstPFT:site105       1.5987     1.2818   1.247
## time_firstPFT:site106       3.2513     1.7709   1.836
## time_firstPFT:site107     -11.6934     8.1643  -1.432
## time_firstPFT:site108       7.0853     3.6080   1.964
## time_firstPFT:site11R       6.0580     2.7975   2.166
## time_firstPFT:site12R       2.6480     3.9787   0.666
## time_firstPFT:site13R       0.9837     3.9472   0.249
## time_firstPFT:site14R      -9.3116    23.6800  -0.393
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -1.5309    14.1253  -0.108
## time_firstPFT:site16R       0.1160     2.6380   0.044
## time_firstPFT:site18R      -9.3970    12.9768  -0.724
## time_firstPFT:site19R       3.7323     3.4524   1.081
## time_firstPFT:site20R       2.5197     3.4343   0.734
## time_firstPFT:site21R       6.1378     4.6947   1.307
## time_firstPFT:site22R       5.4545     2.7860   1.958
## time_firstPFT:site23R       0.6428     5.3804   0.119
## time_firstPFT:site24R      -1.6503     2.5607  -0.644
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -0.2928     3.0413  -0.096
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -9.0944    13.0637  -0.696
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -1.1694     5.0715  -0.231
## time_firstPFT:site31R       3.0404     2.0610   1.475
## time_firstPFT:site32R       0.1443     3.5616   0.041
## time_firstPFT:site33R      -1.7854     3.7514  -0.476
## time_firstPFT:site34R       2.8668     2.4757   1.158
## time_firstPFT:site35R      11.1966     4.7200   2.372
## time_firstPFT:site36R       5.5003     2.9220   1.882
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -0.6833     2.8330  -0.241
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -0.7645     1.9506  -0.392
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -27.4023    10.4590  -2.620
## time_firstPFT:site40R       3.9864     4.5923   0.868
## time_firstPFT:site41R       5.2124     6.6655   0.782
## time_firstPFT:site42R      -1.9263     5.9404  -0.324
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.546
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 44.29 (95% CI [35.89,
## 52.70], t(2038) = 10.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.66, 95% CI [-13.92, -5.41], t(2038) = -4.46, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.75, -0.46])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.36], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.08, 95% CI [-29.86, 23.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.822; Std. beta = -3.41,
## 95% CI [-6.63, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.96, 95% CI [4.29, 43.63], t(2038) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.71, 95%
## CI [0.45, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-24.18, 12.30], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.00, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-14.74, 23.33], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.42, 95% CI [-3.21, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.53, 95% CI [-28.19, 9.13], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.65, 95% CI [12.60, 24.70], t(2038) = 6.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.97, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.97, 95% CI [-3.76, 17.70], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-9.93, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.59, 95% CI [-22.90, -0.28], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.19, 6.16], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-12.02, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.56, 95% CI [-9.43, 28.55], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-25.50, 5.68], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.30, 95% CI [-25.18, 27.78], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-10.48, 14.89], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.06, 95% CI [-28.62, 8.51], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.90, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.55, 95% CI [-37.06, 21.95], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.57, 95% CI [-50.36, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.74,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.33, 2.86], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.84, 85.54], t(2038) = 4.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.15, 5.78])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-24.69, 13.43], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-19.61, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.84, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta =
## -5.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-37.99, 12.00], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.72, 95% CI [-20.26, -3.18], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.61, 95% CI [-31.81, -7.41], t(2038) = -3.15, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-2.38, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.44], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.96, 95% CI [-18.08, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.96, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.43], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.03,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-26.70, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-12.58, 10.73], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-9.14, 17.61], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.31, 95% CI [-22.46, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-16.24, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.14, 95% CI [-31.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-8.37, 15.08], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.32, 14.36], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-11.09, 6.68], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.82, 95% CI [-21.62, 31.26], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = -2.33,
## 95% CI [-4.43, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-17.03, 19.54], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.30, 95% CI [-29.64, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.10, 95% CI [-17.72, -0.49], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.09, 0.74], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [0.03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.05, 95% CI [-69.37, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-7.46, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-10.77, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.63], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-5.82, 13.82], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-3.99, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-5.83, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 3.96], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.26, 95% CI [-3.49, 6.00], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.10, 95% CI [1.18, 7.02], t(2038) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.13, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-2.16, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-0.92, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.22, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.69, 95% CI [-27.70, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-2.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.09, 95% CI [9.52e-03, 14.16], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.76, 95% CI [1.02e-03, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.06, 95% CI [0.57, 11.54], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [0.06, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.15, 10.45], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-6.76, 8.72], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.31, 95% CI [-55.75, 37.13], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-5.99, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-29.23, 26.17], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.14, 2.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-5.06, 5.29], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-34.85, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.469;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-3.04, 10.50], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-4.22, 9.25], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-3.07, 15.34], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-9.28e-03, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-9.97e-04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-9.91, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-6.67, 3.37], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-6.26, 5.67], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.09, 95% CI [-34.71, 16.53], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.486;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-11.12, 8.78], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.19, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-1.00, 7.08], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-6.84, 7.13], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.79, 95% CI [-9.14, 5.57], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-1.99, 7.72], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.20, 95% CI [1.94, 20.45], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.20, 95% CI [0.21, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.23, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-6.24, 4.87], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-4.59, 3.06], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.40, 95% CI [-47.91, -6.89], t(2038) = -2.62, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.15, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-5.02, 12.99], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.385; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-7.86, 18.28], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-13.58, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.746; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## PM_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to PM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 44.29 (95% CI [35.89, 52.70], t(2038) =
## 10.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.66, 95% CI [-13.92, -5.41], t(2038) = -4.46, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.75, -0.46])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.36], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.08, 95% CI [-29.86, 23.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.822; Std. beta = -3.41,
## 95% CI [-6.63, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.96, 95% CI [4.29, 43.63], t(2038) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.71, 95%
## CI [0.45, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-24.18, 12.30], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.00, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-14.74, 23.33], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.42, 95% CI [-3.21, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.53, 95% CI [-28.19, 9.13], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.65, 95% CI [12.60, 24.70], t(2038) = 6.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.97, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.97, 95% CI [-3.76, 17.70], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-9.93, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.59, 95% CI [-22.90, -0.28], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.19, 6.16], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-12.02, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.56, 95% CI [-9.43, 28.55], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-25.50, 5.68], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.30, 95% CI [-25.18, 27.78], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-10.48, 14.89], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.06, 95% CI [-28.62, 8.51], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.90, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.55, 95% CI [-37.06, 21.95], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.57, 95% CI [-50.36, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.74,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.33, 2.86], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.84, 85.54], t(2038) = 4.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.15, 5.78])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-24.69, 13.43], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-19.61, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.84, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta =
## -5.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-37.99, 12.00], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.72, 95% CI [-20.26, -3.18], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.61, 95% CI [-31.81, -7.41], t(2038) = -3.15, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-2.38, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.44], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.96, 95% CI [-18.08, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.96, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.43], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.03,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-26.70, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-12.58, 10.73], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-9.14, 17.61], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.31, 95% CI [-22.46, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-16.24, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.14, 95% CI [-31.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-8.37, 15.08], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.32, 14.36], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-11.09, 6.68], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.82, 95% CI [-21.62, 31.26], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = -2.33,
## 95% CI [-4.43, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-17.03, 19.54], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.30, 95% CI [-29.64, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.10, 95% CI [-17.72, -0.49], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.09, 0.74], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [0.03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.05, 95% CI [-69.37, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-7.46, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-10.77, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.63], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-5.82, 13.82], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-3.99, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-5.83, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 3.96], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.26, 95% CI [-3.49, 6.00], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.10, 95% CI [1.18, 7.02], t(2038) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.13, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-2.16, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-0.92, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.22, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.69, 95% CI [-27.70, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-2.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.09, 95% CI [9.52e-03, 14.16], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.76, 95% CI [1.02e-03, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.06, 95% CI [0.57, 11.54], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [0.06, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.15, 10.45], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-6.76, 8.72], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.31, 95% CI [-55.75, 37.13], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-5.99, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-29.23, 26.17], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.14, 2.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-5.06, 5.29], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-34.85, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.469;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-3.04, 10.50], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-4.22, 9.25], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-3.07, 15.34], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-9.28e-03, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-9.97e-04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-9.91, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-6.67, 3.37], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-6.26, 5.67], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.09, 95% CI [-34.71, 16.53], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.486;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-11.12, 8.78], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.19, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-1.00, 7.08], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-6.84, 7.13], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.79, 95% CI [-9.14, 5.57], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-1.99, 7.72], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.20, 95% CI [1.94, 20.45], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.20, 95% CI [0.21, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.23, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-6.24, 4.87], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-4.59, 3.06], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.40, 95% CI [-47.91, -6.89], t(2038) = -2.62, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.15, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-5.02, 12.99], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.385; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-7.86, 18.28], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-13.58, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.746; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 44.29 (95% CI [35.89, 52.70], t(2038) = 10.34, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.66, 95% CI [-13.92, -5.41], t(2038) = -4.46, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.75, -0.46])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.36], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.08, 95% CI [-29.86, 23.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.822; Std. beta = -3.41,
## 95% CI [-6.63, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.96, 95% CI [4.29, 43.63], t(2038) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.71, 95%
## CI [0.45, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-24.18, 12.30], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.00, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-14.74, 23.33], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.42, 95% CI [-3.21, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.53, 95% CI [-28.19, 9.13], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.65, 95% CI [12.60, 24.70], t(2038) = 6.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.97, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.97, 95% CI [-3.76, 17.70], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-9.93, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.59, 95% CI [-22.90, -0.28], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.19, 6.16], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-12.02, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.56, 95% CI [-9.43, 28.55], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-25.50, 5.68], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.30, 95% CI [-25.18, 27.78], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-10.48, 14.89], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.06, 95% CI [-28.62, 8.51], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.90, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.55, 95% CI [-37.06, 21.95], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.57, 95% CI [-50.36, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.74,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.33, 2.86], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.84, 85.54], t(2038) = 4.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.15, 5.78])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-24.69, 13.43], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-19.61, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.84, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta =
## -5.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-37.99, 12.00], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.72, 95% CI [-20.26, -3.18], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.61, 95% CI [-31.81, -7.41], t(2038) = -3.15, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-2.38, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.44], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.96, 95% CI [-18.08, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.96, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.43], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.03,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-26.70, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-12.58, 10.73], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-9.14, 17.61], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.31, 95% CI [-22.46, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-16.24, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.14, 95% CI [-31.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-8.37, 15.08], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.32, 14.36], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-11.09, 6.68], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.82, 95% CI [-21.62, 31.26], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = -2.33,
## 95% CI [-4.43, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-17.03, 19.54], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.30, 95% CI [-29.64, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.10, 95% CI [-17.72, -0.49], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.09, 0.74], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [0.03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.05, 95% CI [-69.37, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-7.46, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-10.77, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.63], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-5.82, 13.82], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-3.99, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-5.83, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 3.96], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.26, 95% CI [-3.49, 6.00], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.10, 95% CI [1.18, 7.02], t(2038) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.13, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-2.16, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-0.92, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.22, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.69, 95% CI [-27.70, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-2.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.09, 95% CI [9.52e-03, 14.16], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.76, 95% CI [1.02e-03, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.06, 95% CI [0.57, 11.54], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [0.06, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.15, 10.45], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-6.76, 8.72], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.31, 95% CI [-55.75, 37.13], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-5.99, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-29.23, 26.17], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.14, 2.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-5.06, 5.29], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-34.85, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.469;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-3.04, 10.50], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-4.22, 9.25], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-3.07, 15.34], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-9.28e-03, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-9.97e-04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-9.91, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-6.67, 3.37], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-6.26, 5.67], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.09, 95% CI [-34.71, 16.53], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.486;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-11.12, 8.78], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.19, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-1.00, 7.08], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-6.84, 7.13], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.79, 95% CI [-9.14, 5.57], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-1.99, 7.72], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.20, 95% CI [1.94, 20.45], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.20, 95% CI [0.21, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.23, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-6.24, 4.87], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-4.59, 3.06], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.40, 95% CI [-47.91, -6.89], t(2038) = -2.62, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.15, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-5.02, 12.99], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.385; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-7.86, 18.28], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-13.58, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.746; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 44.29 (95% CI [35.89, 52.70], t(2038)
## = 10.34, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.66, 95% CI [-13.92, -5.41], t(2038) = -4.46, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.75, -0.46])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.36], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.08, 95% CI [-29.86, 23.70], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.822; Std. beta = -3.41,
## 95% CI [-6.63, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.96, 95% CI [4.29, 43.63], t(2038) = 2.39, p = 0.017; Std. beta = 1.71, 95%
## CI [0.45, 2.97])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.94, 95% CI [-24.18, 12.30], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.00, 2.49], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-14.74, 23.33], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 2.02])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.42, 95% CI [-3.21, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.53, 95% CI [-28.19, 9.13], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.65, 95% CI [12.60, 24.70], t(2038) = 6.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.38, 95%
## CI [0.97, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.97, 95% CI [-3.76, 17.70], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-9.93, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.59, 95% CI [-22.90, -0.28], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.49, 95% CI [-5.19, 6.16], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std. beta = 0.19, 95%
## CI [-0.19, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.88, 95% CI [-12.02, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.56, 95% CI [-9.43, 28.55], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-25.50, 5.68], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.30, 95% CI [-25.18, 27.78], t(2038) = 0.10, p = 0.923; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-10.48, 14.89], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std. beta = 0.74,
## 95% CI [-0.11, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.06, 95% CI [-28.62, 8.51], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.90, 95% CI [-25.40, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.55, 95% CI [-37.06, 21.95], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.57, 95% CI [-50.36, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.74,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.33, 2.86], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.84, 85.54], t(2038) = 4.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.15, 5.78])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.63, 95% CI [-24.69, 13.43], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-19.61, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.84, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515; Std. beta =
## -5.60e-03, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.00, 95% CI [-37.99, 12.00], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.72, 95% CI [-20.26, -3.18], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.61, 95% CI [-31.81, -7.41], t(2038) = -3.15, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-2.38, -0.14])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.92, 11.44], t(2038) = 0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.96, 95% CI [-18.08, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.96, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.43], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.03,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-26.70, 25.85], t(2038) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-12.58, 10.73], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.24, 95% CI [-9.14, 17.61], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.62, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.31, 95% CI [-22.46, 3.85], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-16.24, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.14, 95% CI [-31.03, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-8.37, 15.08], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.32, 14.36], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.20, 95% CI [-11.09, 6.68], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.82, 95% CI [-21.62, 31.26], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std. beta = -2.33,
## 95% CI [-4.43, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-17.03, 19.54], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.30, 95% CI [-29.64, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.10, 95% CI [-17.72, -0.49], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [0.09, 0.74], t(2038) = 2.49, p = 0.013; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [0.03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.05, 95% CI [-69.37, 3.27], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-7.46, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.94, 95% CI [-10.77, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-12.95, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.63], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-5.82, 13.82], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-3.99, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [-5.83, 10.62], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 3.96], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.26, 95% CI [-3.49, 6.00], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.10, 95% CI [1.18, 7.02], t(2038) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.13, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-2.16, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.160; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-0.92, 4.11], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.212; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.22, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.84, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.69, 95% CI [-27.70, 4.32], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-2.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.09, 95% CI [9.52e-03, 14.16], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.76, 95% CI [1.02e-03, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.06, 95% CI [0.57, 11.54], t(2038) = 2.17, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [0.06, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-5.15, 10.45], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-6.76, 8.72], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.803; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.31, 95% CI [-55.75, 37.13], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-5.99, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-29.23, 26.17], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.914;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.14, 2.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-5.06, 5.29], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.965; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-34.85, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.469;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-3.04, 10.50], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.52, 95% CI [-4.22, 9.25], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [-3.07, 15.34], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-9.28e-03, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-9.97e-04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-9.91, 11.19], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.07, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-6.67, 3.37], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-6.26, 5.67], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.923; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.09, 95% CI [-34.71, 16.53], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.486;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-11.12, 8.78], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.19, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-1.00, 7.08], t(2038) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-6.84, 7.13], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.79, 95% CI [-9.14, 5.57], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.87, 95% CI [-1.99, 7.72], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.20, 95% CI [1.94, 20.45], t(2038) = 2.37, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.20, 95% CI [0.21, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-0.23, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-6.24, 4.87], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-4.59, 3.06], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.40, 95% CI [-47.91, -6.89], t(2038) = -2.62, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.15, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.99, 95% CI [-5.02, 12.99], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.385; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-7.86, 18.28], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-13.58, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.746; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.46, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.1.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14685.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1271 -0.4941 -0.0056  0.4361  7.0929 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.00   11.790        
##           time_firstPFT  10.57    3.251   -0.27
##  Residual                41.80    6.465        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       40.48524    6.76283   5.986
## time_firstPFT                     -7.93367    3.25826  -2.435
## PM_5yrPreDx                       -0.18287    0.35174  -0.520
## disadv                            -5.66984    2.34820  -2.415
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.92428    2.31373  -1.264
## sexF                              -2.42849    1.42917  -1.699
## age_dx                             0.13211    0.07454   1.772
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.74968    1.41290  -1.946
## smokeHxAlways                      9.30785    7.07870   1.315
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.87080    3.19294  -0.899
## site02R                           -6.48851   13.54777  -0.479
## site03R                           20.21859   10.03846   2.014
## site04R                           -5.30889    9.19464  -0.577
## site05R                          -13.07007    7.72010  -1.693
## site06R                           -8.28702   13.51548  -0.613
## site07R                            3.03306    3.88003   0.782
## site09R                          -11.45710    9.44743  -1.213
## site101                           19.36807    3.13355   6.181
## site102                            6.52834    5.52813   1.181
## site103                           -2.83715    3.28979  -0.862
## site104                           -9.60409    5.79086  -1.658
## site105                            1.49593    2.92481   0.511
## site106                           -6.39560    3.68913  -1.734
## site107                            7.42200    9.61304   0.772
## site108                           -3.78266    8.32427  -0.454
## site10R                            1.97680   13.46372   0.147
## site11R                            1.34779    6.40561   0.210
## site12R                           -8.17051    9.36023  -0.873
## site13R                          -12.21941    7.36890  -1.658
## site14R                           -9.17482   15.00574  -0.611
## site15R                          -20.03379   13.55299  -1.478
## site16R                           -8.32189    5.95841  -1.397
## site17R                           63.07344   13.68625   4.609
## site18R                           -3.69690    9.63616  -0.384
## site19R                           -7.56818    6.01655  -1.258
## site20R                           -3.68890    5.65050  -0.653
## site21R                          -12.57543   12.57117  -1.000
## site22R                          -14.01678    4.38385  -3.197
## site23R                          -25.65838    7.77090  -3.302
## site24R                            1.11499    5.14760   0.217
## site25R                           -9.13858    5.68797  -1.607
## site28R                          -15.54170    7.88564  -1.971
## site29R                           -3.66298   13.29138  -0.276
## site31R                           -1.27277    5.98839  -0.213
## site32R                            4.95536    6.79313   0.729
## site33R                           -9.41966    6.66890  -1.412
## site34R                           -5.44843    5.20115  -1.048
## site35R                          -15.08343    8.04845  -1.874
## site36R                            3.09299    5.94346   0.520
## site37R                           -0.01464    6.57321  -0.002
## site38R                           -1.36344    4.49739  -0.303
## site39R                           13.33649   13.64708   0.977
## site40R                            0.03004    9.23062   0.003
## site41R                          -14.65002    7.81767  -1.874
## site42R                          -10.80027    4.40206  -2.453
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreDx          0.35767    0.17763   2.014
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.52904    1.08998   1.403
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.87731    1.10684  -0.793
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.45535    0.65764   0.692
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.02825    0.03419  -0.826
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.60695    0.66347  -0.915
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -5.62787    6.03475  -0.933
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.84336    1.65378   1.115
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -31.80810   18.54626  -1.715
## time_firstPFT:site03R              0.99346    6.02577   0.165
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -1.52656    6.27498  -0.243
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -2.96642    7.55557  -0.393
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -0.71882    1.58241  -0.454
## time_firstPFT:site09R              3.17547    4.22743   0.751
## time_firstPFT:site101              1.08493    1.42469   0.762
## time_firstPFT:site102              1.51889    2.47439   0.614
## time_firstPFT:site103              4.11468    1.60749   2.560
## time_firstPFT:site104              4.60957    3.97885   1.159
## time_firstPFT:site105              1.45723    1.30855   1.114
## time_firstPFT:site106              3.49747    1.82420   1.917
## time_firstPFT:site107            -11.12391    8.18311  -1.359
## time_firstPFT:site108              7.52658    3.85875   1.951
## time_firstPFT:site11R              6.42813    2.84862   2.257
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.79359    4.00410   0.698
## time_firstPFT:site13R              0.84989    3.99171   0.213
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -8.53223   23.70186  -0.360
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -1.83797   14.15002  -0.130
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.05182    2.71475  -0.019
## time_firstPFT:site18R             -9.63876   12.99110  -0.742
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.36119    3.48940   0.963
## time_firstPFT:site20R              2.15430    3.48956   0.617
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.47326    4.71096   1.374
## time_firstPFT:site22R              6.37851    2.83174   2.253
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.53654   26.79435   0.916
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -1.59024    2.57807  -0.617
## time_firstPFT:site25R              0.37632    3.10775   0.121
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -7.89082   13.14164  -0.600
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.02958    5.11856   0.006
## time_firstPFT:site31R              3.65366    2.14180   1.706
## time_firstPFT:site32R              0.39659    3.60343   0.110
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.56639    3.81756  -0.672
## time_firstPFT:site34R              2.65066    2.51480   1.054
## time_firstPFT:site35R             11.40067    4.75609   2.397
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.44363    2.94786   1.847
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.30835    2.95234  -0.104
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -0.87422    1.96846  -0.444
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -27.43512   10.57427  -2.595
## time_firstPFT:site40R              3.24136    4.65627   0.696
## time_firstPFT:site41R              5.71583    6.69216   0.854
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.53159    5.95747  -0.425
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.790
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.531
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22, 53.75], t(2008)
## = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## PM_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to PM_5yrPreDx =
## 0, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22, 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22,
## 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 40.49 (95% CI
## [27.22, 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22,
## 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22,
## 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 40.49 (95% CI
## [27.22, 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22,
## 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 40.49 (95% CI [27.22, 53.75], t(2008) = 5.99, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.93, 95% CI [-14.32, -1.54], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.77, -0.39])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.51], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.09, 0.23])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.28, -1.06], t(2008) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.206; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.03])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.43, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.37], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.31, 0.07])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.57, 23.19], t(2008) = 1.31, p = 0.189; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 1.29])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.39], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.369; Std. beta =
## -0.01, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-33.06, 20.08], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.632; Std. beta = -3.53,
## 95% CI [-6.76, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.22, 95% CI [0.53, 39.91], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta = 1.46, 95%
## CI [0.19, 2.73])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.31, 95% CI [-23.34, 12.72], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.07, 95% CI [-28.21, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.60, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-34.79, 18.22], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-4.58, 10.64], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-29.98, 7.07], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.37, 95% CI [13.22, 25.51], t(2008) = 6.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.41, 95%
## CI [0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.53, 95% CI [-4.31, 17.37], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = 0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.84, 95% CI [-9.29, 3.61], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.60, 95% CI [-20.96, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.50, 95% CI [-4.24, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.40, 95% CI [-13.63, 0.84], t(2008) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.42, 95% CI [-11.43, 26.27], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.440; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.78, 95% CI [-20.11, 12.54], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.43, 28.38], t(2008) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.35, 95% CI [-11.21, 13.91], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-26.53, 10.19], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.22, 95% CI [-26.67, 2.23], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.60, 20.25], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -20.03, 95% CI [-46.61, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.32, 95% CI [-20.01, 3.36], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.07, 95% CI [36.23, 89.91], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.26, 95%
## CI [2.45, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-22.59, 15.20], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-3.59, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-19.37, 4.23], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.69, 95% CI [-14.77, 7.39], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.514; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.58, 95% CI [-37.23, 12.08], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.02, 95% CI [-22.61, -5.42], t(2008) = -3.20, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.66, 95% CI [-40.90, -10.42], t(2008) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 5.35])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.11, 95% CI [-8.98, 11.21], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.14, 95% CI [-20.29, 2.02], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.54, 95% CI [-31.01, -0.08], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-29.73, 22.40], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.27, 95% CI [-13.02, 10.47], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.96, 95% CI [-8.37, 18.28], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = 0.37, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.42, 95% CI [-22.50, 3.66], t(2008) = -1.41, p = 0.158; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.65, 4.75], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.08, 95% CI [-30.87, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.09, 95% CI [-8.56, 14.75], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.01, 95% CI [-12.91, 12.88], t(2008) = -2.23e-03, p = 0.998; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.36, 95% CI [-10.18, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.762; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.34, 95% CI [-13.43, 40.10], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.329; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.03, 95% CI [-18.07, 18.13], t(2008) = 3.25e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 0.32, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.65, 95% CI [-29.98, 0.68], t(2008) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.80, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.17], t(2008) = -2.45, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -0.98,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [9.31e-03, 0.71], t(2008) = 2.01, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [3.23e-03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.67], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.05, 1.29], t(2008) =
## -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.75], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.91, 0.69], t(2008) =
## -0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.63, 95% CI [-17.46, 6.21], t(2008) =
## -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.09], t(2008) =
## 1.11, p = 0.265; Std. beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.81, 95% CI [-68.18, 4.56], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = -3.42, 95% CI [-7.34, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-10.82, 12.81], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.869; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-13.83, 10.78], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.808;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-17.78, 11.85], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-3.82, 2.38], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.18, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.47], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.88], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-3.33, 6.37], t(2008) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [0.96, 7.27], t(2008) = 2.56, p = 0.011; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [0.10, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.61, 95% CI [-3.19, 12.41], t(2008) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.11, 4.02], t(2008) = 1.11, p = 0.266; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.50, 95% CI [-0.08, 7.08], t(2008) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-8.62e-03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.12, 95% CI [-27.17, 4.92], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.174;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-2.93, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.53, 95% CI [-0.04, 15.09], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-4.41e-03, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.43, 95% CI [0.84, 12.01], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.79, 95% CI [-5.06, 10.65], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-6.98, 8.68], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.831; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.53, 95% CI [-55.02, 37.95], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.719;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-5.92, 4.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-29.59, 25.91], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.897;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.19, 2.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-5.38, 5.27], t(2008) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -5.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.12, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-3.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.336; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.69, 9.00], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.47, 95% CI [-2.77, 15.71], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.38, 95% CI [0.83, 11.93], t(2008) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [0.09, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.54, 95% CI [-28.01, 77.08], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std.
## beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-3.02, 8.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.47], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-5.72, 6.47], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.904; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.89, 95% CI [-33.66, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.548;
## Std. beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.62, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-10.01, 10.07], t(2008) = 5.78e-03, p = 0.995;
## Std. beta = 3.18e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-0.55, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.71, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-6.67, 7.46], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.912; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.05, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.65, 95% CI [-2.28, 7.58], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.40, 95% CI [2.07, 20.73], t(2008) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 1.23, 95% CI [0.22, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.44, 95% CI [-0.34, 11.22], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.10, 5.48], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-4.73, 2.99], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.657; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.44, 95% CI [-48.17, -6.70], t(2008) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-5.19, -0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-5.89, 12.37], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-7.41, 18.84], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.80, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.22, 9.15], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.671; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.99])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.2 SO4

9.2.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14852.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1416 -0.4981 -0.0095  0.4361  7.1235 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   144.16   12.007        
##           time_firstPFT  10.57    3.251   -0.31
##  Residual                41.75    6.461        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 38.8501     3.3309  11.663
## time_firstPFT               -8.1877     1.7659  -4.637
## SO4_5yrPreDx                 0.4002     0.7614   0.526
## site02R                     -0.6286    13.8667  -0.045
## site03R                     26.7077    10.2072   2.617
## site04R                     -4.4883     9.4517  -0.475
## site05R                    -12.3576     7.7901  -1.586
## site06R                      5.6824     9.8340   0.578
## site07R                      6.4336     4.0846   1.575
## site09R                     -7.4051     9.6179  -0.770
## site101                     21.3539     3.2783   6.514
## site102                     10.4764     5.6545   1.853
## site103                     -0.2774     3.4903  -0.079
## site104                     -7.8014     5.9132  -1.319
## site105                      2.9612     3.3149   0.893
## site106                     -2.5679     3.8612  -0.665
## site107                     11.7492     9.8383   1.194
## site108                     -6.0224     8.0263  -0.750
## site10R                      4.5054    13.5211   0.333
## site11R                      3.7783     6.6224   0.571
## site12R                     -7.6787     9.5786  -0.802
## site13R                     -9.0578     7.5025  -1.207
## site14R                     -5.2782    15.1025  -0.349
## site15R                    -22.9100    13.6928  -1.673
## site16R                     -7.7501     5.9829  -1.295
## site17R                     60.4197    13.7782   4.385
## site18R                     -3.7518     9.8307  -0.382
## site19R                     -4.2306     6.1650  -0.686
## site20R                     -1.7943     5.8252  -0.308
## site21R                    -11.8703    12.8265  -0.925
## site22R                    -10.0489     4.5258  -2.220
## site23R                    -17.8424     6.3329  -2.817
## site24R                      3.4939     5.4307   0.643
## site25R                     -4.4977     6.1360  -0.733
## site28R                    -16.7184     7.9576  -2.101
## site29R                      1.8149    13.4654   0.135
## site31R                      1.1516     6.0204   0.191
## site32R                      6.8917     7.1751   0.961
## site33R                     -7.5259     6.7702  -1.112
## site34R                     -3.5868     5.3117  -0.675
## site35R                    -11.9242     8.1922  -1.456
## site36R                      4.3579     6.0425   0.721
## site37R                      2.8230     6.6549   0.424
## site38R                     -0.6280     4.6446  -0.135
## site39R                      8.2562    13.5582   0.609
## site40R                      3.0450     9.6107   0.317
## site41R                    -12.1050     7.9908  -1.515
## site42R                     -7.7939     4.5237  -1.723
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreDx   0.8554     0.3826   2.236
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -31.5262    18.5677  -1.698
## time_firstPFT:site03R        1.8008     6.0638   0.297
## time_firstPFT:site04R        0.3886     6.2955   0.062
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -3.0173     7.5364  -0.400
## time_firstPFT:site06R        5.2031     5.0758   1.025
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -0.4603     1.7043  -0.270
## time_firstPFT:site09R        3.1597     4.2725   0.740
## time_firstPFT:site101        1.4804     1.5318   0.966
## time_firstPFT:site102        1.6547     2.5798   0.641
## time_firstPFT:site103        4.5071     1.7436   2.585
## time_firstPFT:site104        5.6504     3.9758   1.421
## time_firstPFT:site105        2.3288     1.5583   1.494
## time_firstPFT:site106        3.5928     1.8921   1.899
## time_firstPFT:site107      -10.8255     8.2205  -1.317
## time_firstPFT:site108        7.0823     3.6756   1.927
## time_firstPFT:site11R        6.9487     2.9011   2.395
## time_firstPFT:site12R        3.4281     4.0612   0.844
## time_firstPFT:site13R        1.5593     4.0122   0.389
## time_firstPFT:site14R       -9.0610    23.6866  -0.383
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -0.9868    14.1365  -0.070
## time_firstPFT:site16R        0.7471     2.7234   0.274
## time_firstPFT:site18R       -8.7428    12.9941  -0.673
## time_firstPFT:site19R        3.9067     3.5356   1.105
## time_firstPFT:site20R        3.1606     3.5161   0.899
## time_firstPFT:site21R        7.1602     4.7594   1.504
## time_firstPFT:site22R        5.8999     2.8422   2.076
## time_firstPFT:site23R        0.9930     5.4097   0.184
## time_firstPFT:site24R       -0.9275     2.7140  -0.342
## time_firstPFT:site25R        0.9700     3.2717   0.296
## time_firstPFT:site28R       -7.9993    13.0657  -0.612
## time_firstPFT:site29R       -0.7730     5.1249  -0.151
## time_firstPFT:site31R        3.2519     2.1362   1.522
## time_firstPFT:site32R        1.7962     3.7819   0.475
## time_firstPFT:site33R       -1.6387     3.7737  -0.434
## time_firstPFT:site34R        3.0494     2.5385   1.201
## time_firstPFT:site35R       11.2353     4.7579   2.361
## time_firstPFT:site36R        5.8390     2.9443   1.983
## time_firstPFT:site37R        0.1144     2.9152   0.039
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -0.2284     2.0542  -0.111
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -27.2009    10.4918  -2.593
## time_firstPFT:site40R        5.0620     4.7194   1.073
## time_firstPFT:site41R        5.9772     6.7233   0.889
## time_firstPFT:site42R       -1.2699     5.9666  -0.213
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.791
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.548
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 38.85 (95% CI [32.32,
## 45.38], t(2038) = 11.66, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.19, 95% CI [-11.65, -4.72], t(2038) = -4.64, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.82, -0.46])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [8.41e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-27.82, 26.57], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-6.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.71, 95% CI [6.69, 46.73], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.98, 95%
## CI [0.70, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-23.02, 14.05], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-27.63, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.68, 95% CI [-13.60, 24.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.43, 95% CI [-1.58, 14.44], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.41, 95% CI [-26.27, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.35, 95% CI [14.92, 27.78], t(2038) = 6.51, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-0.61, 21.57], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [0.13, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-7.12, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-19.40, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.46], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.02, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.14, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.75, 95% CI [-7.54, 31.04], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.02, 95% CI [-21.76, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.51, 95% CI [-22.01, 31.02], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.21, 16.77], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.93, 95%
## CI [0.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-26.46, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.06, 95% CI [-23.77, 5.66], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-34.90, 24.34], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.91, 95% CI [-49.76, 3.94], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.75, 95% CI [-19.48, 3.98], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.195; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.42, 95% CI [33.40, 87.44], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.91])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-23.03, 15.53], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-3.50, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.23, 95% CI [-16.32, 7.86], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.63], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.87, 95% CI [-37.02, 13.28], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-1.69, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.05, 95% CI [-18.92, -1.17], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.84, 95% CI [-30.26, -5.42], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-7.16, 14.14], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.50, 95% CI [-16.53, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.72, 95% CI [-32.32, -1.11], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-24.59, 28.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.15, 95% CI [-10.66, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.89, 95% CI [-7.18, 20.96], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.64, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-20.80, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-14.00, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.99, 4.14], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 16.21], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.86, 95%
## CI [0.04, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-10.23, 15.87], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.671; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-9.74, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-18.33, 34.85], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-15.80, 21.89], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.11, 95% CI [-27.78, 3.57], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-16.67, 1.08], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.11, 1.61], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.02, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.53, 95% CI [-67.94, 4.89], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090;
## Std. beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-7.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.09, 13.69], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-11.96, 12.73], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.76], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-4.75, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-3.80, 2.88], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-5.22, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-1.52, 4.48], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 6.71], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.93], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [0.12, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.65, 95% CI [-2.15, 13.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-0.73, 5.38], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.135; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.30], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-26.95, 5.30], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.08, 95% CI [-0.13, 14.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [1.26, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.43, 95% CI [-4.54, 11.39], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.31, 9.43], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.06, 95% CI [-55.51, 37.39], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-5.97, 4.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-28.71, 26.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-4.59, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.74, 95% CI [-34.23, 16.74], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501;
## Std. beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.91, 95% CI [-3.03, 10.84], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-3.73, 10.06], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-2.17, 16.49], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.90, 95% CI [0.33, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 11.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-6.25, 4.40], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.39], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.00, 95% CI [-33.62, 17.62], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.61, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.82, 9.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.94, 7.44], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.62, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.76], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.05, 95% CI [-1.93, 8.03], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.230; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.24, 95% CI [1.90, 20.57], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.06, 11.61], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [6.98e-03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-5.60, 5.83], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-4.26, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.20, 95% CI [-47.78, -6.63], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-5.14, -0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.06, 95% CI [-4.19, 14.32], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-7.21, 19.16], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.77, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-12.97, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.831;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SO4_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 38.85 (95% CI [32.32, 45.38], t(2038)
## = 11.66, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.19, 95% CI [-11.65, -4.72], t(2038) = -4.64, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.82, -0.46])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [8.41e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-27.82, 26.57], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-6.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.71, 95% CI [6.69, 46.73], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.98, 95%
## CI [0.70, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-23.02, 14.05], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-27.63, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.68, 95% CI [-13.60, 24.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.43, 95% CI [-1.58, 14.44], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.41, 95% CI [-26.27, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.35, 95% CI [14.92, 27.78], t(2038) = 6.51, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-0.61, 21.57], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [0.13, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-7.12, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-19.40, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.46], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.02, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.14, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.75, 95% CI [-7.54, 31.04], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.02, 95% CI [-21.76, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.51, 95% CI [-22.01, 31.02], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.21, 16.77], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.93, 95%
## CI [0.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-26.46, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.06, 95% CI [-23.77, 5.66], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-34.90, 24.34], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.91, 95% CI [-49.76, 3.94], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.75, 95% CI [-19.48, 3.98], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.195; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.42, 95% CI [33.40, 87.44], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.91])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-23.03, 15.53], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-3.50, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.23, 95% CI [-16.32, 7.86], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.63], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.87, 95% CI [-37.02, 13.28], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-1.69, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.05, 95% CI [-18.92, -1.17], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.84, 95% CI [-30.26, -5.42], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-7.16, 14.14], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.50, 95% CI [-16.53, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.72, 95% CI [-32.32, -1.11], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-24.59, 28.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.15, 95% CI [-10.66, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.89, 95% CI [-7.18, 20.96], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.64, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-20.80, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-14.00, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.99, 4.14], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 16.21], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.86, 95%
## CI [0.04, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-10.23, 15.87], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.671; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-9.74, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-18.33, 34.85], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-15.80, 21.89], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.11, 95% CI [-27.78, 3.57], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-16.67, 1.08], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.11, 1.61], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.02, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.53, 95% CI [-67.94, 4.89], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090;
## Std. beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-7.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.09, 13.69], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-11.96, 12.73], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.76], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-4.75, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-3.80, 2.88], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-5.22, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-1.52, 4.48], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 6.71], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.93], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [0.12, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.65, 95% CI [-2.15, 13.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-0.73, 5.38], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.135; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.30], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-26.95, 5.30], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.08, 95% CI [-0.13, 14.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [1.26, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.43, 95% CI [-4.54, 11.39], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.31, 9.43], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.06, 95% CI [-55.51, 37.39], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-5.97, 4.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-28.71, 26.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-4.59, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.74, 95% CI [-34.23, 16.74], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501;
## Std. beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.91, 95% CI [-3.03, 10.84], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-3.73, 10.06], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-2.17, 16.49], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.90, 95% CI [0.33, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 11.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-6.25, 4.40], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.39], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.00, 95% CI [-33.62, 17.62], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.61, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.82, 9.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.94, 7.44], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.62, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.76], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.05, 95% CI [-1.93, 8.03], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.230; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.24, 95% CI [1.90, 20.57], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.06, 11.61], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [6.98e-03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-5.60, 5.83], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-4.26, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.20, 95% CI [-47.78, -6.63], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-5.14, -0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.06, 95% CI [-4.19, 14.32], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-7.21, 19.16], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.77, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-12.97, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.831;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 38.85 (95% CI [32.32, 45.38], t(2038) = 11.66, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.19, 95% CI [-11.65, -4.72], t(2038) = -4.64, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.82, -0.46])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [8.41e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-27.82, 26.57], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-6.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.71, 95% CI [6.69, 46.73], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.98, 95%
## CI [0.70, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-23.02, 14.05], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-27.63, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.68, 95% CI [-13.60, 24.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.43, 95% CI [-1.58, 14.44], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.41, 95% CI [-26.27, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.35, 95% CI [14.92, 27.78], t(2038) = 6.51, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-0.61, 21.57], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [0.13, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-7.12, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-19.40, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.46], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.02, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.14, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.75, 95% CI [-7.54, 31.04], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.02, 95% CI [-21.76, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.51, 95% CI [-22.01, 31.02], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.21, 16.77], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.93, 95%
## CI [0.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-26.46, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.06, 95% CI [-23.77, 5.66], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-34.90, 24.34], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.91, 95% CI [-49.76, 3.94], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.75, 95% CI [-19.48, 3.98], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.195; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.42, 95% CI [33.40, 87.44], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.91])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-23.03, 15.53], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-3.50, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.23, 95% CI [-16.32, 7.86], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.63], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.87, 95% CI [-37.02, 13.28], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-1.69, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.05, 95% CI [-18.92, -1.17], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.84, 95% CI [-30.26, -5.42], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-7.16, 14.14], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.50, 95% CI [-16.53, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.72, 95% CI [-32.32, -1.11], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-24.59, 28.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.15, 95% CI [-10.66, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.89, 95% CI [-7.18, 20.96], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.64, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-20.80, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-14.00, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.99, 4.14], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 16.21], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.86, 95%
## CI [0.04, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-10.23, 15.87], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.671; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-9.74, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-18.33, 34.85], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-15.80, 21.89], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.11, 95% CI [-27.78, 3.57], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-16.67, 1.08], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.11, 1.61], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.02, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.53, 95% CI [-67.94, 4.89], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090;
## Std. beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-7.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.09, 13.69], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-11.96, 12.73], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.76], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-4.75, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-3.80, 2.88], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-5.22, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-1.52, 4.48], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 6.71], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.93], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [0.12, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.65, 95% CI [-2.15, 13.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-0.73, 5.38], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.135; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.30], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-26.95, 5.30], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.08, 95% CI [-0.13, 14.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [1.26, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.43, 95% CI [-4.54, 11.39], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.31, 9.43], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.06, 95% CI [-55.51, 37.39], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-5.97, 4.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-28.71, 26.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-4.59, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.74, 95% CI [-34.23, 16.74], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501;
## Std. beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.91, 95% CI [-3.03, 10.84], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-3.73, 10.06], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-2.17, 16.49], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.90, 95% CI [0.33, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 11.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-6.25, 4.40], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.39], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.00, 95% CI [-33.62, 17.62], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.61, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.82, 9.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.94, 7.44], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.62, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.76], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.05, 95% CI [-1.93, 8.03], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.230; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.24, 95% CI [1.90, 20.57], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.06, 11.61], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [6.98e-03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-5.60, 5.83], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-4.26, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.20, 95% CI [-47.78, -6.63], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-5.14, -0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.06, 95% CI [-4.19, 14.32], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-7.21, 19.16], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.77, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-12.97, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.831;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.31. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 38.85 (95% CI [32.32, 45.38], t(2038)
## = 11.66, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.19, 95% CI [-11.65, -4.72], t(2038) = -4.64, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.82, -0.46])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.09, 1.89], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [8.41e-03, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-27.82, 26.57], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -3.10,
## 95% CI [-6.33, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.71, 95% CI [6.69, 46.73], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.98, 95%
## CI [0.70, 3.26])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-23.02, 14.05], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.36, 95% CI [-27.63, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.55, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.68, 95% CI [-13.60, 24.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.563; Std. beta = 0.89,
## 95% CI [-0.46, 2.24])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.43, 95% CI [-1.58, 14.44], t(2038) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.41, 95% CI [-26.27, 11.46], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.35, 95% CI [14.92, 27.78], t(2038) = 6.51, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.48, 95% CI [-0.61, 21.57], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.87,
## 95% CI [0.13, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.28, 95% CI [-7.12, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.80, 95% CI [-19.40, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.46], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.02, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-10.14, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.75, 95% CI [-7.54, 31.04], t(2038) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.02, 95% CI [-21.76, 9.72], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.51, 95% CI [-22.01, 31.02], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.78, 95% CI [-9.21, 16.77], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = 0.93, 95%
## CI [0.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-26.46, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.06, 95% CI [-23.77, 5.66], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-34.90, 24.34], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.727; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 1.94])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.91, 95% CI [-49.76, 3.94], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.75, 95% CI [-19.48, 3.98], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.195; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.42, 95% CI [33.40, 87.44], t(2038) = 4.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.91])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-23.03, 15.53], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-3.50, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.23, 95% CI [-16.32, 7.86], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.63], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.87, 95% CI [-37.02, 13.28], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-1.69, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.05, 95% CI [-18.92, -1.17], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.84, 95% CI [-30.26, -5.42], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.49, 95% CI [-7.16, 14.14], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.520; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.50, 95% CI [-16.53, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.72, 95% CI [-32.32, -1.11], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -1.91,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-24.59, 28.22], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.15, 95% CI [-10.66, 12.96], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.35, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.89, 95% CI [-7.18, 20.96], t(2038) = 0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.64, 95%
## CI [-0.33, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-20.80, 5.75], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-14.00, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.99, 4.14], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.146; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 16.21], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = 0.86, 95%
## CI [0.04, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-10.23, 15.87], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.671; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-9.74, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.892; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.26, 95% CI [-18.33, 34.85], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.05, 95% CI [-15.80, 21.89], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = 0.70,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.11, 95% CI [-27.78, 3.57], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.79, 95% CI [-16.67, 1.08], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [0.11, 1.61], t(2038) = 2.24, p = 0.025; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [0.02, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.53, 95% CI [-67.94, 4.89], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090;
## Std. beta = -3.39, 95% CI [-7.30, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.09, 13.69], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-11.96, 12.73], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.76], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-4.75, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-3.80, 2.88], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-5.22, 11.54], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.48, 95% CI [-1.52, 4.48], t(2038) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-3.40, 6.71], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [1.09, 7.93], t(2038) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [0.12, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.65, 95% CI [-2.15, 13.45], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-0.73, 5.38], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.135; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.59, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.30], t(2038) = 1.90, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-26.95, 5.30], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.188;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-2.90, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.08, 95% CI [-0.13, 14.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.95, 95% CI [1.26, 12.64], t(2038) = 2.40, p = 0.017; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [0.14, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.43, 95% CI [-4.54, 11.39], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.31, 9.43], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.06, 95% CI [-55.51, 37.39], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.702;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-5.97, 4.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-28.71, 26.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-4.59, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.74, 95% CI [-34.23, 16.74], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501;
## Std. beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.91, 95% CI [-3.03, 10.84], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.16, 95% CI [-3.73, 10.06], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.369; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.16, 95% CI [-2.17, 16.49], t(2038) = 1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.90, 95% CI [0.33, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 11.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.854; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-6.25, 4.40], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.39], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.00, 95% CI [-33.62, 17.62], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.61, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.82, 9.28], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.25, 95% CI [-0.94, 7.44], t(2038) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.62, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.76], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.05, 95% CI [-1.93, 8.03], t(2038) = 1.20, p = 0.230; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.24, 95% CI [1.90, 20.57], t(2038) = 2.36, p = 0.018; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.06, 11.61], t(2038) = 1.98, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [6.98e-03, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-5.60, 5.83], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-4.26, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.20, 95% CI [-47.78, -6.63], t(2038) = -2.59, p = 0.010;
## Std. beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-5.14, -0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.06, 95% CI [-4.19, 14.32], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.284; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [-7.21, 19.16], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.77, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-12.97, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.831;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.2.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14681.1
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1224 -0.4946 -0.0103  0.4418  7.1071 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.04   11.792        
##           time_firstPFT  10.67    3.266   -0.29
##  Residual                41.79    6.465        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       35.09448    6.30307   5.568
## time_firstPFT                     -6.83145    3.06428  -2.229
## SO4_5yrPreDx                       0.62348    0.79623   0.783
## disadv                            -5.23708    2.36380  -2.216
## dich_RaceNon-White                -3.39950    2.29724  -1.480
## sexF                              -2.58402    1.42902  -1.808
## age_dx                             0.14063    0.07492   1.877
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.74979    1.41352  -1.945
## smokeHxAlways                      9.66114    7.06021   1.368
## smokeHxUnknown                    -3.34550    3.20991  -1.042
## site02R                           -3.75124   13.76485  -0.273
## site03R                           23.07059   10.22328   2.257
## site04R                           -3.62965    9.34788  -0.388
## site05R                          -12.67754    7.72900  -1.640
## site06R                           -6.72752   13.60251  -0.495
## site07R                            4.97060    4.07323   1.220
## site09R                           -9.29603    9.55194  -0.973
## site101                           21.99345    3.33722   6.590
## site102                           10.01000    5.74979   1.741
## site103                            0.61278    3.66103   0.167
## site104                           -5.96523    5.93575  -1.005
## site105                            4.01331    3.37481   1.189
## site106                           -4.07776    3.92972  -1.038
## site107                            9.76067    9.78191   0.998
## site108                            0.25172    8.35853   0.030
## site10R                            4.71925   13.48394   0.350
## site11R                            2.87910    6.54282   0.440
## site12R                           -5.88122    9.46386  -0.621
## site13R                          -10.31424    7.48500  -1.378
## site14R                           -6.89561   15.06329  -0.458
## site15R                          -19.34128   13.57139  -1.425
## site16R                           -7.06538    6.03918  -1.170
## site17R                           65.23915   13.79058   4.731
## site18R                           -2.01868    9.72388  -0.208
## site19R                           -4.21954    6.14446  -0.687
## site20R                           -1.72526    5.80553  -0.297
## site21R                          -11.37435   12.63626  -0.900
## site22R                          -12.35455    4.54760  -2.717
## site23R                          -23.72037    7.88099  -3.010
## site24R                            3.36402    5.39565   0.623
## site25R                           -6.37735    6.17231  -1.033
## site28R                          -15.02438    7.92003  -1.897
## site29R                           -1.41550   13.35371  -0.106
## site31R                            0.95338    6.07589   0.157
## site32R                            7.75534    7.14244   1.086
## site33R                           -7.70191    6.72103  -1.146
## site34R                           -3.21669    5.26783  -0.611
## site35R                          -12.12498    8.12259  -1.493
## site36R                            4.10088    5.99683   0.684
## site37R                            1.44580    6.67977   0.216
## site38R                            0.21852    4.61196   0.047
## site39R                           17.16597   13.70497   1.253
## site40R                            2.01125    9.49057   0.212
## site41R                          -12.31851    7.97740  -1.544
## site42R                           -9.44692    4.52929  -2.086
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreDx         0.72226    0.41389   1.745
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.65060    1.10065   1.500
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.60584    1.09428  -0.554
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.49788    0.65670   0.758
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.02564    0.03443  -0.745
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.58008    0.66608  -0.871
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.22558    6.01960  -1.034
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.67600    1.66978   1.004
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -30.52976   18.59589  -1.642
## time_firstPFT:site03R              1.70682    6.13758   0.278
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -0.58540    6.35074  -0.092
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -2.87440    7.55923  -0.380
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -0.33016    1.75219  -0.188
## time_firstPFT:site09R              3.82128    4.31827   0.885
## time_firstPFT:site101              1.21527    1.57567   0.771
## time_firstPFT:site102              1.83310    2.67218   0.686
## time_firstPFT:site103              4.33734    1.86940   2.320
## time_firstPFT:site104              4.58485    4.06096   1.129
## time_firstPFT:site105              2.03619    1.61773   1.259
## time_firstPFT:site106              3.72272    1.95709   1.902
## time_firstPFT:site107            -10.37817    8.25014  -1.258
## time_firstPFT:site108              7.14835    3.88662   1.839
## time_firstPFT:site11R              7.14858    2.95362   2.420
## time_firstPFT:site12R              3.40106    4.09159   0.831
## time_firstPFT:site13R              1.36462    4.07806   0.335
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -8.37899   23.70676  -0.353
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -1.47010   14.15955  -0.104
## time_firstPFT:site16R              0.47620    2.82601   0.169
## time_firstPFT:site18R             -9.12835   13.00618  -0.702
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.38569    3.57320   0.948
## time_firstPFT:site20R              2.69943    3.59581   0.751
## time_firstPFT:site21R              7.30878    4.77641   1.530
## time_firstPFT:site22R              6.75796    2.89290   2.336
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.31899   26.79905   0.907
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -1.00037    2.75193  -0.364
## time_firstPFT:site25R              1.32687    3.35533   0.395
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -7.09411   13.14440  -0.540
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.35750    5.18367   0.069
## time_firstPFT:site31R              3.76584    2.23225   1.687
## time_firstPFT:site32R              1.65932    3.82846   0.433
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.51818    3.84670  -0.655
## time_firstPFT:site34R              2.69227    2.57210   1.047
## time_firstPFT:site35R             11.27868    4.78812   2.356
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.72550    2.97428   1.925
## time_firstPFT:site37R              0.24905    3.04644   0.082
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -0.46071    2.08268  -0.221
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -27.63949   10.59803  -2.608
## time_firstPFT:site40R              4.04931    4.79218   0.845
## time_firstPFT:site41R              6.20831    6.74829   0.920
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.02932    5.98289  -0.339
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.789
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.532
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73, 47.46], t(2008)
## = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to SO4_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73, 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73,
## 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 35.09 (95% CI
## [22.73, 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73,
## 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73,
## 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 35.09 (95% CI
## [22.73, 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73,
## 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 35.09 (95% CI [22.73, 47.46], t(2008) = 5.57, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.83, 95% CI [-12.84, -0.82], t(2008) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.83, -0.39])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.19], t(2008) = 0.78, p = 0.434; Std. beta =
## 0.19, 95% CI [7.72e-04, 0.39])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.24,
## 95% CI [-9.87, -0.60], t(2008) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-7.90, 1.11], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.139; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.58, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.22], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.31e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.88, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.05])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.66, 95% CI [-4.18, 23.51], t(2008) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-9.64, 2.95], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.75, 95% CI [-30.75, 23.24], t(2008) = -0.27, p = 0.785; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.47, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.07, 95% CI [3.02, 43.12], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = 1.72, 95%
## CI [0.43, 3.02])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.63, 95% CI [-21.96, 14.70], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.68, 95% CI [-27.84, 2.48], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-33.40, 19.95], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.97, 95% CI [-3.02, 12.96], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-28.03, 9.44], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.99, 95% CI [15.45, 28.54], t(2008) = 6.59, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [1.15, 2.05])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-1.27, 21.29], t(2008) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.85,
## 95% CI [0.10, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.61, 95% CI [-6.57, 7.79], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-17.61, 5.68], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.01, 95% CI [-2.61, 10.63], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = 0.47, 95%
## CI [0.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-11.78, 3.63], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.43, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.76, 95% CI [-9.42, 28.94], t(2008) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.25, 95% CI [-16.14, 16.64], t(2008) = 0.03, p = 0.976; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.72, 31.16], t(2008) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.88, 95% CI [-9.95, 15.71], t(2008) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.89, 95%
## CI [0.02, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.88, 95% CI [-24.44, 12.68], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-24.99, 4.36], t(2008) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.53, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.90, 95% CI [-36.44, 22.65], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 1.91])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.34, 95% CI [-45.96, 7.27], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.07, 95% CI [-18.91, 4.78], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 65.24, 95% CI [38.19, 92.28], t(2008) = 4.73, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.41, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.23])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-21.09, 17.05], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.22, 95% CI [-16.27, 7.83], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-13.11, 9.66], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.37, 95% CI [-36.16, 13.41], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.368; Std. beta =
## -0.06, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.35, 95% CI [-21.27, -3.44], t(2008) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.72, 95% CI [-39.18, -8.26], t(2008) = -3.01, p = 0.003; Std. beta = 0.76,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 5.46])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.36, 95% CI [-7.22, 13.95], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.38, 95% CI [-18.48, 5.73], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.02, 95% CI [-30.56, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-4.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.42, 95% CI [-27.60, 24.77], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.95, 95% CI [-10.96, 12.87], t(2008) = 0.16, p = 0.875; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.76, 95% CI [-6.25, 21.76], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.70, 95% CI [-20.88, 5.48], t(2008) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-13.55, 7.11], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-28.05, 3.80], t(2008) = -1.49, p = 0.136; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.10, 95% CI [-7.66, 15.86], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.494; Std. beta = 0.83, 95%
## CI [0.01, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.45, 95% CI [-11.65, 14.55], t(2008) = 0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-8.83, 9.26], t(2008) = 0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = -0.03, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 17.17, 95% CI [-9.71, 44.04], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-3.67, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.01, 95% CI [-16.60, 20.62], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = 0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.86])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.32, 95% CI [-27.96, 3.33], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.45, 95% CI [-18.33, -0.56], t(2008) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.53], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081;
## Std. beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.81], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.75, 1.54], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.79], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.89, 0.73], t(2008) =
## -0.87, p = 0.384; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.23, 95% CI [-18.03, 5.58], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.95], t(2008) =
## 1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-67.00, 5.94], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-7.21, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-10.33, 13.74], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-13.04, 11.87], t(2008) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-17.70, 11.95], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.704;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.11], t(2008) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 12.29], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-1.87, 4.31], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.441; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-3.41, 7.07], t(2008) = 0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [0.67, 8.00], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [0.07, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.58, 95% CI [-3.38, 12.55], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.259; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.21], t(2008) = 1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-0.12, 7.56], t(2008) = 1.90, p = 0.057; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.38, 95% CI [-26.56, 5.80], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.209;
## Std. beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-2.86, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [-0.47, 14.77], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.15, 95% CI [1.36, 12.94], t(2008) = 2.42, p = 0.016; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [0.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.62, 11.43], t(2008) = 0.83, p = 0.406; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.36], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.38, 95% CI [-54.87, 38.11], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.724;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-5.91, 4.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-29.24, 26.30], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-3.15, 2.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-5.07, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.13, 95% CI [-34.64, 16.38], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.483;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.73, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.39, 95% CI [-3.62, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.35, 9.75], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.31, 95% CI [-2.06, 16.68], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.76, 95% CI [1.08, 12.43], t(2008) = 2.34, p = 0.020; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.12, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.32, 95% CI [-28.24, 76.88], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.04, 8.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.40, 4.40], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-5.25, 7.91], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.09, 95% CI [-32.87, 18.68], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589;
## Std. beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-3.54, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-9.81, 10.52], t(2008) = 0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-1.06, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.77, 95% CI [-0.61, 8.14], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.66, 95% CI [-5.85, 9.17], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-10.06, 5.03], t(2008) = -0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-2.35, 7.74], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.28, 95% CI [1.89, 20.67], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.20, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.73, 95% CI [-0.11, 11.56], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.054; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-5.73, 6.22], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.935; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.55, 3.62], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -27.64, 95% CI [-48.42, -6.86], t(2008) = -2.61, p = 0.009;
## Std. beta = -2.98, 95% CI [-5.21, -0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-5.35, 13.45], t(2008) = 0.84, p = 0.398; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-7.03, 19.44], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.358; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.76, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-13.76, 9.70], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.735; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.04])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.3 NO3

9.3.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14849.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1435 -0.4922 -0.0081  0.4342  7.0885 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.66   11.944        
##           time_firstPFT  10.80    3.286   -0.29
##  Residual                41.74    6.460        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 44.74645    2.40595  18.598
## time_firstPFT               -6.71336    1.23327  -5.444
## NO3_5yrPreDx                -3.71860    1.87703  -1.981
## site02R                     -1.24133   13.56288  -0.092
## site03R                     26.26351    9.87779   2.659
## site04R                     -1.90806    9.40799  -0.203
## site05R                    -11.98627    7.74983  -1.547
## site06R                      3.98450    9.66725   0.412
## site07R                      6.92798    3.73630   1.854
## site09R                     -9.66885    9.42222  -1.026
## site101                     19.46717    2.54442   7.651
## site102                      7.88076    4.96969   1.586
## site103                     -4.42160    2.56938  -1.721
## site104                    -12.64817    5.43802  -2.326
## site105                      0.50464    2.57388   0.196
## site106                     -3.66945    3.35726  -1.093
## site107                      9.54375    9.59416   0.995
## site108                    -10.53203    7.63455  -1.380
## site10R                     -1.11375   13.45696  -0.083
## site11R                      0.05698    6.56116   0.009
## site12R                     -6.99374    9.35736  -0.747
## site13R                    -10.66215    7.29818  -1.461
## site14R                     -6.63038   14.96359  -0.443
## site15R                    -26.04933   13.68780  -1.903
## site16R                     -7.87809    5.86975  -1.342
## site17R                     60.13195   13.62005   4.415
## site18R                     -6.92576    9.70128  -0.714
## site19R                     -9.28580    5.83663  -1.591
## site20R                     -1.96526    5.55430  -0.354
## site21R                    -14.59345   12.73460  -1.146
## site22R                    -10.38758    4.25354  -2.442
## site23R                    -20.21217    6.16458  -3.279
## site24R                      4.69245    5.12960   0.915
## site25R                     -4.07276    5.61639  -0.725
## site28R                    -15.16392    7.94944  -1.908
## site29R                     -0.59721   13.30140  -0.045
## site31R                     -1.82168    5.87217  -0.310
## site32R                      3.09994    6.76504   0.458
## site33R                    -10.32791    6.67334  -1.548
## site34R                     -5.27851    4.99407  -1.057
## site35R                    -15.63371    7.91339  -1.976
## site36R                      5.32172    5.98333   0.889
## site37R                      3.44197    6.50289   0.529
## site38R                     -3.62456    4.56717  -0.794
## site39R                      4.72357   13.29296   0.355
## site40R                      4.77406    9.38436   0.509
## site41R                    -12.71119    7.69864  -1.651
## site42R                     -8.19480    4.32468  -1.895
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreDx   1.97203    0.96536   2.043
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -35.04986   18.51751  -1.893
## time_firstPFT:site03R       -1.60046    5.92289  -0.270
## time_firstPFT:site04R       -3.60731    6.29185  -0.573
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -3.85768    7.54095  -0.512
## time_firstPFT:site06R        3.61826    5.02546   0.720
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -3.33051    1.42016  -2.345
## time_firstPFT:site09R        1.33244    4.18479   0.318
## time_firstPFT:site101       -0.60728    1.06956  -0.568
## time_firstPFT:site102       -1.26022    2.15868  -0.584
## time_firstPFT:site103        2.63751    1.17057   2.253
## time_firstPFT:site104        3.95055    3.78258   1.044
## time_firstPFT:site105        0.39568    1.10118   0.359
## time_firstPFT:site106        1.51063    1.59666   0.946
## time_firstPFT:site107      -12.79776    8.14958  -1.570
## time_firstPFT:site108        5.31961    3.44828   1.543
## time_firstPFT:site11R        6.50982    2.88190   2.259
## time_firstPFT:site12R       -0.30319    4.04306  -0.075
## time_firstPFT:site13R       -0.27488    3.91454  -0.070
## time_firstPFT:site14R      -10.94271   23.67347  -0.462
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -0.58539   14.15426  -0.041
## time_firstPFT:site16R       -1.08645    2.59675  -0.418
## time_firstPFT:site18R       -9.58422   12.98239  -0.738
## time_firstPFT:site19R        2.71562    3.39205   0.801
## time_firstPFT:site20R        0.55083    3.37800   0.163
## time_firstPFT:site21R        6.49967    4.74831   1.369
## time_firstPFT:site22R        4.31342    2.75577   1.565
## time_firstPFT:site23R        0.29882    5.40258   0.055
## time_firstPFT:site24R       -4.59406    2.50675  -1.833
## time_firstPFT:site25R       -2.67881    2.95028  -0.908
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -10.30106   13.07272  -0.788
## time_firstPFT:site29R       -2.25689    5.05763  -0.446
## time_firstPFT:site31R        2.36275    2.02347   1.168
## time_firstPFT:site32R       -0.25261    3.56563  -0.071
## time_firstPFT:site33R       -2.13216    3.78062  -0.564
## time_firstPFT:site34R        1.15495    2.35343   0.491
## time_firstPFT:site35R        9.69057    4.63488   2.091
## time_firstPFT:site36R        3.98436    2.97177   1.341
## time_firstPFT:site37R       -2.46557    2.86065  -0.862
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -0.93722    1.97432  -0.475
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -29.16177   10.42189  -2.798
## time_firstPFT:site40R        1.70283    4.54057   0.375
## time_firstPFT:site41R        3.30879    6.64294   0.498
## time_firstPFT:site42R       -3.06029    5.92225  -0.517
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.534
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 44.75 (95% CI [40.03,
## 49.46], t(2038) = 18.60, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.71, 95% CI [-9.13, -4.29], t(2038) = -5.44, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.62, -0.40])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.72, 95% CI [-7.40, -0.04], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.24, 95% CI [-27.84, 25.36], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.26, 95% CI [6.89, 45.64], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.36, 16.54], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-27.18, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.98, 95% CI [-14.97, 22.94], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-0.40, 14.26], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.67, 95% CI [-28.15, 8.81], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.48, 24.46], t(2038) = 7.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.88, 95% CI [-1.87, 17.63], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-9.46, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-23.31, -1.98], t(2038) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.54, 5.55], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.67, 95% CI [-10.25, 2.91], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.54, 95% CI [-9.27, 28.36], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-25.50, 4.44], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-27.50, 25.28], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-12.81, 12.92], t(2038) = 8.68e-03, p = 0.993; Std. beta =
## 0.63, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.99, 95% CI [-25.34, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.66, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-35.98, 22.72], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.05, 95% CI [-52.89, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.88, 95% CI [-19.39, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.13, 95% CI [33.42, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.41, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.93, 95% CI [-25.95, 12.10], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-20.73, 2.16], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.97, 95% CI [-12.86, 8.93], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.59, 95% CI [-39.57, 10.38], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta =
## -0.36, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.39, 95% CI [-18.73, -2.05], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.21, 95% CI [-32.30, -8.12], t(2038) = -3.28, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.34,
## 95% CI [-2.46, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-5.37, 14.75], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-15.09, 6.94], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.16, 95% CI [-30.75, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-26.68, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.82, 95% CI [-13.34, 9.69], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-10.17, 16.37], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-15.07, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.63, 95% CI [-31.15, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-6.41, 17.06], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.19], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta =
## -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.62, 95% CI [-12.58, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.35, 30.79], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-13.63, 23.18], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.71, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-16.68, 0.29], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [0.08, 3.87], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [3.88e-03, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.37, 1.27], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-7.67, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-13.22, 10.02], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-15.95, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.86, 95% CI [-18.65, 10.93], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-6.24, 13.47], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.33, 95% CI [-6.12, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-6.87, 9.54], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.49], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-5.49, 2.97], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [0.34, 4.93], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [0.04, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-3.47, 11.37], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.56], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-1.62, 4.64], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.78, 3.18], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-3.09, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.32, 95% CI [-1.44, 12.08], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.51, 95% CI [0.86, 12.16], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.63], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-7.95, 7.40], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-57.37, 35.48], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.17, 3.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-28.34, 27.17], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-3.05, 2.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-35.04, 15.88], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.77, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.94, 9.37], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-6.07, 7.18], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-2.81, 15.81], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.09, 9.72], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-10.30, 10.89], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.956; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.59, 95% CI [-9.51, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.68, 95% CI [-8.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.30, 95% CI [-35.94, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-12.18, 7.66], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.655; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.61, 6.33], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-7.25, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-9.55, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 5.77], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.69, 95% CI [0.60, 18.78], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.06, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.98, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.81], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-8.08, 3.14], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-4.81, 2.93], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.16, 95% CI [-49.60, -8.72], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-7.20, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.72, 16.34], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.618; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-14.67, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.92])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NO3_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 44.75 (95% CI [40.03, 49.46], t(2038)
## = 18.60, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.71, 95% CI [-9.13, -4.29], t(2038) = -5.44, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.62, -0.40])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.72, 95% CI [-7.40, -0.04], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.24, 95% CI [-27.84, 25.36], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.26, 95% CI [6.89, 45.64], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.36, 16.54], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-27.18, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.98, 95% CI [-14.97, 22.94], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-0.40, 14.26], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.67, 95% CI [-28.15, 8.81], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.48, 24.46], t(2038) = 7.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.88, 95% CI [-1.87, 17.63], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-9.46, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-23.31, -1.98], t(2038) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.54, 5.55], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.67, 95% CI [-10.25, 2.91], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.54, 95% CI [-9.27, 28.36], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-25.50, 4.44], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-27.50, 25.28], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-12.81, 12.92], t(2038) = 8.68e-03, p = 0.993; Std. beta =
## 0.63, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.99, 95% CI [-25.34, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.66, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-35.98, 22.72], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.05, 95% CI [-52.89, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.88, 95% CI [-19.39, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.13, 95% CI [33.42, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.41, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.93, 95% CI [-25.95, 12.10], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-20.73, 2.16], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.97, 95% CI [-12.86, 8.93], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.59, 95% CI [-39.57, 10.38], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta =
## -0.36, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.39, 95% CI [-18.73, -2.05], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.21, 95% CI [-32.30, -8.12], t(2038) = -3.28, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.34,
## 95% CI [-2.46, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-5.37, 14.75], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-15.09, 6.94], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.16, 95% CI [-30.75, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-26.68, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.82, 95% CI [-13.34, 9.69], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-10.17, 16.37], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-15.07, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.63, 95% CI [-31.15, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-6.41, 17.06], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.19], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta =
## -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.62, 95% CI [-12.58, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.35, 30.79], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-13.63, 23.18], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.71, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-16.68, 0.29], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [0.08, 3.87], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [3.88e-03, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.37, 1.27], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-7.67, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-13.22, 10.02], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-15.95, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.86, 95% CI [-18.65, 10.93], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-6.24, 13.47], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.33, 95% CI [-6.12, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-6.87, 9.54], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.49], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-5.49, 2.97], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [0.34, 4.93], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [0.04, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-3.47, 11.37], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.56], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-1.62, 4.64], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.78, 3.18], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-3.09, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.32, 95% CI [-1.44, 12.08], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.51, 95% CI [0.86, 12.16], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.63], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-7.95, 7.40], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-57.37, 35.48], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.17, 3.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-28.34, 27.17], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-3.05, 2.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-35.04, 15.88], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.77, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.94, 9.37], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-6.07, 7.18], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-2.81, 15.81], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.09, 9.72], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-10.30, 10.89], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.956; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.59, 95% CI [-9.51, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.68, 95% CI [-8.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.30, 95% CI [-35.94, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-12.18, 7.66], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.655; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.61, 6.33], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-7.25, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-9.55, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 5.77], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.69, 95% CI [0.60, 18.78], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.06, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.98, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.81], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-8.08, 3.14], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-4.81, 2.93], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.16, 95% CI [-49.60, -8.72], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-7.20, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.72, 16.34], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.618; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-14.67, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.92])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 44.75 (95% CI [40.03, 49.46], t(2038) = 18.60, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.71, 95% CI [-9.13, -4.29], t(2038) = -5.44, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.62, -0.40])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.72, 95% CI [-7.40, -0.04], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.24, 95% CI [-27.84, 25.36], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.26, 95% CI [6.89, 45.64], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.36, 16.54], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-27.18, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.98, 95% CI [-14.97, 22.94], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-0.40, 14.26], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.67, 95% CI [-28.15, 8.81], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.48, 24.46], t(2038) = 7.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.88, 95% CI [-1.87, 17.63], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-9.46, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-23.31, -1.98], t(2038) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.54, 5.55], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.67, 95% CI [-10.25, 2.91], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.54, 95% CI [-9.27, 28.36], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-25.50, 4.44], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-27.50, 25.28], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-12.81, 12.92], t(2038) = 8.68e-03, p = 0.993; Std. beta =
## 0.63, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.99, 95% CI [-25.34, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.66, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-35.98, 22.72], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.05, 95% CI [-52.89, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.88, 95% CI [-19.39, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.13, 95% CI [33.42, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.41, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.93, 95% CI [-25.95, 12.10], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-20.73, 2.16], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.97, 95% CI [-12.86, 8.93], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.59, 95% CI [-39.57, 10.38], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta =
## -0.36, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.39, 95% CI [-18.73, -2.05], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.21, 95% CI [-32.30, -8.12], t(2038) = -3.28, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.34,
## 95% CI [-2.46, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-5.37, 14.75], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-15.09, 6.94], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.16, 95% CI [-30.75, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-26.68, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.82, 95% CI [-13.34, 9.69], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-10.17, 16.37], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-15.07, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.63, 95% CI [-31.15, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-6.41, 17.06], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.19], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta =
## -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.62, 95% CI [-12.58, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.35, 30.79], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-13.63, 23.18], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.71, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-16.68, 0.29], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [0.08, 3.87], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [3.88e-03, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.37, 1.27], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-7.67, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-13.22, 10.02], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-15.95, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.86, 95% CI [-18.65, 10.93], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-6.24, 13.47], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.33, 95% CI [-6.12, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-6.87, 9.54], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.49], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-5.49, 2.97], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [0.34, 4.93], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [0.04, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-3.47, 11.37], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.56], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-1.62, 4.64], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.78, 3.18], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-3.09, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.32, 95% CI [-1.44, 12.08], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.51, 95% CI [0.86, 12.16], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.63], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-7.95, 7.40], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-57.37, 35.48], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.17, 3.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-28.34, 27.17], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-3.05, 2.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-35.04, 15.88], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.77, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.94, 9.37], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-6.07, 7.18], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-2.81, 15.81], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.09, 9.72], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-10.30, 10.89], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.956; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.59, 95% CI [-9.51, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.68, 95% CI [-8.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.30, 95% CI [-35.94, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-12.18, 7.66], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.655; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.61, 6.33], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-7.25, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-9.55, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 5.77], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.69, 95% CI [0.60, 18.78], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.06, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.98, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.81], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-8.08, 3.14], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-4.81, 2.93], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.16, 95% CI [-49.60, -8.72], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-7.20, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.72, 16.34], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.618; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-14.67, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.92])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 44.75 (95% CI [40.03, 49.46], t(2038)
## = 18.60, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.71, 95% CI [-9.13, -4.29], t(2038) = -5.44, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.51, 95%
## CI [-0.62, -0.40])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -3.72, 95% CI [-7.40, -0.04], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.15, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.24, 95% CI [-27.84, 25.36], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 26.26, 95% CI [6.89, 45.64], t(2038) = 2.66, p = 0.008; Std. beta = 1.62, 95%
## CI [0.38, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.36, 16.54], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-27.18, 3.21], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.98, 95% CI [-14.97, 22.94], t(2038) = 0.41, p = 0.680; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-0.40, 14.26], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.67, 95% CI [-28.15, 8.81], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.48, 24.46], t(2038) = 7.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.88, 95% CI [-1.87, 17.63], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-9.46, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.38, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-23.31, -1.98], t(2038) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.50, 95% CI [-4.54, 5.55], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.67, 95% CI [-10.25, 2.91], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.54, 95% CI [-9.27, 28.36], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.53, 95% CI [-25.50, 4.44], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-27.50, 25.28], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.934; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-12.81, 12.92], t(2038) = 8.68e-03, p = 0.993; Std. beta =
## 0.63, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.99, 95% CI [-25.34, 11.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.455; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.66, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.63, 95% CI [-35.98, 22.72], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.05, 95% CI [-52.89, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.82,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.88, 95% CI [-19.39, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.180; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.13, 95% CI [33.42, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.41, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.87])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.93, 95% CI [-25.95, 12.10], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.475; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-20.73, 2.16], t(2038) = -1.59, p = 0.112; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.97, 95% CI [-12.86, 8.93], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.59, 95% CI [-39.57, 10.38], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta =
## -0.36, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.39, 95% CI [-18.73, -2.05], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.21, 95% CI [-32.30, -8.12], t(2038) = -3.28, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.34,
## 95% CI [-2.46, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.69, 95% CI [-5.37, 14.75], t(2038) = 0.91, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-15.09, 6.94], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.16, 95% CI [-30.75, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.60, 95% CI [-26.68, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.964; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.82, 95% CI [-13.34, 9.69], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.10, 95% CI [-10.17, 16.37], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.28, 95% CI [-15.07, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.63, 95% CI [-31.15, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.32, 95% CI [-6.41, 17.06], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.44, 95% CI [-9.31, 16.19], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta =
## -6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.62, 95% CI [-12.58, 5.33], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.428; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.72, 95% CI [-21.35, 30.79], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.59, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.77, 95% CI [-13.63, 23.18], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.71, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.099; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-16.68, 0.29], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [0.08, 3.87], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [3.88e-03, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.37, 1.27], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-7.67, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-13.22, 10.02], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.787;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-15.95, 8.73], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.71, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.86, 95% CI [-18.65, 10.93], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.609;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-6.24, 13.47], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -3.33, 95% CI [-6.12, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-6.87, 9.54], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.49], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-5.49, 2.97], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [0.34, 4.93], t(2038) = 2.25, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [0.04, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.95, 95% CI [-3.47, 11.37], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.56], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-1.62, 4.64], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.78, 3.18], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116;
## Std. beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-3.09, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.32, 95% CI [-1.44, 12.08], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.51, 95% CI [0.86, 12.16], t(2038) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-8.23, 7.63], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.940; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-7.95, 7.40], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.94, 95% CI [-57.37, 35.48], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.17, 3.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-28.34, 27.17], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-3.05, 2.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.18, 4.01], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-35.04, 15.88], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.77, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.94, 9.37], t(2038) = 0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-6.07, 7.18], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.50, 95% CI [-2.81, 15.81], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.171; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.31, 95% CI [-1.09, 9.72], t(2038) = 1.57, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-10.30, 10.89], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.956; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.11, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.59, 95% CI [-9.51, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.68, 95% CI [-8.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.30, 95% CI [-35.94, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.431;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-12.18, 7.66], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.655; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.31, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.61, 6.33], t(2038) = 1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-7.25, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.13, 95% CI [-9.55, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.46, 5.77], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.69, 95% CI [0.60, 18.78], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.06, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.98, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.81], t(2038) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-8.08, 3.14], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-4.81, 2.93], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.16, 95% CI [-49.60, -8.72], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.70, 95% CI [-7.20, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-9.72, 16.34], t(2038) = 0.50, p = 0.618; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-1.04, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.06, 95% CI [-14.67, 8.55], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.92])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.3.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14678.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1213 -0.4902 -0.0046  0.4366  7.0830 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   138.36   11.763        
##           time_firstPFT  10.80    3.286   -0.27
##  Residual                41.78    6.464        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       41.41570    5.47799   7.560
## time_firstPFT                     -5.16471    2.50259  -2.064
## NO3_5yrPreDx                      -2.73005    1.90144  -1.436
## disadv                            -5.66510    2.32930  -2.432
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.70740    2.29274  -1.181
## sexF                              -2.30372    1.42865  -1.613
## age_dx                             0.13026    0.07437   1.752
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.69855    1.41037  -1.913
## smokeHxAlways                      9.27755    7.05097   1.316
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.87840    3.17933  -0.905
## site02R                           -5.25805   13.47469  -0.390
## site03R                           21.71496    9.88669   2.196
## site04R                           -2.43893    9.31613  -0.262
## site05R                          -12.56043    7.70602  -1.630
## site06R                           -8.57048   13.48536  -0.636
## site07R                            4.75326    3.75159   1.267
## site09R                          -11.70387    9.36151  -1.250
## site101                           19.70294    2.57094   7.664
## site102                            6.90397    4.99217   1.383
## site103                           -3.68407    2.70009  -1.364
## site104                          -10.78622    5.44951  -1.979
## site105                            1.29238    2.60190   0.497
## site106                           -5.69741    3.40538  -1.673
## site107                            7.28703    9.53089   0.765
## site108                           -4.83715    7.95909  -0.608
## site10R                            0.16753   13.44048   0.012
## site11R                           -0.30800    6.51177  -0.047
## site12R                           -6.15143    9.27072  -0.664
## site13R                          -12.14642    7.27130  -1.670
## site14R                           -8.65433   14.92875  -0.580
## site15R                          -21.99327   13.60942  -1.616
## site16R                           -7.83632    5.90248  -1.328
## site17R                           63.86142   13.61122   4.692
## site18R                           -4.76815    9.63958  -0.495
## site19R                           -9.00640    5.82408  -1.546
## site20R                           -2.57655    5.51972  -0.467
## site21R                          -13.78889   12.58033  -1.096
## site22R                          -13.17089    4.29821  -3.064
## site23R                          -26.18422    7.71213  -3.395
## site24R                            3.47632    5.10433   0.681
## site25R                           -7.15963    5.64082  -1.269
## site28R                          -14.27639    7.91644  -1.803
## site29R                           -3.94090   13.20678  -0.298
## site31R                           -2.17330    5.90291  -0.368
## site32R                            3.87974    6.74806   0.575
## site33R                          -10.32248    6.64103  -1.554
## site34R                           -5.19935    4.95728  -1.049
## site35R                          -15.72241    7.87176  -1.997
## site36R                            4.46102    5.95421   0.749
## site37R                            1.30676    6.52699   0.200
## site38R                           -2.56102    4.54777  -0.563
## site39R                           12.61784   13.42591   0.940
## site40R                            2.58634    9.33446   0.277
## site41R                          -13.72721    7.68438  -1.786
## site42R                          -10.21811    4.34190  -2.353
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreDx         1.72615    1.00446   1.718
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.34687    1.09548   1.229
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.79879    1.11226  -0.718
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.47436    0.66316   0.715
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03082    0.03434  -0.897
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.71731    0.66541  -1.078
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.17679    6.03122  -1.024
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.10378    1.65634   1.270
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -33.48854   18.54184  -1.806
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -1.24542    5.96788  -0.209
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -4.05672    6.33471  -0.640
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.57244    7.55928  -0.473
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.74137    1.48354  -1.848
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.31343    4.21361   0.549
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.44797    1.09094  -0.411
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.63151    2.19107  -0.288
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.89273    1.25995   2.296
## time_firstPFT:site104              3.39569    3.85618   0.881
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.47305    1.11758   0.423
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.02930    1.64025   1.237
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.06042    8.16358  -1.477
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.07855    3.67508   1.654
## time_firstPFT:site11R              6.89028    2.92393   2.357
## time_firstPFT:site12R              0.32830    4.09207   0.080
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.28058    3.95048  -0.071
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.88599   23.69252  -0.417
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -0.87895   14.17881  -0.062
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.12343    2.65605  -0.423
## time_firstPFT:site18R             -9.64499   12.99654  -0.742
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.62964    3.42881   0.767
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.40968    3.42284   0.120
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.90817    4.75837   1.452
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.45393    2.80825   1.942
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.72800   26.77161   0.924
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -4.08420    2.53365  -1.612
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -1.66736    3.00887  -0.554
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -9.05007   13.14348  -0.689
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.86174    5.09914  -0.169
## time_firstPFT:site31R              3.07562    2.08657   1.474
## time_firstPFT:site32R              0.15241    3.60775   0.042
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.78842    3.84107  -0.726
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.31895    2.39690   0.550
## time_firstPFT:site35R             10.30144    4.67868   2.202
## time_firstPFT:site36R              4.15909    3.00832   1.383
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.94109    2.96003  -0.656
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -0.96148    1.99144  -0.483
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -28.92212   10.51670  -2.750
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.36496    4.60283   0.297
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.17449    6.66922   0.626
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.44348    5.94485  -0.579
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.790
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.520
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67, 52.16], t(2008)
## = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to NO3_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67, 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67,
## 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 41.42 (95% CI
## [30.67, 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67,
## 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67,
## 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 41.42 (95% CI
## [30.67, 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67,
## 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 41.42 (95% CI [30.67, 52.16], t(2008) = 7.56, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.16, 95% CI [-10.07, -0.26], t(2008) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.66, -0.34])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.73, 95% CI [-6.46, 1.00], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta =
## -7.58e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.67,
## 95% CI [-10.23, -1.10], t(2008) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-7.20, 1.79], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.50], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.70, 95% CI [-5.46, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-4.55, 23.11], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.26, 95% CI [-31.68, 21.17], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -3.61,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.71, 95% CI [2.33, 41.10], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-20.71, 15.83], t(2008) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.56, 95% CI [-27.67, 2.55], t(2008) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-35.02, 17.88], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.36, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.60, 12.11], t(2008) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = 0.05, 95%
## CI [-0.42, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.70, 95% CI [-30.06, 6.66], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.211; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.70, 95% CI [14.66, 24.74], t(2008) = 7.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.90, 95% CI [-2.89, 16.69], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.68, 95% CI [-8.98, 1.61], t(2008) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.79, 95% CI [-21.47, -0.10], t(2008) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.29, 95% CI [-3.81, 6.40], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.70, 95% CI [-12.38, 0.98], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.094; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.29, 95% CI [-11.40, 25.98], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.445; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-20.45, 10.77], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.17, 95% CI [-26.19, 26.53], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.31, 95% CI [-13.08, 12.46], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.962; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.22, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.15, 95% CI [-24.33, 12.03], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.15, 95% CI [-26.41, 2.11], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.85,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.65, 95% CI [-37.93, 20.62], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.99, 95% CI [-48.68, 4.70], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.09, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-19.41, 3.74], t(2008) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.86, 95% CI [37.17, 90.56], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.31, 95%
## CI [2.51, 6.12])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-23.67, 14.14], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-20.43, 2.42], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.58, 95% CI [-13.40, 8.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.79, 95% CI [-38.46, 10.88], t(2008) = -1.10, p = 0.273; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.17, 95% CI [-21.60, -4.74], t(2008) = -3.06, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.18, 95% CI [-41.31, -11.06], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-4.05, 5.33])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.48, 95% CI [-6.53, 13.49], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.22, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.28, 95% CI [-29.80, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.94, 95% CI [-29.84, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.17, 95% CI [-13.75, 9.40], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.35, 17.11], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-23.35, 2.70], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.120; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.20, 95% CI [-14.92, 4.52], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.72, 95% CI [-31.16, -0.28], t(2008) = -2.00, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.46, 95% CI [-7.22, 16.14], t(2008) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.31, 95% CI [-11.49, 14.11], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.56, 95% CI [-11.48, 6.36], t(2008) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.62, 95% CI [-13.71, 38.95], t(2008) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.59, 95% CI [-15.72, 20.89], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.73, 95% CI [-28.80, 1.34], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.22, 95% CI [-18.73, -1.70], t(2008) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.73, 95% CI [-0.24, 3.70], t(2008) = 1.72, p = 0.086;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-0.80, 3.50], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.98, 1.38], t(2008) =
## -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.475; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.02, 0.59], t(2008) =
## -1.08, p = 0.281; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.18, 95% CI [-18.00, 5.65], t(2008) =
## -1.02, p = 0.306; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.35], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.204; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.49, 95% CI [-69.85, 2.87], t(2008) = -1.81, p = 0.071;
## Std. beta = -3.61, 95% CI [-7.52, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.25, 95% CI [-12.95, 10.46], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.835;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-16.48, 8.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.77, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-18.40, 11.25], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.637;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.65, 0.17], t(2008) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.58], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.59, 1.69], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-4.93, 3.67], t(2008) = -0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.89, 95% CI [0.42, 5.36], t(2008) = 2.30, p = 0.022; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.40, 95% CI [-4.17, 10.96], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-1.72, 2.66], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.19, 5.25], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.216; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.06, 95% CI [-28.07, 3.95], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.08, 95% CI [-1.13, 13.29], t(2008) = 1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.89, 95% CI [1.16, 12.62], t(2008) = 2.36, p = 0.019; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.12, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-7.70, 8.35], t(2008) = 0.08, p = 0.936; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-8.03, 7.47], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.89, 95% CI [-56.35, 36.58], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.677;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.07, 3.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-28.69, 26.93], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.951;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-3.09, 2.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-6.33, 4.09], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.64, 95% CI [-35.13, 15.84], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.458;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-4.09, 9.35], t(2008) = 0.77, p = 0.443; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.12], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.91, 95% CI [-2.42, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.45, 95% CI [-0.05, 10.96], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-5.76e-03, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.73, 95% CI [-27.78, 77.23], t(2008) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-2.99, 8.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.08, 95% CI [-9.05, 0.88], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.107; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-7.57, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.05, 95% CI [-34.83, 16.73], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.491;
## Std. beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.86, 9.14], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.17], t(2008) = 1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.92, 7.23], t(2008) = 0.04, p = 0.966; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-10.32, 4.74], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.11, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-3.38, 6.02], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.30, 95% CI [1.13, 19.48], t(2008) = 2.20, p = 0.028; Std.
## beta = 1.11, 95% CI [0.12, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.16, 95% CI [-1.74, 10.06], t(2008) = 1.38, p = 0.167; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.19, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.94, 95% CI [-7.75, 3.86], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-4.87, 2.94], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.92, 95% CI [-49.55, -8.30], t(2008) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-7.66, 10.39], t(2008) = 0.30, p = 0.767; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.17, 95% CI [-8.90, 17.25], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.531; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.10, 8.22], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.4 NH4

9.4.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14850.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1486 -0.4911 -0.0055  0.4327  7.1231 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   144.32   12.013        
##           time_firstPFT  10.62    3.258   -0.30
##  Residual                41.75    6.461        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                 40.2100     3.0781  13.063
## time_firstPFT               -7.6284     1.6393  -4.653
## NH4_5yrPreDx                 0.1747     1.8414   0.095
## site02R                     -1.7509    13.8359  -0.127
## site03R                     25.6356    10.1155   2.534
## site04R                     -5.2672     9.3506  -0.563
## site05R                    -12.5106     7.7867  -1.607
## site06R                      5.0113     9.8489   0.509
## site07R                      5.6674     3.9158   1.447
## site09R                     -8.2018     9.5698  -0.857
## site101                     20.4701     3.1293   6.541
## site102                      9.3482     5.4643   1.711
## site103                     -1.4334     3.3596  -0.427
## site104                     -9.0330     5.8345  -1.548
## site105                      2.0491     3.1628   0.648
## site106                     -3.4021     3.7325  -0.911
## site107                     10.8600     9.7994   1.108
## site108                     -7.2319     7.9677  -0.908
## site10R                      4.2967    13.6716   0.314
## site11R                      3.1547     6.7712   0.466
## site12R                     -8.5940     9.4532  -0.909
## site13R                     -9.7502     7.4979  -1.300
## site14R                     -6.0136    15.0830  -0.399
## site15R                    -23.1858    13.7233  -1.690
## site16R                     -8.1692     5.9283  -1.378
## site17R                     59.6989    13.7586   4.339
## site18R                     -4.4502     9.9060  -0.449
## site19R                     -5.3593     6.1438  -0.872
## site20R                     -2.5286     5.7320  -0.441
## site21R                    -12.4038    12.8766  -0.963
## site22R                    -10.7711     4.4159  -2.439
## site23R                    -18.4990     6.3822  -2.899
## site24R                      2.5733     5.2073   0.494
## site25R                     -5.7096     5.8872  -0.970
## site28R                    -17.0169     7.9377  -2.144
## site29R                      1.0265    13.4456   0.076
## site31R                      0.5073     6.0686   0.084
## site32R                      5.7746     7.1172   0.811
## site33R                     -8.0966     6.8156  -1.188
## site34R                     -4.3277     5.2412  -0.826
## site35R                    -12.9258     8.1688  -1.582
## site36R                      3.9344     5.9927   0.657
## site37R                      2.2204     6.5751   0.338
## site38R                     -1.1694     4.7328  -0.247
## site39R                      7.0965    13.4549   0.527
## site40R                      1.9469     9.4043   0.207
## site41R                    -12.9654     7.9435  -1.632
## site42R                     -8.3257     4.4792  -1.859
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreDx   1.9233     0.9317   2.064
## time_firstPFT:site02R      -31.9729    18.5617  -1.723
## time_firstPFT:site03R        1.0970     6.0197   0.182
## time_firstPFT:site04R       -0.5709     6.2523  -0.091
## time_firstPFT:site05R       -3.2862     7.5358  -0.436
## time_firstPFT:site06R        5.0857     5.0887   0.999
## time_firstPFT:site07R       -1.0924     1.5868  -0.688
## time_firstPFT:site09R        2.7595     4.2563   0.648
## time_firstPFT:site101        0.9852     1.4325   0.688
## time_firstPFT:site102        0.8326     2.4414   0.341
## time_firstPFT:site103        4.0338     1.6566   2.435
## time_firstPFT:site104        5.3432     3.9660   1.347
## time_firstPFT:site105        1.8216     1.4529   1.254
## time_firstPFT:site106        3.1425     1.8261   1.721
## time_firstPFT:site107      -11.2360     8.2090  -1.369
## time_firstPFT:site108        6.6377     3.6409   1.823
## time_firstPFT:site11R        7.3458     2.9959   2.452
## time_firstPFT:site12R        2.1868     3.9732   0.550
## time_firstPFT:site13R        1.3367     4.0147   0.333
## time_firstPFT:site14R       -9.5746    23.6844  -0.404
## time_firstPFT:site15R       -0.7132    14.1455  -0.050
## time_firstPFT:site16R        0.1347     2.6670   0.051
## time_firstPFT:site18R       -8.5421    13.0129  -0.656
## time_firstPFT:site19R        3.5957     3.5265   1.020
## time_firstPFT:site20R        2.6971     3.4833   0.774
## time_firstPFT:site21R        7.3959     4.7985   1.541
## time_firstPFT:site22R        5.5325     2.8155   1.965
## time_firstPFT:site23R        1.2151     5.4526   0.223
## time_firstPFT:site24R       -1.8565     2.5829  -0.719
## time_firstPFT:site25R        0.1048     3.1541   0.033
## time_firstPFT:site28R       -8.4044    13.0679  -0.643
## time_firstPFT:site29R       -1.1546     5.1104  -0.226
## time_firstPFT:site31R        3.2383     2.1709   1.492
## time_firstPFT:site32R        1.3547     3.7521   0.361
## time_firstPFT:site33R       -1.5770     3.8050  -0.414
## time_firstPFT:site34R        2.5980     2.4943   1.042
## time_firstPFT:site35R       10.9387     4.7536   2.301
## time_firstPFT:site36R        5.2911     2.9230   1.810
## time_firstPFT:site37R       -0.6036     2.8570  -0.211
## time_firstPFT:site38R       -0.1424     2.1106  -0.067
## time_firstPFT:site39R      -28.1073    10.4552  -2.688
## time_firstPFT:site40R        3.8579     4.6102   0.837
## time_firstPFT:site41R        5.5579     6.7076   0.829
## time_firstPFT:site42R       -1.6709     5.9578  -0.280
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.542
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 40.21 (95% CI [34.17,
## 46.25], t(2038) = 13.06, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-10.84, -4.41], t(2038) = -4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.78, -0.45])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-3.44, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.924; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.75, 95% CI [-28.88, 25.38], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.45, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.64, 95% CI [5.80, 45.47], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.84, 95%
## CI [0.57, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-23.60, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.78, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.01, 95% CI [-14.30, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.67, 95% CI [-2.01, 13.35], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.20, 95% CI [-26.97, 10.57], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [14.33, 26.61], t(2038) = 6.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [1.06, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-1.37, 20.06], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [3.67e-03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.43, 95% CI [-8.02, 5.16], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-20.48, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-4.15, 8.25], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.72, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-8.36, 30.08], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-22.86, 8.39], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.30, 95% CI [-22.52, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.15, 95% CI [-10.12, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [0.03, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.59, 95% CI [-27.13, 9.94], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-24.45, 4.95], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-35.59, 23.57], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.19, 95% CI [-50.10, 3.73], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-19.80, 3.46], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.70, 95% CI [32.72, 86.68], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.04, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-23.88, 14.98], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.653; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-3.54, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.69], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.53, 95% CI [-13.77, 8.71], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.40, 95% CI [-37.66, 12.85], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.336; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.77, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.11], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.50, 95% CI [-31.02, -5.98], t(2038) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 4.15e-03])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-7.64, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta =
## -6.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.71, 95% CI [-17.26, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.02, 95% CI [-32.58, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-25.34, 27.40], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-11.39, 12.41], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-8.18, 19.73], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.10, 95% CI [-21.46, 5.27], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 5.95], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.95, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.82, 15.69], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.67, 15.12], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.45, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.10, 95% CI [-19.29, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.34, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-16.50, 20.39], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.97, 95% CI [-28.54, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.33, 95% CI [-17.11, 0.46], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.10, 3.75], t(2038) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [6.76e-03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.97, 95% CI [-68.37, 4.43], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-7.35, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.10, 95% CI [-10.71, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.69], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.06, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-4.89, 15.07], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-4.20, 2.02], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-5.59, 11.11], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-1.82, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.96, 5.62], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.03, 95% CI [0.79, 7.28], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.08, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-2.43, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.03, 4.67], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.24, 95% CI [-27.33, 4.86], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171;
## Std. beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.94, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.78], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [1.47, 13.22], t(2038) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [0.16, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.61, 9.98], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.54, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-56.02, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-6.02, 3.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-28.45, 27.03], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-3.06, 2.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-5.10, 5.37], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.54, 95% CI [-34.06, 16.98], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.60, 95% CI [-3.32, 10.51], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.13, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.40, 95% CI [-2.01, 16.81], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [0.01, 11.05], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.050; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [1.19e-03, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.91], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-6.92, 3.21], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-6.08, 6.29], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.40, 95% CI [-34.03, 17.22], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-11.18, 8.87], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.20, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.50], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-6.00, 8.71], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.89], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-2.29, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.94, 95% CI [1.62, 20.26], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.17, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 11.02], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-6.21, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.00], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.11, 95% CI [-48.61, -7.60], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007;
## Std. beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-5.18, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.56, 95% CI [-7.60, 18.71], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.82, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-13.35, 10.01], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NH4_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 40.21 (95% CI [34.17, 46.25], t(2038)
## = 13.06, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-10.84, -4.41], t(2038) = -4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.78, -0.45])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-3.44, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.924; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.75, 95% CI [-28.88, 25.38], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.45, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.64, 95% CI [5.80, 45.47], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.84, 95%
## CI [0.57, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-23.60, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.78, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.01, 95% CI [-14.30, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.67, 95% CI [-2.01, 13.35], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.20, 95% CI [-26.97, 10.57], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [14.33, 26.61], t(2038) = 6.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [1.06, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-1.37, 20.06], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [3.67e-03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.43, 95% CI [-8.02, 5.16], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-20.48, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-4.15, 8.25], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.72, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-8.36, 30.08], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-22.86, 8.39], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.30, 95% CI [-22.52, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.15, 95% CI [-10.12, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [0.03, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.59, 95% CI [-27.13, 9.94], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-24.45, 4.95], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-35.59, 23.57], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.19, 95% CI [-50.10, 3.73], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-19.80, 3.46], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.70, 95% CI [32.72, 86.68], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.04, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-23.88, 14.98], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.653; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-3.54, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.69], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.53, 95% CI [-13.77, 8.71], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.40, 95% CI [-37.66, 12.85], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.336; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.77, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.11], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.50, 95% CI [-31.02, -5.98], t(2038) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 4.15e-03])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-7.64, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta =
## -6.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.71, 95% CI [-17.26, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.02, 95% CI [-32.58, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-25.34, 27.40], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-11.39, 12.41], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-8.18, 19.73], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.10, 95% CI [-21.46, 5.27], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 5.95], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.95, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.82, 15.69], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.67, 15.12], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.45, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.10, 95% CI [-19.29, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.34, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-16.50, 20.39], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.97, 95% CI [-28.54, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.33, 95% CI [-17.11, 0.46], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.10, 3.75], t(2038) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [6.76e-03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.97, 95% CI [-68.37, 4.43], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-7.35, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.10, 95% CI [-10.71, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.69], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.06, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-4.89, 15.07], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-4.20, 2.02], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-5.59, 11.11], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-1.82, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.96, 5.62], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.03, 95% CI [0.79, 7.28], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.08, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-2.43, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.03, 4.67], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.24, 95% CI [-27.33, 4.86], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171;
## Std. beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.94, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.78], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [1.47, 13.22], t(2038) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [0.16, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.61, 9.98], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.54, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-56.02, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-6.02, 3.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-28.45, 27.03], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-3.06, 2.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-5.10, 5.37], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.54, 95% CI [-34.06, 16.98], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.60, 95% CI [-3.32, 10.51], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.13, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.40, 95% CI [-2.01, 16.81], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [0.01, 11.05], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.050; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [1.19e-03, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.91], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-6.92, 3.21], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-6.08, 6.29], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.40, 95% CI [-34.03, 17.22], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-11.18, 8.87], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.20, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.50], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-6.00, 8.71], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.89], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-2.29, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.94, 95% CI [1.62, 20.26], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.17, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 11.02], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-6.21, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.00], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.11, 95% CI [-48.61, -7.60], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007;
## Std. beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-5.18, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.56, 95% CI [-7.60, 18.71], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.82, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-13.35, 10.01], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 40.21 (95% CI [34.17, 46.25], t(2038) = 13.06, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-10.84, -4.41], t(2038) = -4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.78, -0.45])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-3.44, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.924; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.75, 95% CI [-28.88, 25.38], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.45, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.64, 95% CI [5.80, 45.47], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.84, 95%
## CI [0.57, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-23.60, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.78, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.01, 95% CI [-14.30, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.67, 95% CI [-2.01, 13.35], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.20, 95% CI [-26.97, 10.57], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [14.33, 26.61], t(2038) = 6.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [1.06, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-1.37, 20.06], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [3.67e-03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.43, 95% CI [-8.02, 5.16], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-20.48, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-4.15, 8.25], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.72, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-8.36, 30.08], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-22.86, 8.39], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.30, 95% CI [-22.52, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.15, 95% CI [-10.12, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [0.03, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.59, 95% CI [-27.13, 9.94], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-24.45, 4.95], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-35.59, 23.57], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.19, 95% CI [-50.10, 3.73], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-19.80, 3.46], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.70, 95% CI [32.72, 86.68], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.04, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-23.88, 14.98], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.653; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-3.54, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.69], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.53, 95% CI [-13.77, 8.71], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.40, 95% CI [-37.66, 12.85], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.336; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.77, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.11], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.50, 95% CI [-31.02, -5.98], t(2038) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 4.15e-03])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-7.64, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta =
## -6.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.71, 95% CI [-17.26, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.02, 95% CI [-32.58, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-25.34, 27.40], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-11.39, 12.41], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-8.18, 19.73], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.10, 95% CI [-21.46, 5.27], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 5.95], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.95, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.82, 15.69], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.67, 15.12], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.45, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.10, 95% CI [-19.29, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.34, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-16.50, 20.39], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.97, 95% CI [-28.54, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.33, 95% CI [-17.11, 0.46], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.10, 3.75], t(2038) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [6.76e-03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.97, 95% CI [-68.37, 4.43], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-7.35, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.10, 95% CI [-10.71, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.69], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.06, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-4.89, 15.07], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-4.20, 2.02], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-5.59, 11.11], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-1.82, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.96, 5.62], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.03, 95% CI [0.79, 7.28], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.08, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-2.43, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.03, 4.67], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.24, 95% CI [-27.33, 4.86], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171;
## Std. beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.94, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.78], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [1.47, 13.22], t(2038) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [0.16, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.61, 9.98], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.54, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-56.02, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-6.02, 3.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-28.45, 27.03], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-3.06, 2.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-5.10, 5.37], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.54, 95% CI [-34.06, 16.98], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.60, 95% CI [-3.32, 10.51], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.13, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.40, 95% CI [-2.01, 16.81], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [0.01, 11.05], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.050; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [1.19e-03, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.91], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-6.92, 3.21], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-6.08, 6.29], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.40, 95% CI [-34.03, 17.22], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-11.18, 8.87], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.20, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.50], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-6.00, 8.71], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.89], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-2.29, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.94, 95% CI [1.62, 20.26], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.17, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 11.02], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-6.21, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.00], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.11, 95% CI [-48.61, -7.60], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007;
## Std. beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-5.18, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.56, 95% CI [-7.60, 18.71], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.82, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-13.35, 10.01], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 40.21 (95% CI [34.17, 46.25], t(2038)
## = 13.06, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-10.84, -4.41], t(2038) = -4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.78, -0.45])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-3.44, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.924; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.75, 95% CI [-28.88, 25.38], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.899; Std. beta = -3.22,
## 95% CI [-6.45, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.64, 95% CI [5.80, 45.47], t(2038) = 2.53, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.84, 95%
## CI [0.57, 3.11])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-23.60, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.51, 95% CI [-27.78, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.01, 95% CI [-14.30, 24.33], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = 0.83,
## 95% CI [-0.52, 2.19])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.67, 95% CI [-2.01, 13.35], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = 0.28, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.20, 95% CI [-26.97, 10.57], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.392; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [14.33, 26.61], t(2038) = 6.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.48, 95%
## CI [1.06, 1.90])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.35, 95% CI [-1.37, 20.06], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [3.67e-03, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.43, 95% CI [-8.02, 5.16], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.670; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-20.48, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-4.15, 8.25], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.72, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.86, 95% CI [-8.36, 30.08], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.268; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-22.86, 8.39], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.17])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.30, 95% CI [-22.52, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.15, 95% CI [-10.12, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std. beta = 0.93,
## 95% CI [0.03, 1.82])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.59, 95% CI [-27.13, 9.94], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.75, 95% CI [-24.45, 4.95], t(2038) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.01, 95% CI [-35.59, 23.57], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 1.84])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.19, 95% CI [-50.10, 3.73], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.17, 95% CI [-19.80, 3.46], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.168; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.70, 95% CI [32.72, 86.68], t(2038) = 4.34, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.04, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-23.88, 14.98], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.653; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-3.54, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.36, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.69], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.383; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.53, 95% CI [-13.77, 8.71], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.40, 95% CI [-37.66, 12.85], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.336; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.77, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.11], t(2038) = -2.44, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.50, 95% CI [-31.02, -5.98], t(2038) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -1.13,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 4.15e-03])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.57, 95% CI [-7.64, 12.79], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std. beta =
## -6.01e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.71, 95% CI [-17.26, 5.84], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.02, 95% CI [-32.58, -1.45], t(2038) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.39, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.03, 95% CI [-25.34, 27.40], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.51, 95% CI [-11.39, 12.41], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.933; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.77, 95% CI [-8.18, 19.73], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.10, 95% CI [-21.46, 5.27], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.33, 95% CI [-14.61, 5.95], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.95, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.82, 15.69], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = 0.78, 95%
## CI [-0.04, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.22, 95% CI [-10.67, 15.12], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.17, 95% CI [-10.45, 8.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.10, 95% CI [-19.29, 33.48], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.34, -0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-16.50, 20.39], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.97, 95% CI [-28.54, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.33, 95% CI [-17.11, 0.46], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [0.10, 3.75], t(2038) = 2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [6.76e-03, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -31.97, 95% CI [-68.37, 4.43], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085;
## Std. beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-7.35, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.10, 95% CI [-10.71, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-12.83, 11.69], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.927;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.06, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-4.89, 15.07], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.318; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-4.20, 2.02], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-5.59, 11.11], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.99, 95% CI [-1.82, 3.79], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-3.96, 5.62], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.733; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.03, 95% CI [0.79, 7.28], t(2038) = 2.44, p = 0.015; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.08, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-2.43, 13.12], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.178; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.03, 4.67], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 6.72], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.24, 95% CI [-27.33, 4.86], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171;
## Std. beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.94, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.64, 95% CI [-0.50, 13.78], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.35, 95% CI [1.47, 13.22], t(2038) = 2.45, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.79, 95% CI [0.16, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.61, 9.98], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.54, 9.21], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-56.02, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-6.02, 3.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-28.45, 27.03], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-3.06, 2.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-5.10, 5.37], t(2038) = 0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.54, 95% CI [-34.06, 16.98], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.60, 95% CI [-3.32, 10.51], t(2038) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.36, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.70, 95% CI [-4.13, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.40, 95% CI [-2.01, 16.81], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std.
## beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-0.22, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [0.01, 11.05], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.050; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [1.19e-03, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-9.48, 11.91], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.824; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-1.02, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-6.92, 3.21], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-6.08, 6.29], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.973; Std.
## beta = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.40, 95% CI [-34.03, 17.22], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.520;
## Std. beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-3.66, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-11.18, 8.87], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.20, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-1.02, 7.50], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.35, 95% CI [-6.00, 8.71], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-9.04, 5.89], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-2.29, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.94, 95% CI [1.62, 20.26], t(2038) = 2.30, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.17, 2.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.29, 95% CI [-0.44, 11.02], t(2038) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-6.21, 5.00], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-4.28, 4.00], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.11, 95% CI [-48.61, -7.60], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007;
## Std. beta = -3.02, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-5.18, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.56, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.56, 95% CI [-7.60, 18.71], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.82, 2.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-13.35, 10.01], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.779;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.4.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14678.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1266 -0.4910 -0.0117  0.4374  7.1073 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.21   11.799        
##           time_firstPFT  10.65    3.263   -0.28
##  Residual                41.81    6.466        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       36.165255   6.233755   5.802
## time_firstPFT                     -6.383022   2.988691  -2.136
## NH4_5yrPreDx                       0.961416   1.934933   0.497
## disadv                            -5.347166   2.369080  -2.257
## dich_RaceNon-White                -3.316982   2.307136  -1.438
## sexF                              -2.567051   1.431395  -1.793
## age_dx                             0.140587   0.075273   1.868
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.754468   1.413936  -1.948
## smokeHxAlways                      9.621091   7.063347   1.362
## smokeHxUnknown                    -3.139418   3.199751  -0.981
## site02R                           -4.612448  13.734612  -0.336
## site03R                           22.136680  10.123796   2.187
## site04R                           -4.448674   9.241337  -0.481
## site05R                          -12.815435   7.726405  -1.659
## site06R                           -7.117417  13.621594  -0.523
## site07R                            4.272547   3.902794   1.095
## site09R                           -9.965225   9.503830  -1.049
## site101                           21.309842   3.200166   6.659
## site102                            9.061183   5.560547   1.630
## site103                           -0.233838   3.561602  -0.066
## site104                           -6.853035   5.868629  -1.168
## site105                            3.319236   3.236091   1.026
## site106                           -4.764703   3.803356  -1.253
## site107                            9.068185   9.744731   0.931
## site108                           -0.675381   8.328767  -0.081
## site10R                            5.034183  13.626880   0.369
## site11R                            2.744082   6.694550   0.410
## site12R                           -6.797372   9.338300  -0.728
## site13R                          -10.777548   7.486070  -1.440
## site14R                           -7.459287  15.046364  -0.496
## site15R                          -19.313206  13.605150  -1.420
## site16R                           -7.533719   5.976318  -1.261
## site17R                           64.651007  13.778195   4.692
## site18R                           -2.245517   9.798913  -0.229
## site19R                           -4.979420   6.131055  -0.812
## site20R                           -2.365574   5.710243  -0.414
## site21R                          -11.521284  12.690931  -0.908
## site22R                          -13.001213   4.436769  -2.930
## site23R                          -24.099820   7.927486  -3.040
## site24R                            2.437846   5.165155   0.472
## site25R                           -7.524137   5.913003  -1.272
## site28R                          -15.366975   7.899334  -1.945
## site29R                           -2.048336  13.334426  -0.154
## site31R                            0.571821   6.149384   0.093
## site32R                            6.945384   7.089988   0.980
## site33R                           -7.971638   6.775126  -1.177
## site34R                           -3.791339   5.199891  -0.729
## site35R                          -12.818423   8.101528  -1.582
## site36R                            3.661543   5.948046   0.616
## site37R                            0.824208   6.595689   0.125
## site38R                            0.007661   4.718665   0.002
## site39R                           16.047083  13.600717   1.180
## site40R                            0.823069   9.289482   0.089
## site41R                          -12.994605   7.932339  -1.638
## site42R                           -9.869325   4.487545  -2.199
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreDx         1.645196   1.013172   1.624
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.654067   1.102601   1.500
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.743197   1.103820  -0.673
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.480797   0.658767   0.730
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.025346   0.034521  -0.734
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.621826   0.664240  -0.936
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.280135   6.021255  -1.043
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       1.811293   1.661522   1.090
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -30.867508  18.590362  -1.660
## time_firstPFT:site03R              1.110620   6.081868   0.183
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -1.404853   6.293784  -0.223
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.097638   7.556668  -0.410
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -0.847097   1.623467  -0.522
## time_firstPFT:site09R              3.522223   4.292729   0.821
## time_firstPFT:site101              0.832446   1.471879   0.566
## time_firstPFT:site102              1.185525   2.520720   0.470
## time_firstPFT:site103              4.008726   1.799953   2.227
## time_firstPFT:site104              4.369641   4.047033   1.080
## time_firstPFT:site105              1.640976   1.506629   1.089
## time_firstPFT:site106              3.374200   1.885595   1.789
## time_firstPFT:site107            -10.698139   8.235685  -1.299
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.956632   3.882152   1.792
## time_firstPFT:site11R              7.496806   3.042983   2.464
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.358340   3.995960   0.590
## time_firstPFT:site13R              1.174997   4.071682   0.289
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -8.815906  23.705639  -0.372
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -1.197313  14.169100  -0.085
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.009744   2.756595  -0.004
## time_firstPFT:site18R             -8.941729  13.023351  -0.687
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.148834   3.556667   0.885
## time_firstPFT:site20R              2.326739   3.552008   0.655
## time_firstPFT:site21R              7.540550   4.809777   1.568
## time_firstPFT:site22R              6.462304   2.860842   2.259
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.454928  26.816987   0.912
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -1.756904   2.606227  -0.674
## time_firstPFT:site25R              0.651593   3.229614   0.202
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -7.294667  13.146960  -0.555
## time_firstPFT:site29R              0.066481   5.161944   0.013
## time_firstPFT:site31R              3.821019   2.283546   1.673
## time_firstPFT:site32R              1.361283   3.799507   0.358
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.470167   3.866136  -0.639
## time_firstPFT:site34R              2.356202   2.523306   0.934
## time_firstPFT:site35R             11.075081   4.778819   2.318
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.248614   2.948075   1.780
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.312290   2.978293  -0.105
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -0.361779   2.143817  -0.169
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -28.212751  10.564072  -2.671
## time_firstPFT:site40R              3.037281   4.664609   0.651
## time_firstPFT:site41R              5.905911   6.731591   0.877
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.360990   5.971966  -0.395
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.789
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94, 48.39], t(2008)
## = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to NH4_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94, 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94,
## 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 36.17 (95% CI
## [23.94, 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94,
## 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94,
## 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 36.17 (95% CI
## [23.94, 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94,
## 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 36.17 (95% CI [23.94, 48.39], t(2008) = 5.80, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.38, 95% CI [-12.24, -0.52], t(2008) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-0.79, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-2.83, 4.76], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.619; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.35,
## 95% CI [-9.99, -0.70], t(2008) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.21], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.02])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.57, 95% CI [-5.37, 0.24], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.32, 0.06])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-7.03e-03, 0.29], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.53, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [-4.23, 23.47], t(2008) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-9.41, 3.14], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-31.55, 22.32], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.737; Std. beta = -3.31,
## 95% CI [-6.56, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.14, 95% CI [2.28, 41.99], t(2008) = 2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.88])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-22.57, 13.67], t(2008) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-27.97, 2.34], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.59, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.12, 95% CI [-33.83, 19.60], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.27, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.93], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = 0.21, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.97, 95% CI [-28.60, 8.67], t(2008) = -1.05, p = 0.295; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.31, 95% CI [15.03, 27.59], t(2008) = 6.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.52, 95%
## CI [1.09, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.06, 95% CI [-1.84, 19.97], t(2008) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-2.60e-04, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.23, 95% CI [-7.22, 6.75], t(2008) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.12, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.85, 95% CI [-18.36, 4.66], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.32, 95% CI [-3.03, 9.67], t(2008) = 1.03, p = 0.305; Std. beta = 0.38, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.76, 95% CI [-12.22, 2.69], t(2008) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## 6.33e-03, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.07, 95% CI [-10.04, 28.18], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 1.16])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.68, 95% CI [-17.01, 15.66], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.935; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.45, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.03, 95% CI [-21.69, 31.76], t(2008) = 0.37, p = 0.712; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 2.14])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-10.38, 15.87], t(2008) = 0.41, p = 0.682; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [0.02, 1.81])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.80, 95% CI [-25.11, 11.52], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.467; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.48, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.78, 95% CI [-25.46, 3.90], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.46, 95% CI [-36.97, 22.05], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.31, 95% CI [-45.99, 7.37], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.42,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.25, 4.19], t(2008) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.65, 95% CI [37.63, 91.67], t(2008) = 4.69, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.37, 95%
## CI [2.54, 6.19])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.25, 95% CI [-21.46, 16.97], t(2008) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-3.43, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.98, 95% CI [-17.00, 7.04], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.83], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.76, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-36.41, 13.37], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.364; Std. beta =
## -0.04, 95% CI [-1.62, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.00, 95% CI [-21.70, -4.30], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.10, 95% CI [-39.65, -8.55], t(2008) = -3.04, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.75,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 5.45])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.44, 95% CI [-7.69, 12.57], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.637; Std. beta =
## -6.21e-03, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.52, 95% CI [-19.12, 4.07], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.86, 0.12], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.20, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-28.20, 24.10], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.878; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.57, 95% CI [-11.49, 12.63], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.95, 95% CI [-6.96, 20.85], t(2008) = 0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = 0.60, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.97, 95% CI [-21.26, 5.32], t(2008) = -1.18, p = 0.239; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.79, 95% CI [-13.99, 6.41], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.82, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.07], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.66, 95% CI [-8.00, 15.33], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-12.11, 13.76], t(2008) = 0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.66e-03, 95% CI [-9.25, 9.26], t(2008) = 1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 16.05, 95% CI [-10.63, 42.72], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-3.79, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.82, 95% CI [-17.39, 19.04], t(2008) = 0.09, p = 0.929; Std. beta = 0.35,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-28.55, 2.56], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.64, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.87, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.07], t(2008) = -2.20, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.34, 3.63], t(2008) = 1.62, p = 0.105;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.51, 3.82], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.42], t(2008) =
## -0.67, p = 0.501; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.77], t(2008) = 0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.68], t(2008) =
## -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.28, 95% CI [-18.09, 5.53], t(2008) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.07], t(2008) =
## 1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -30.87, 95% CI [-67.33, 5.59], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097;
## Std. beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-7.25, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-10.82, 13.04], t(2008) = 0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.40, 95% CI [-13.75, 10.94], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.823;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.48, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-17.92, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.682;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-4.03, 2.34], t(2008) = -0.52, p = 0.602; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-4.90, 11.94], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 3.72], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-3.76, 6.13], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 4.01, 95% CI [0.48, 7.54], t(2008) = 2.23, p = 0.026; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [0.05, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.37, 95% CI [-3.57, 12.31], t(2008) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-1.31, 4.60], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.37, 95% CI [-0.32, 7.07], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.074; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.70, 95% CI [-26.85, 5.45], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194;
## Std. beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-2.89, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.96, 95% CI [-0.66, 14.57], t(2008) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 7.50, 95% CI [1.53, 13.46], t(2008) = 2.46, p = 0.014; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [0.16, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-5.48, 10.20], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-6.81, 9.16], t(2008) = 0.29, p = 0.773; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.82, 95% CI [-55.31, 37.67], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.710;
## Std. beta = -0.95, 95% CI [-5.95, 4.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-28.98, 26.59], t(2008) = -0.08, p = 0.933;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-3.12, 2.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74e-03, 95% CI [-5.42, 5.40], t(2008) = -3.53e-03, p =
## 0.997; Std. beta = -1.05e-03, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.94, 95% CI [-34.48, 16.60], t(2008) = -0.69, p = 0.492;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.71, 1.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.15, 95% CI [-3.83, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.33, 95% CI [-4.64, 9.29], t(2008) = 0.66, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 7.54, 95% CI [-1.89, 16.97], t(2008) = 1.57, p = 0.117; Std.
## beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.46, 95% CI [0.85, 12.07], t(2008) = 2.26, p = 0.024; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [0.09, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.45, 95% CI [-28.14, 77.05], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.362; Std.
## beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-6.87, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-5.68, 6.99], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.840; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -7.29, 95% CI [-33.08, 18.49], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.579;
## Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-10.06, 10.19], t(2008) = 0.01, p = 0.990; Std.
## beta = 7.16e-03, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.82, 95% CI [-0.66, 8.30], t(2008) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-6.09, 8.81], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.720; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-10.05, 5.11], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-2.59, 7.30], t(2008) = 0.93, p = 0.351; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 11.08, 95% CI [1.70, 20.45], t(2008) = 2.32, p = 0.021; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.18, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.25, 95% CI [-0.53, 11.03], t(2008) = 1.78, p = 0.075; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-6.15, 5.53], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-4.57, 3.84], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.866; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.21, 95% CI [-48.93, -7.50], t(2008) = -2.67, p = 0.008;
## Std. beta = -3.04, 95% CI [-5.27, -0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.04, 95% CI [-6.11, 12.19], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.515; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-7.30, 19.11], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.79, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-14.07, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.693; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.01])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.5 BC

9.5.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14849.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1565 -0.4963 -0.0133  0.4353  7.1030 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   143.87   11.995        
##           time_firstPFT  11.15    3.339   -0.31
##  Residual                41.69    6.457        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                44.480082   3.169033  14.036
## time_firstPFT              -6.865645   1.621727  -4.234
## BC_5yrPreDx                -4.593939   3.405253  -1.349
## site02R                    -3.220113  13.635412  -0.236
## site03R                    24.770583   9.913462   2.499
## site04R                    -6.169487   9.303543  -0.663
## site05R                   -12.632898   7.771942  -1.625
## site06R                     5.107770   9.687997   0.527
## site07R                     4.328565   3.817352   1.134
## site09R                    -9.330293   9.459376  -0.986
## site101                    18.502639   2.855008   6.481
## site102                     7.042570   5.177548   1.360
## site103                    -3.657537   2.632725  -1.389
## site104                   -11.919975   5.555302  -2.146
## site105                     0.209331   2.781229   0.075
## site106                    -4.802350   3.508972  -1.369
## site107                     9.028253   9.689878   0.932
## site108                   -10.319631   7.797435  -1.323
## site10R                    -0.779834  13.447223  -0.058
## site11R                     3.056246   6.415194   0.476
## site12R                   -10.283584   9.428664  -1.091
## site13R                   -10.589095   7.335747  -1.443
## site14R                    -7.648047  15.012736  -0.509
## site15R                   -22.032015  13.686831  -1.610
## site16R                    -7.810068   5.895226  -1.325
## site17R                    58.481291  13.686287   4.273
## site18R                    -5.690954   9.694326  -0.587
## site19R                    -8.131629   5.859839  -1.388
## site20R                    -3.821021   5.637356  -0.678
## site21R                   -11.924553  12.746335  -0.936
## site22R                   -11.493630   4.283940  -2.683
## site23R                   -19.995971   6.228464  -3.210
## site24R                     1.137771   5.141303   0.221
## site25R                    -6.944409   5.617425  -1.236
## site28R                   -16.444045   7.931412  -2.073
## site29R                    -0.798386  13.384604  -0.060
## site31R                    -0.605208   5.834394  -0.104
## site32R                     4.088301   6.771689   0.604
## site33R                    -9.628710   6.693286  -1.439
## site34R                    -6.041965   5.138010  -1.176
## site35R                   -15.145143   7.980202  -1.898
## site36R                     4.159832   5.963269   0.698
## site37R                     1.732608   6.512063   0.266
## site38R                    -2.043431   4.460260  -0.458
## site39R                     4.651762  13.399225   0.347
## site40R                     3.029493   9.342283   0.324
## site41R                   -14.005963   7.751568  -1.807
## site42R                    -9.115738   4.368155  -2.087
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreDx   2.777071   1.728735   1.606
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -33.911442  18.523666  -1.831
## time_firstPFT:site03R      -0.873785   5.935685  -0.147
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -1.183279   6.267332  -0.189
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -3.502767   7.544863  -0.464
## time_firstPFT:site06R       3.000778   5.041036   0.595
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -1.888772   1.498161  -1.261
## time_firstPFT:site09R       1.283855   4.215003   0.305
## time_firstPFT:site101       0.046739   1.251437   0.037
## time_firstPFT:site102      -0.431112   2.294717  -0.188
## time_firstPFT:site103       2.393362   1.200233   1.994
## time_firstPFT:site104       3.522416   3.784452   0.931
## time_firstPFT:site105       0.674273   1.215289   0.555
## time_firstPFT:site106       2.070531   1.681657   1.231
## time_firstPFT:site107     -12.411101   8.178969  -1.517
## time_firstPFT:site108       5.425562   3.546702   1.530
## time_firstPFT:site11R       4.932287   2.810100   1.755
## time_firstPFT:site12R       1.947758   4.023612   0.484
## time_firstPFT:site13R       0.009604   3.957177   0.002
## time_firstPFT:site14R     -10.285302  23.668442  -0.435
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.812293  14.145898  -0.199
## time_firstPFT:site16R      -0.965099   2.627966  -0.367
## time_firstPFT:site18R     -10.170784  12.973880  -0.784
## time_firstPFT:site19R       2.256720   3.399240   0.664
## time_firstPFT:site20R       1.637062   3.432298   0.477
## time_firstPFT:site21R       5.033615   4.754798   1.059
## time_firstPFT:site22R       4.639025   2.778077   1.670
## time_firstPFT:site23R      -0.134625   5.400951  -0.025
## time_firstPFT:site24R      -2.692207   2.534991  -1.062
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -1.230370   3.038809  -0.405
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -9.565826  13.062288  -0.732
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -2.029348   5.118379  -0.396
## time_firstPFT:site31R       1.773849   1.993681   0.890
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -0.816709   3.557707  -0.230
## time_firstPFT:site33R      -2.435491   3.804529  -0.640
## time_firstPFT:site34R       1.612355   2.432431   0.663
## time_firstPFT:site35R       9.670304   4.680694   2.066
## time_firstPFT:site36R       4.690350   2.952553   1.589
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -1.416830   2.849688  -0.497
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -1.686998   1.913568  -0.882
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -28.959093  10.454804  -2.770
## time_firstPFT:site40R       2.884936   4.650263   0.620
## time_firstPFT:site41R       4.090369   6.657936   0.614
## time_firstPFT:site42R      -2.564667   5.931390  -0.432
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.793
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.539
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 44.48 (95% CI [38.27,
## 50.69], t(2038) = 14.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.87, 95% CI [-10.05, -3.69], t(2038) = -4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.59, 95% CI [-11.27, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-29.96, 23.52], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.77, 95% CI [5.33, 44.21], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [0.36, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-24.41, 12.08], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.63, 95% CI [-27.87, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.11, 95% CI [-13.89, 24.11], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-3.16, 11.81], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.33, 95% CI [-27.88, 9.22], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.50, 95% CI [12.90, 24.10], t(2038) = 6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.04, 95% CI [-3.11, 17.20], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-8.82, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.92, 95% CI [-22.81, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.25, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.80, 95% CI [-11.68, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.03, 95% CI [-9.97, 28.03], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-25.61, 4.97], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-27.15, 25.59], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-9.52, 15.64], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.28, 95% CI [-28.77, 8.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.59, 95% CI [-24.98, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.65, 95% CI [-37.09, 21.79], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.03, 95% CI [-48.87, 4.81], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.76,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.81, 95% CI [-19.37, 3.75], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.48, 95% CI [31.64, 85.32], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.95, 95%
## CI [2.14, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-24.70, 13.32], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.36], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-14.88, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.92, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.49, 95% CI [-19.89, -3.09], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.00, 95% CI [-32.21, -7.78], t(2038) = -3.21, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.48, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-17.96, 4.07], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-32.00, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-27.05, 25.45], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.05, 10.84], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-9.19, 17.37], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-22.76, 3.50], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-16.12, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.15, 95% CI [-30.80, 0.51], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.53, 15.85], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.73, 95% CI [-11.04, 14.50], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-10.79, 6.70], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.65, 95% CI [-21.63, 30.93], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = -2.49,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.41])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-15.29, 21.35], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-29.21, 1.20], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.12, 95% CI [-17.68, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-0.61, 6.17], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.91, 95% CI [-70.24, 2.42], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-7.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-12.51, 10.77], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.850;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-18.30, 11.29], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.97, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-6.89, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.55], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.50], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = 5.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [0.04, 4.75], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [4.25e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-3.90, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.06], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.23, 5.37], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.45, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.43, 95% CI [-1.53, 12.38], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-0.58, 10.44], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-5.94, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.60e-03, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.77], t(2038) = 2.43e-03, p = 0.998;
## Std. beta = 1.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.70, 36.13], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.10, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-30.55, 24.93], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.28, 2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-6.12, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.61, 15.27], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.433;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 8.92], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-5.09, 8.37], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-4.29, 14.36], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.46, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.09], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-10.73, 10.46], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.980;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.28], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.18, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-12.07, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.14, 5.68], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.79, 6.16], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-9.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.38], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.67, 95% CI [0.49, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.48], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.17], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-5.44, 2.07], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.96, 95% CI [-49.46, -8.46], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.32, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-6.23, 12.00], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.09, 95% CI [-8.97, 17.15], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-14.20, 9.07], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## BC_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to BC_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 44.48 (95% CI [38.27, 50.69], t(2038) =
## 14.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.87, 95% CI [-10.05, -3.69], t(2038) = -4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.59, 95% CI [-11.27, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-29.96, 23.52], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.77, 95% CI [5.33, 44.21], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [0.36, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-24.41, 12.08], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.63, 95% CI [-27.87, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.11, 95% CI [-13.89, 24.11], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-3.16, 11.81], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.33, 95% CI [-27.88, 9.22], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.50, 95% CI [12.90, 24.10], t(2038) = 6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.04, 95% CI [-3.11, 17.20], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-8.82, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.92, 95% CI [-22.81, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.25, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.80, 95% CI [-11.68, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.03, 95% CI [-9.97, 28.03], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-25.61, 4.97], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-27.15, 25.59], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-9.52, 15.64], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.28, 95% CI [-28.77, 8.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.59, 95% CI [-24.98, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.65, 95% CI [-37.09, 21.79], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.03, 95% CI [-48.87, 4.81], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.76,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.81, 95% CI [-19.37, 3.75], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.48, 95% CI [31.64, 85.32], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.95, 95%
## CI [2.14, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-24.70, 13.32], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.36], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-14.88, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.92, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.49, 95% CI [-19.89, -3.09], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.00, 95% CI [-32.21, -7.78], t(2038) = -3.21, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.48, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-17.96, 4.07], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-32.00, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-27.05, 25.45], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.05, 10.84], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-9.19, 17.37], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-22.76, 3.50], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-16.12, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.15, 95% CI [-30.80, 0.51], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.53, 15.85], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.73, 95% CI [-11.04, 14.50], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-10.79, 6.70], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.65, 95% CI [-21.63, 30.93], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = -2.49,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.41])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-15.29, 21.35], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-29.21, 1.20], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.12, 95% CI [-17.68, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-0.61, 6.17], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.91, 95% CI [-70.24, 2.42], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-7.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-12.51, 10.77], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.850;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-18.30, 11.29], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.97, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-6.89, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.55], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.50], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = 5.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [0.04, 4.75], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [4.25e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-3.90, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.06], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.23, 5.37], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.45, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.43, 95% CI [-1.53, 12.38], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-0.58, 10.44], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-5.94, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.60e-03, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.77], t(2038) = 2.43e-03, p = 0.998;
## Std. beta = 1.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.70, 36.13], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.10, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-30.55, 24.93], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.28, 2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-6.12, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.61, 15.27], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.433;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 8.92], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-5.09, 8.37], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-4.29, 14.36], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.46, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.09], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-10.73, 10.46], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.980;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.28], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.18, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-12.07, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.14, 5.68], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.79, 6.16], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-9.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.38], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.67, 95% CI [0.49, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.48], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.17], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-5.44, 2.07], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.96, 95% CI [-49.46, -8.46], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.32, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-6.23, 12.00], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.09, 95% CI [-8.97, 17.15], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-14.20, 9.07], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 44.48 (95% CI [38.27, 50.69], t(2038) = 14.04, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.87, 95% CI [-10.05, -3.69], t(2038) = -4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.59, 95% CI [-11.27, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-29.96, 23.52], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.77, 95% CI [5.33, 44.21], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [0.36, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-24.41, 12.08], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.63, 95% CI [-27.87, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.11, 95% CI [-13.89, 24.11], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-3.16, 11.81], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.33, 95% CI [-27.88, 9.22], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.50, 95% CI [12.90, 24.10], t(2038) = 6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.04, 95% CI [-3.11, 17.20], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-8.82, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.92, 95% CI [-22.81, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.25, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.80, 95% CI [-11.68, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.03, 95% CI [-9.97, 28.03], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-25.61, 4.97], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-27.15, 25.59], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-9.52, 15.64], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.28, 95% CI [-28.77, 8.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.59, 95% CI [-24.98, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.65, 95% CI [-37.09, 21.79], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.03, 95% CI [-48.87, 4.81], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.76,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.81, 95% CI [-19.37, 3.75], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.48, 95% CI [31.64, 85.32], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.95, 95%
## CI [2.14, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-24.70, 13.32], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.36], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-14.88, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.92, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.49, 95% CI [-19.89, -3.09], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.00, 95% CI [-32.21, -7.78], t(2038) = -3.21, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.48, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-17.96, 4.07], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-32.00, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-27.05, 25.45], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.05, 10.84], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-9.19, 17.37], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-22.76, 3.50], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-16.12, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.15, 95% CI [-30.80, 0.51], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.53, 15.85], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.73, 95% CI [-11.04, 14.50], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-10.79, 6.70], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.65, 95% CI [-21.63, 30.93], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = -2.49,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.41])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-15.29, 21.35], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-29.21, 1.20], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.12, 95% CI [-17.68, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-0.61, 6.17], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.91, 95% CI [-70.24, 2.42], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-7.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-12.51, 10.77], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.850;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-18.30, 11.29], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.97, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-6.89, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.55], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.50], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = 5.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [0.04, 4.75], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [4.25e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-3.90, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.06], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.23, 5.37], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.45, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.43, 95% CI [-1.53, 12.38], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-0.58, 10.44], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-5.94, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.60e-03, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.77], t(2038) = 2.43e-03, p = 0.998;
## Std. beta = 1.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.70, 36.13], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.10, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-30.55, 24.93], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.28, 2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-6.12, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.61, 15.27], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.433;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 8.92], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-5.09, 8.37], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-4.29, 14.36], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.46, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.09], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-10.73, 10.46], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.980;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.28], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.18, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-12.07, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.14, 5.68], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.79, 6.16], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-9.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.38], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.67, 95% CI [0.49, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.48], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.17], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-5.44, 2.07], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.96, 95% CI [-49.46, -8.46], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.32, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-6.23, 12.00], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.09, 95% CI [-8.97, 17.15], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-14.20, 9.07], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 44.48 (95% CI [38.27, 50.69], t(2038)
## = 14.04, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.87, 95% CI [-10.05, -3.69], t(2038) = -4.23, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.59, 95% CI [-11.27, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.22, 95% CI [-29.96, 23.52], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.77, 95% CI [5.33, 44.21], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.013; Std. beta = 1.59, 95%
## CI [0.36, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-24.41, 12.08], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.63, 95% CI [-27.87, 2.61], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.11, 95% CI [-13.89, 24.11], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = 0.64,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-3.16, 11.81], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.33, 95% CI [-27.88, 9.22], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.50, 95% CI [12.90, 24.10], t(2038) = 6.48, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.04, 95% CI [-3.11, 17.20], t(2038) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.66, 95% CI [-8.82, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.92, 95% CI [-22.81, -1.03], t(2038) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.21, 95% CI [-5.25, 5.66], t(2038) = 0.08, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.80, 95% CI [-11.68, 2.08], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.03, 95% CI [-9.97, 28.03], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.32, 95% CI [-25.61, 4.97], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.78, 95% CI [-27.15, 25.59], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.954; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.06, 95% CI [-9.52, 15.64], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.28, 95% CI [-28.77, 8.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.59, 95% CI [-24.98, 3.80], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.65, 95% CI [-37.09, 21.79], t(2038) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std. beta = -1.51,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.03, 95% CI [-48.87, 4.81], t(2038) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -1.76,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.81, 95% CI [-19.37, 3.75], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.48, 95% CI [31.64, 85.32], t(2038) = 4.27, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.95, 95%
## CI [2.14, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.69, 95% CI [-24.70, 13.32], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.76, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.36], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.165; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.82, 95% CI [-14.88, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.92, 13.07], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.350; Std. beta =
## -0.32, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.49, 95% CI [-19.89, -3.09], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.00, 95% CI [-32.21, -7.78], t(2038) = -3.21, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.48, -0.24])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.14, 95% CI [-8.94, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.94, 95% CI [-17.96, 4.07], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.217; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-32.00, -0.89], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.46, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-27.05, 25.45], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.952; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.61, 95% CI [-12.05, 10.84], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.09, 95% CI [-9.19, 17.37], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.20, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.11])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-22.76, 3.50], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-16.12, 4.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.240; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.15, 95% CI [-30.80, 0.51], t(2038) = -1.90, p = 0.058; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-7.53, 15.85], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.73, 95% CI [-11.04, 14.50], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.04, 95% CI [-10.79, 6.70], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.65, 95% CI [-21.63, 30.93], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std. beta = -2.49,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.41])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-15.29, 21.35], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = 0.48,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-29.21, 1.20], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.12, 95% CI [-17.68, -0.55], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-0.61, 6.17], t(2038) = 1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.91, 95% CI [-70.24, 2.42], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-7.55, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-12.51, 10.77], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.850;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-18.30, 11.29], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.643;
## Std. beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.97, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.00, 95% CI [-6.89, 12.89], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-4.83, 1.05], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.55], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.761; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.50], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = 5.02e-03, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-4.93, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.851; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.39, 95% CI [0.04, 4.75], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [4.25e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.52, 95% CI [-3.90, 10.94], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.352; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-1.71, 3.06], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.23, 5.37], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.45, 3.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-3.06, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.43, 95% CI [-1.53, 12.38], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.126; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-0.58, 10.44], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.079; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.95, 95% CI [-5.94, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.60e-03, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.77], t(2038) = 2.43e-03, p = 0.998;
## Std. beta = 1.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.70, 36.13], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.10, 3.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-30.55, 24.93], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.842;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.28, 2.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-6.12, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.61, 15.27], t(2038) = -0.78, p = 0.433;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 8.92], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.64, 95% CI [-5.09, 8.37], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-4.29, 14.36], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.46, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.64, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.09], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.095; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-10.73, 10.46], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.980;
## Std. beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.28], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.18, 16.05], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.78, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-12.07, 8.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.77, 95% CI [-2.14, 5.68], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.79, 6.16], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-9.90, 5.03], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.38], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.67, 95% CI [0.49, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.48], t(2038) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.17], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.619; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.69, 95% CI [-5.44, 2.07], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.96, 95% CI [-49.46, -8.46], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-5.32, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.88, 95% CI [-6.23, 12.00], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.535; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.09, 95% CI [-8.97, 17.15], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.56, 95% CI [-14.20, 9.07], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.666; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.53, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.5.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14678.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1321 -0.4888 -0.0079  0.4409  7.0974 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.17   11.797        
##           time_firstPFT  11.17    3.342   -0.29
##  Residual                41.73    6.460        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       40.88365    5.74293   7.119
## time_firstPFT                     -4.91502    2.72652  -1.803
## BC_5yrPreDx                       -3.30704    3.39635  -0.974
## disadv                            -5.50445    2.33373  -2.359
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.94565    2.28949  -1.287
## sexF                              -2.43779    1.42628  -1.709
## age_dx                             0.13508    0.07442   1.815
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.74939    1.41406  -1.944
## smokeHxAlways                      9.10747    7.08038   1.286
## smokeHxUnknown                    -3.00455    3.18741  -0.943
## site02R                           -6.71043   13.52706  -0.496
## site03R                           20.61366    9.91234   2.080
## site04R                           -5.55204    9.19993  -0.603
## site05R                          -13.01722    7.72050  -1.686
## site06R                           -7.84077   13.50697  -0.580
## site07R                            2.81924    3.80923   0.740
## site09R                          -11.44363    9.38594  -1.219
## site101                           19.03002    2.87503   6.619
## site102                            6.33924    5.18000   1.224
## site103                           -3.03990    2.72322  -1.116
## site104                          -10.19311    5.54862  -1.837
## site105                            1.11575    2.79421   0.399
## site106                           -6.49112    3.54538  -1.831
## site107                            6.92632    9.61265   0.721
## site108                           -4.42998    8.09878  -0.547
## site10R                            0.05833   13.44071   0.004
## site11R                            1.80335    6.36625   0.283
## site12R                           -8.55061    9.32843  -0.917
## site13R                          -12.11678    7.29947  -1.660
## site14R                           -9.39801   14.96759  -0.628
## site15R                          -19.00934   13.58199  -1.400
## site16R                           -7.69185    5.92002  -1.299
## site17R                           62.89912   13.66640   4.602
## site18R                           -3.95716    9.62839  -0.411
## site19R                           -8.16196    5.84222  -1.397
## site20R                           -3.89681    5.59744  -0.696
## site21R                          -11.88541   12.58039  -0.945
## site22R                          -14.00466    4.31832  -3.243
## site23R                          -26.09020    7.76513  -3.360
## site24R                            0.88153    5.09435   0.173
## site25R                           -9.23274    5.63054  -1.640
## site28R                          -15.17982    7.89501  -1.923
## site29R                           -4.06806   13.27191  -0.307
## site31R                           -1.14467    5.83886  -0.196
## site32R                            4.60512    6.74727   0.683
## site33R                           -9.81404    6.65432  -1.475
## site34R                           -5.73800    5.09381  -1.126
## site35R                          -15.36792    7.93070  -1.938
## site36R                            3.58025    5.92623   0.604
## site37R                            0.05194    6.53515   0.008
## site38R                           -1.38217    4.42518  -0.312
## site39R                           12.94384   13.50688   0.958
## site40R                            1.15803    9.26269   0.125
## site41R                          -14.64213    7.73504  -1.893
## site42R                          -10.90659    4.37779  -2.491
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreDx          2.04291    1.77937   1.148
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.31576    1.10642   1.189
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.61632    1.11402  -0.553
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.58291    0.66307   0.879
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03290    0.03461  -0.951
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.65474    0.67515  -0.970
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.02253    6.04713  -0.996
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.22766    1.66985   1.334
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.55747   18.54423  -1.756
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.59877    5.98117  -0.100
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -1.96539    6.30820  -0.312
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.29975    7.56446  -0.436
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.53854    1.53800  -1.000
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.26091    4.24891   0.532
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.00652    1.28005  -0.005
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.07416    2.31993  -0.032
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.47924    1.27748   1.941
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.85443    3.86022   0.739
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.58814    1.23119   0.478
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.42486    1.73118   1.401
## time_firstPFT:site107            -11.83046    8.19345  -1.444
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.75937    3.76761   1.529
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.60074    2.87096   1.951
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.25806    4.05364   0.557
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.03590    3.99908  -0.009
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.36950   23.68557  -0.396
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.78845   14.16658  -0.197
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.05524    2.69257  -0.392
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.17075   12.98984  -0.783
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.08243    3.44916   0.604
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.26511    3.48136   0.363
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.71259    4.77476   1.196
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.73909    2.83030   2.028
## time_firstPFT:site23R             23.86282   26.77390   0.891
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.51818    2.54889  -0.988
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.53525    3.10354  -0.172
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.43216   13.14125  -0.642
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.76911    5.16008  -0.149
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.41731    2.04640   1.181
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.40477    3.60187  -0.112
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.10599    3.88262  -0.800
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.59117    2.47865   0.642
## time_firstPFT:site35R             10.14323    4.72993   2.144
## time_firstPFT:site36R              4.88256    2.98190   1.637
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.04012    2.95990  -0.351
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.67460    1.92963  -0.868
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -29.20771   10.54706  -2.769
## time_firstPFT:site40R              2.32006    4.72970   0.491
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.80051    6.68522   0.718
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.03165    5.95234  -0.509
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.791
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.526
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62, 52.15], t(2008)
## = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## BC_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to BC_5yrPreDx =
## 0, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62, 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62,
## 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 40.88 (95% CI
## [29.62, 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62,
## 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62,
## 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 40.88 (95% CI
## [29.62, 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62,
## 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 40.88 (95% CI [29.62, 52.15], t(2008) = 7.12, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.92, 95% CI [-10.26, 0.43], t(2008) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta =
## -0.52, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.34])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.31, 95% CI [-9.97, 3.35], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta =
## -6.30e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.50,
## 95% CI [-10.08, -0.93], t(2008) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.95, 95% CI [-7.44, 1.54], t(2008) = -1.29, p = 0.198; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.23, 0.36], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.088; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.02], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.11, 95% CI [-4.78, 22.99], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.198; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.00, 95% CI [-9.26, 3.25], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.71, 95% CI [-33.24, 19.82], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [1.17, 40.05], t(2008) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.33, 95%
## CI [0.09, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.55, 95% CI [-23.59, 12.49], t(2008) = -0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.16, 2.12], t(2008) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.84, 95% CI [-34.33, 18.65], t(2008) = -0.58, p = 0.562; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.65, 10.29], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.44, 95% CI [-29.85, 6.96], t(2008) = -1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.03, 95% CI [13.39, 24.67], t(2008) = 6.62, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.34, 95% CI [-3.82, 16.50], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.04, 95% CI [-8.38, 2.30], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.264; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.19, 95% CI [-21.07, 0.69], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.12, 95% CI [-4.36, 6.60], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.690; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.49, 95% CI [-13.44, 0.46], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.93, 95% CI [-11.93, 25.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.43, 95% CI [-20.31, 11.45], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-26.30, 26.42], t(2008) = 4.34e-03, p = 0.997; Std. beta =
## 3.94e-03, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.78])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.80, 95% CI [-10.68, 14.29], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.18, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-26.85, 9.74], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.12, 95% CI [-26.43, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-38.75, 19.96], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.01, 95% CI [-45.65, 7.63], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.162; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.69, 95% CI [-19.30, 3.92], t(2008) = -1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.90, 95% CI [36.10, 89.70], t(2008) = 4.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.25, 95%
## CI [2.44, 6.06])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-22.84, 14.93], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.16, 95% CI [-19.62, 3.30], t(2008) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.90, 95% CI [-14.87, 7.08], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.89, 95% CI [-36.56, 12.79], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.00, 95% CI [-22.47, -5.54], t(2008) = -3.24, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.09, 95% CI [-41.32, -10.86], t(2008) = -3.36, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.56,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 5.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-9.11, 10.87], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.863; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.81], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.18, 95% CI [-30.66, 0.30], t(2008) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.30, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.07, 95% CI [-30.10, 21.96], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.845; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.61, 95% CI [-8.63, 17.84], t(2008) = 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.27, 95%
## CI [-0.65, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-22.86, 3.24], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.74, 95% CI [-15.73, 4.25], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.260; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.92, 0.19], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.58, 95% CI [-8.04, 15.20], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.05, 95% CI [-12.76, 12.87], t(2008) = 7.95e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.10, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.38, 95% CI [-10.06, 7.30], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.94, 95% CI [-13.55, 39.43], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -1.97,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.16, 95% CI [-17.01, 19.32], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.901; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.64, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.53], t(2008) = -1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.91, 95% CI [-19.49, -2.32], t(2008) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 7.29e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-1.45, 5.53], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251;
## Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-0.85, 3.49], t(2008) = 1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.57], t(2008) =
## -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.88], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.379; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.67], t(2008) =
## -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.02, 95% CI [-17.88, 5.84], t(2008) =
## -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-1.05, 5.50], t(2008) =
## 1.33, p = 0.182; Std. beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-68.93, 3.81], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079;
## Std. beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-7.42, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.13], t(2008) = -0.10, p = 0.920;
## Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-14.34, 10.41], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.755;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.30, 95% CI [-18.13, 11.54], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-4.55, 1.48], t(2008) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-6.07, 10.59], t(2008) = 0.53, p = 0.595; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.52e-03, 95% CI [-2.52, 2.50], t(2008) = -5.09e-03, p =
## 0.996; Std. beta = -7.03e-04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-4.62, 4.48], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.975; Std.
## beta = -7.98e-03, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-0.03, 4.98], t(2008) = 1.94, p = 0.052; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-2.81e-03, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.72, 10.42], t(2008) = 0.74, p = 0.460; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.83, 3.00], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.633; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-0.97, 5.82], t(2008) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.83, 95% CI [-27.90, 4.24], t(2008) = -1.44, p = 0.149;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-3.00, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.76, 95% CI [-1.63, 13.15], t(2008) = 1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-0.03, 11.23], t(2008) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-3.19e-03, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-5.69, 10.21], t(2008) = 0.56, p = 0.578; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-7.88, 7.81], t(2008) = -8.98e-03, p = 0.993;
## Std. beta = -3.87e-03, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.37, 95% CI [-55.82, 37.08], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-6.01, 3.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-30.57, 24.99], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.844;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.29, 2.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.34, 4.23], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.695; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.17, 95% CI [-35.65, 15.30], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.434;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-3.84, 1.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-4.68, 8.85], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.546; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-5.56, 8.09], t(2008) = 0.36, p = 0.716; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.71, 95% CI [-3.65, 15.08], t(2008) = 1.20, p = 0.232; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.74, 95% CI [0.19, 11.29], t(2008) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [0.02, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.86, 95% CI [-28.64, 76.37], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std.
## beta = 2.57, 95% CI [-3.08, 8.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-7.52, 2.48], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-6.62, 5.55], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.863; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.43, 95% CI [-34.20, 17.34], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.521;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-10.89, 9.35], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.882; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.43], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.47, 6.66], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.72, 4.51], t(2008) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.15, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.45], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.14, 95% CI [0.87, 19.42], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 1.09, 95% CI [0.09, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.88, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.73], t(2008) = 1.64, p = 0.102; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.11], t(2008) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.21, 95% CI [-49.89, -8.52], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-5.37, -0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.32, 95% CI [-6.96, 11.60], t(2008) = 0.49, p = 0.624; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.80, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.91], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.64], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.611; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.6 OM

9.6.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14850.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1470 -0.4999 -0.0103  0.4403  7.0993 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   141.37   11.890        
##           time_firstPFT  10.75    3.279   -0.29
##  Residual                41.70    6.458        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                45.9882     2.3268  19.764
## time_firstPFT              -6.8446     1.0615  -6.448
## OM_5yrPreDx                -1.6265     0.6132  -2.652
## site02R                    -2.4532    13.5110  -0.182
## site03R                    25.8071     9.8370   2.623
## site04R                    -6.5376     9.2258  -0.709
## site05R                   -13.1287     7.7203  -1.701
## site06R                     7.3530     9.6660   0.761
## site07R                     4.2844     3.6980   1.159
## site09R                    -9.3373     9.3694  -0.997
## site101                    18.8924     2.5558   7.392
## site102                     8.4636     4.9077   1.725
## site103                    -2.3626     2.1573  -1.095
## site104                   -11.4001     5.2037  -2.191
## site105                     2.3170     2.4718   0.937
## site106                    -4.1680     3.3530  -1.243
## site107                    10.3254     9.5415   1.082
## site108                    -9.5463     7.4839  -1.276
## site10R                    -1.6708    13.3992  -0.125
## site11R                     3.9283     6.3744   0.616
## site12R                   -10.7872     9.3186  -1.158
## site13R                   -10.7247     7.2639  -1.476
## site14R                    -8.5486    14.9605  -0.571
## site15R                   -22.1467    13.5718  -1.632
## site16R                    -8.7667     5.8498  -1.499
## site17R                    58.7296    13.5728   4.327
## site18R                    -5.3899     9.5998  -0.561
## site19R                    -8.9091     5.6481  -1.577
## site20R                    -4.0920     5.5533  -0.737
## site21R                   -11.9161    12.6419  -0.943
## site22R                   -12.3995     4.2662  -2.906
## site23R                   -19.6379     6.1020  -3.218
## site24R                     1.2568     5.0167   0.251
## site25R                    -6.0029     5.5178  -1.088
## site28R                   -16.4408     7.8702  -2.089
## site29R                    -1.6494    13.2649  -0.124
## site31R                    -0.7934     5.7594  -0.138
## site32R                     3.7257     6.6578   0.560
## site33R                    -9.7959     6.5883  -1.487
## site34R                    -6.0373     4.9951  -1.209
## site35R                   -14.9956     7.8090  -1.920
## site36R                     4.6561     5.9234   0.786
## site37R                     1.5164     6.4575   0.235
## site38R                    -1.8628     4.3994  -0.423
## site39R                     4.1626    13.2370   0.314
## site40R                     2.7699     9.2407   0.300
## site41R                   -13.8613     7.6727  -1.807
## site42R                    -9.5478     4.3294  -2.205
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreDx   0.7156     0.2792   2.563
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -34.4798    18.5084  -1.863
## time_firstPFT:site03R      -1.4259     5.9188  -0.241
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -1.2355     6.2388  -0.198
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -3.3103     7.5377  -0.439
## time_firstPFT:site06R       1.9718     5.0374   0.391
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -2.1152     1.4070  -1.503
## time_firstPFT:site09R       0.8657     4.1773   0.207
## time_firstPFT:site101      -0.4888     1.0683  -0.458
## time_firstPFT:site102      -1.5400     2.1514  -0.716
## time_firstPFT:site103       1.4063     0.9424   1.492
## time_firstPFT:site104       2.6432     3.7065   0.713
## time_firstPFT:site105      -0.6140     1.0644  -0.577
## time_firstPFT:site106       1.5831     1.5939   0.993
## time_firstPFT:site107     -13.3324     8.1374  -1.638
## time_firstPFT:site108       4.6226     3.3682   1.372
## time_firstPFT:site11R       4.5438     2.7905   1.628
## time_firstPFT:site12R       1.8410     3.9713   0.464
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -0.1625     3.9136  -0.042
## time_firstPFT:site14R     -10.1075    23.6678  -0.427
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.5813    14.1284  -0.183
## time_firstPFT:site16R      -0.7617     2.6012  -0.293
## time_firstPFT:site18R     -10.4685    12.9656  -0.807
## time_firstPFT:site19R       2.1501     3.2896   0.654
## time_firstPFT:site20R       1.4719     3.3861   0.435
## time_firstPFT:site21R       5.1090     4.7099   1.085
## time_firstPFT:site22R       4.9187     2.7672   1.778
## time_firstPFT:site23R      -0.5865     5.3559  -0.109
## time_firstPFT:site24R      -3.0520     2.4621  -1.240
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -1.8196     2.9516  -0.616
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -9.6151    13.0620  -0.736
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -1.9564     5.0536  -0.387
## time_firstPFT:site31R       1.6819     1.9420   0.866
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -0.9151     3.5284  -0.259
## time_firstPFT:site33R      -2.5162     3.7412  -0.673
## time_firstPFT:site34R       1.2449     2.3490   0.530
## time_firstPFT:site35R       9.2703     4.5944   2.018
## time_firstPFT:site36R       4.5107     2.9352   1.537
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -1.4673     2.8252  -0.519
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -1.9100     1.8766  -1.018
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -29.1424    10.4093  -2.800
## time_firstPFT:site40R       2.7177     4.5624   0.596
## time_firstPFT:site41R       3.8712     6.6396   0.583
## time_firstPFT:site42R      -2.5349     5.9211  -0.428
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.541
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 45.99 (95% CI [41.42,
## 50.55], t(2038) = 19.76, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.84, 95% CI [-8.93, -4.76], t(2038) = -6.45, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.39])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.63, 95% CI [-2.83, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-28.95, 24.04], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.81, 95% CI [6.52, 45.10], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.84])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-24.63, 11.56], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.13, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.35, 95% CI [-11.60, 26.31], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.28, 95% CI [-2.97, 11.54], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.34, 95% CI [-27.71, 9.04], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.89, 95% CI [13.88, 23.90], t(2038) = 7.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.46, 95% CI [-1.16, 18.09], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.36, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.40, 95% CI [-21.61, -1.19], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-10.74, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-8.39, 29.04], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.55, 95% CI [-24.22, 5.13], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.67, 95% CI [-27.95, 24.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-8.57, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.79, 95% CI [-29.06, 7.49], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.72, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.52], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-37.89, 20.79], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.15, 95% CI [-48.76, 4.47], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.77, 95% CI [-20.24, 2.71], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.73, 95% CI [32.11, 85.35], t(2038) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.39, 95% CI [-24.22, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.91, 95% CI [-19.99, 2.17], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.09, 95% CI [-14.98, 6.80], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.71, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.40, 95% CI [-20.77, -4.03], t(2038) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.64, 95% CI [-31.60, -7.67], t(2038) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.49, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.58, 11.10], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-16.82, 4.82], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-31.88, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.65, 95% CI [-27.66, 24.36], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-12.09, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.33, 16.78], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.80, 95% CI [-22.72, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.00, 95% CI [-30.31, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.66, 95% CI [-6.96, 16.27], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.15, 14.18], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-10.49, 6.76], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-21.80, 30.12], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-15.35, 20.89], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.86, 95% CI [-28.91, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.55, 95% CI [-18.04, -1.06], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.17, 1.26], t(2038) = 2.56, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.48, 95% CI [-70.78, 1.82], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-7.61, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-13.03, 10.18], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.810;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.00], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.47], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-7.91, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-4.87, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-7.33, 9.06], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.68], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.44, 3.25], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.63, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.476; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.47], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-1.54, 4.71], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.33, 95% CI [-29.29, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-3.15, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.54, 95% CI [-0.93, 10.02], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.95, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.643; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.11, 95% CI [-56.52, 36.31], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.08, 3.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-30.29, 25.13], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.34], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.90, 14.96], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.13, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.30, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-5.17, 8.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-4.13, 14.35], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.92, 95% CI [-0.51, 10.35], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-11.09, 9.92], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.88, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.82, 95% CI [-7.61, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.23, 16.00], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.79, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.96, 95% CI [-11.87, 7.95], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-2.13, 5.49], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-7.83, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-9.85, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-3.36, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.26, 18.28], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 1.00, 95% CI [0.03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [-1.25, 10.27], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-5.59, 1.77], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.14, 95% CI [-49.56, -8.73], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-6.23, 11.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-9.15, 16.89], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.08], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.98])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## OM_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to OM_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 45.99 (95% CI [41.42, 50.55], t(2038) =
## 19.76, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.84, 95% CI [-8.93, -4.76], t(2038) = -6.45, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.39])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.63, 95% CI [-2.83, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-28.95, 24.04], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.81, 95% CI [6.52, 45.10], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.84])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-24.63, 11.56], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.13, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.35, 95% CI [-11.60, 26.31], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.28, 95% CI [-2.97, 11.54], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.34, 95% CI [-27.71, 9.04], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.89, 95% CI [13.88, 23.90], t(2038) = 7.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.46, 95% CI [-1.16, 18.09], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.36, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.40, 95% CI [-21.61, -1.19], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-10.74, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-8.39, 29.04], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.55, 95% CI [-24.22, 5.13], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.67, 95% CI [-27.95, 24.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-8.57, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.79, 95% CI [-29.06, 7.49], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.72, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.52], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-37.89, 20.79], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.15, 95% CI [-48.76, 4.47], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.77, 95% CI [-20.24, 2.71], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.73, 95% CI [32.11, 85.35], t(2038) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.39, 95% CI [-24.22, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.91, 95% CI [-19.99, 2.17], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.09, 95% CI [-14.98, 6.80], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.71, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.40, 95% CI [-20.77, -4.03], t(2038) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.64, 95% CI [-31.60, -7.67], t(2038) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.49, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.58, 11.10], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-16.82, 4.82], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-31.88, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.65, 95% CI [-27.66, 24.36], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-12.09, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.33, 16.78], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.80, 95% CI [-22.72, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.00, 95% CI [-30.31, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.66, 95% CI [-6.96, 16.27], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.15, 14.18], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-10.49, 6.76], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-21.80, 30.12], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-15.35, 20.89], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.86, 95% CI [-28.91, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.55, 95% CI [-18.04, -1.06], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.17, 1.26], t(2038) = 2.56, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.48, 95% CI [-70.78, 1.82], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-7.61, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-13.03, 10.18], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.810;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.00], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.47], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-7.91, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-4.87, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-7.33, 9.06], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.68], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.44, 3.25], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.63, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.476; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.47], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-1.54, 4.71], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.33, 95% CI [-29.29, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-3.15, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.54, 95% CI [-0.93, 10.02], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.95, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.643; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.11, 95% CI [-56.52, 36.31], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.08, 3.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-30.29, 25.13], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.34], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.90, 14.96], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.13, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.30, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-5.17, 8.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-4.13, 14.35], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.92, 95% CI [-0.51, 10.35], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-11.09, 9.92], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.88, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.82, 95% CI [-7.61, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.23, 16.00], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.79, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.96, 95% CI [-11.87, 7.95], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-2.13, 5.49], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-7.83, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-9.85, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-3.36, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.26, 18.28], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 1.00, 95% CI [0.03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [-1.25, 10.27], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-5.59, 1.77], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.14, 95% CI [-49.56, -8.73], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-6.23, 11.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-9.15, 16.89], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.08], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.98])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 45.99 (95% CI [41.42, 50.55], t(2038) = 19.76, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.84, 95% CI [-8.93, -4.76], t(2038) = -6.45, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.39])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.63, 95% CI [-2.83, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-28.95, 24.04], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.81, 95% CI [6.52, 45.10], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.84])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-24.63, 11.56], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.13, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.35, 95% CI [-11.60, 26.31], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.28, 95% CI [-2.97, 11.54], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.34, 95% CI [-27.71, 9.04], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.89, 95% CI [13.88, 23.90], t(2038) = 7.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.46, 95% CI [-1.16, 18.09], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.36, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.40, 95% CI [-21.61, -1.19], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-10.74, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-8.39, 29.04], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.55, 95% CI [-24.22, 5.13], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.67, 95% CI [-27.95, 24.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-8.57, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.79, 95% CI [-29.06, 7.49], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.72, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.52], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-37.89, 20.79], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.15, 95% CI [-48.76, 4.47], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.77, 95% CI [-20.24, 2.71], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.73, 95% CI [32.11, 85.35], t(2038) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.39, 95% CI [-24.22, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.91, 95% CI [-19.99, 2.17], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.09, 95% CI [-14.98, 6.80], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.71, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.40, 95% CI [-20.77, -4.03], t(2038) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.64, 95% CI [-31.60, -7.67], t(2038) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.49, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.58, 11.10], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-16.82, 4.82], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-31.88, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.65, 95% CI [-27.66, 24.36], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-12.09, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.33, 16.78], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.80, 95% CI [-22.72, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.00, 95% CI [-30.31, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.66, 95% CI [-6.96, 16.27], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.15, 14.18], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-10.49, 6.76], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-21.80, 30.12], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-15.35, 20.89], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.86, 95% CI [-28.91, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.55, 95% CI [-18.04, -1.06], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.17, 1.26], t(2038) = 2.56, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.48, 95% CI [-70.78, 1.82], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-7.61, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-13.03, 10.18], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.810;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.00], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.47], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-7.91, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-4.87, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-7.33, 9.06], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.68], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.44, 3.25], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.63, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.476; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.47], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-1.54, 4.71], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.33, 95% CI [-29.29, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-3.15, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.54, 95% CI [-0.93, 10.02], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.95, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.643; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.11, 95% CI [-56.52, 36.31], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.08, 3.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-30.29, 25.13], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.34], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.90, 14.96], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.13, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.30, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-5.17, 8.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-4.13, 14.35], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.92, 95% CI [-0.51, 10.35], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-11.09, 9.92], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.88, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.82, 95% CI [-7.61, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.23, 16.00], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.79, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.96, 95% CI [-11.87, 7.95], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-2.13, 5.49], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-7.83, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-9.85, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-3.36, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.26, 18.28], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 1.00, 95% CI [0.03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [-1.25, 10.27], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-5.59, 1.77], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.14, 95% CI [-49.56, -8.73], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-6.23, 11.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-9.15, 16.89], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.08], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.98])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 45.99 (95% CI [41.42, 50.55], t(2038)
## = 19.76, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.84, 95% CI [-8.93, -4.76], t(2038) = -6.45, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.49, 95%
## CI [-0.59, -0.39])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.63, 95% CI [-2.83, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.45, 95% CI [-28.95, 24.04], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.856; Std. beta = -3.51,
## 95% CI [-6.72, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.81, 95% CI [6.52, 45.10], t(2038) = 2.62, p = 0.009; Std. beta = 1.61, 95%
## CI [0.37, 2.84])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-24.63, 11.56], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.13, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.01], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.63, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.35, 95% CI [-11.60, 26.31], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = 0.69,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.28, 95% CI [-2.97, 11.54], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.34, 95% CI [-27.71, 9.04], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.319; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.89, 95% CI [13.88, 23.90], t(2038) = 7.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.46, 95% CI [-1.16, 18.09], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.36, 95% CI [-6.59, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.40, 95% CI [-21.61, -1.19], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.32, 95% CI [-2.53, 7.16], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.17, 95% CI [-10.74, 2.41], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.33, 95% CI [-8.39, 29.04], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-2.15, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.55, 95% CI [-24.22, 5.13], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.67, 95% CI [-27.95, 24.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.66])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-8.57, 16.43], t(2038) = 0.62, p = 0.538; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.14, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.79, 95% CI [-29.06, 7.49], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.247; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.72, 95% CI [-24.97, 3.52], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-37.89, 20.79], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.568; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.15, 95% CI [-48.76, 4.47], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -1.75,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.77, 95% CI [-20.24, 2.71], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.73, 95% CI [32.11, 85.35], t(2038) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.39, 95% CI [-24.22, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.77, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.91, 95% CI [-19.99, 2.17], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.09, 95% CI [-14.98, 6.80], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.461; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.71, 12.88], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.40, 95% CI [-20.77, -4.03], t(2038) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.64, 95% CI [-31.60, -7.67], t(2038) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.49, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-8.58, 11.10], t(2038) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-16.82, 4.82], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.44, 95% CI [-31.88, -1.01], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.65, 95% CI [-27.66, 24.36], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.901; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-12.09, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.33, 16.78], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.576; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.74, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.80, 95% CI [-22.72, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.227; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.00, 95% CI [-30.31, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.66, 95% CI [-6.96, 16.27], t(2038) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.15, 14.18], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.86, 95% CI [-10.49, 6.76], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.16, 95% CI [-21.80, 30.12], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.77, 95% CI [-15.35, 20.89], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.86, 95% CI [-28.91, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.55, 95% CI [-18.04, -1.06], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.17, 1.26], t(2038) = 2.56, p = 0.010; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.48, 95% CI [-70.78, 1.82], t(2038) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-7.61, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-13.03, 10.18], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.810;
## Std. beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-13.47, 11.00], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843;
## Std. beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.45, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.47], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.95, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-7.91, 11.85], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-4.87, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.87, 95% CI [-7.33, 9.06], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-2.58, 1.61], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.68], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.44, 3.25], t(2038) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.63, 9.91], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.476; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.47], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-1.54, 4.71], t(2038) = 0.99, p = 0.321; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.33, 95% CI [-29.29, 2.63], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-3.15, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.98, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.54, 95% CI [-0.93, 10.02], t(2038) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.95, 9.63], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.643; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.51], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.11, 95% CI [-56.52, 36.31], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669;
## Std. beta = -1.09, 95% CI [-6.08, 3.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-30.29, 25.13], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.86, 4.34], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.90, 14.96], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.13, 95% CI [-3.86, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-4.30, 8.60], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.47, 95% CI [-5.17, 8.11], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.664; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-4.13, 14.35], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.92, 95% CI [-0.51, 10.35], t(2038) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-11.09, 9.92], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.19, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-7.88, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.82, 95% CI [-7.61, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.538; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.23, 16.00], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-3.79, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.96, 95% CI [-11.87, 7.95], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.68, 95% CI [-2.13, 5.49], t(2038) = 0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-7.83, 6.00], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-9.85, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-3.36, 5.85], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.26, 18.28], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.044; Std.
## beta = 1.00, 95% CI [0.03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.51, 95% CI [-1.25, 10.27], t(2038) = 1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-7.01, 4.07], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.91, 95% CI [-5.59, 1.77], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.14, 95% CI [-49.56, -8.73], t(2038) = -2.80, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.33, -0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-6.23, 11.67], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.87, 95% CI [-9.15, 16.89], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.98, 1.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.08], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.98])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.6.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14681.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1283 -0.4898 -0.0099  0.4343  7.1002 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   137.56   11.729        
##           time_firstPFT  10.96    3.311   -0.27
##  Residual                41.72    6.459        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       41.80509    5.24038   7.977
## time_firstPFT                     -4.79596    2.37086  -2.023
## OM_5yrPreDx                       -1.27599    0.63009  -2.025
## disadv                            -4.92098    2.33935  -2.104
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.58414    2.28590  -1.130
## sexF                              -2.30271    1.42077  -1.621
## age_dx                             0.13835    0.07406   1.868
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.83413    1.40766  -2.013
## smokeHxAlways                      8.11180    7.06636   1.148
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.86282    3.17132  -0.903
## site02R                           -5.85348   13.43586  -0.436
## site03R                           21.47299    9.85743   2.178
## site04R                           -5.89524    9.14565  -0.645
## site05R                          -13.44526    7.68796  -1.749
## site06R                           -5.96498   13.48151  -0.442
## site07R                            2.81887    3.69999   0.762
## site09R                          -11.21323    9.31720  -1.203
## site101                           19.23536    2.58237   7.449
## site102                            7.59608    4.92919   1.541
## site103                           -2.14670    2.26625  -0.947
## site104                          -10.07232    5.21000  -1.933
## site105                            2.71311    2.49807   1.086
## site106                           -5.97124    3.40175  -1.755
## site107                            8.07137    9.48932   0.851
## site108                           -4.41708    7.79534  -0.567
## site10R                           -0.58285   13.40472  -0.043
## site11R                            2.47121    6.34277   0.390
## site12R                           -9.06664    9.24446  -0.981
## site13R                          -12.07851    7.24422  -1.667
## site14R                           -9.91045   14.92379  -0.664
## site15R                          -19.17255   13.49766  -1.420
## site16R                           -8.42544    5.89417  -1.429
## site17R                           63.19925   13.58071   4.654
## site18R                           -3.88978    9.55966  -0.407
## site19R                           -9.01727    5.65512  -1.595
## site20R                           -4.09505    5.52389  -0.741
## site21R                          -11.75294   12.50985  -0.939
## site22R                          -14.63705    4.30605  -3.399
## site23R                          -25.99591    7.66602  -3.391
## site24R                            1.01283    4.98241   0.203
## site25R                           -8.46488    5.54386  -1.527
## site28R                          -15.33333    7.85289  -1.953
## site29R                           -4.48465   13.17767  -0.340
## site31R                           -1.18272    5.77159  -0.205
## site32R                            4.11269    6.65398   0.618
## site33R                          -10.09256    6.56637  -1.537
## site34R                           -5.82607    4.96482  -1.173
## site35R                          -15.35275    7.78105  -1.973
## site36R                            3.92585    5.90022   0.665
## site37R                           -0.24166    6.49804  -0.037
## site38R                           -1.29591    4.37470  -0.296
## site39R                           11.94636   13.37782   0.893
## site40R                            0.97058    9.18245   0.106
## site41R                          -14.66411    7.67227  -1.911
## site42R                          -11.15334    4.34488  -2.567
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreDx          0.57540    0.29780   1.932
## time_firstPFT:disadv               0.92678    1.12893   0.821
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.68295    1.10669  -0.617
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.47878    0.66479   0.720
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03428    0.03446  -0.995
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.59924    0.67277  -0.891
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -5.54180    6.04991  -0.916
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.11779    1.66484   1.272
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -33.16300   18.53136  -1.790
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -1.06202    5.97183  -0.178
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -1.93273    6.28866  -0.307
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.11154    7.56078  -0.412
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.72931    1.45510  -1.188
## time_firstPFT:site09R              1.80695    4.23476   0.427
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.35216    1.10090  -0.320
## time_firstPFT:site102             -1.03295    2.19913  -0.470
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.78739    1.00920   1.771
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.41790    3.78041   0.640
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.40440    1.09331  -0.370
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.06680    1.64703   1.255
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.63465    8.15870  -1.549
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.36340    3.58002   1.498
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.25796    2.86885   1.833
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.21029    4.02250   0.549
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.20959    3.96721  -0.053
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.32398   23.68145  -0.394
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.50699   14.15136  -0.177
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.90876    2.67591  -0.340
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.28779   12.98406  -0.792
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.17414    3.35398   0.648
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.13290    3.43820   0.330
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.72229    4.74852   1.205
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.89121    2.82320   2.087
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.30166   26.72571   0.909
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.79749    2.48613  -1.125
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.99559    3.01700  -0.330
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.41005   13.14292  -0.640
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.85533    5.11097  -0.167
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.27322    2.00167   1.136
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.38879    3.58143  -0.109
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.98882    3.83851  -0.779
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.43821    2.41189   0.596
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.95999    4.65757   2.138
## time_firstPFT:site36R              4.71789    2.97589   1.585
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.06280    2.94347  -0.361
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.79989    1.90108  -0.947
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -29.07067   10.50444  -2.767
## time_firstPFT:site40R              2.38418    4.66183   0.511
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.69676    6.67116   0.704
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.05301    5.94521  -0.514
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.791
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53, 52.08], t(2008)
## = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## OM_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to OM_5yrPreDx =
## 0, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53, 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53,
## 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 41.81 (95% CI
## [31.53, 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53,
## 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53,
## 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 41.81 (95% CI
## [31.53, 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53,
## 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 41.81 (95% CI [31.53, 52.08], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.80, 95% CI [-9.45, -0.15], t(2008) = -2.02, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.65, -0.33])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -1.28, 95% CI [-2.51, -0.04], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.06])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.92,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.33], t(2008) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.58, 95% CI [-7.07, 1.90], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.30, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.48], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.90e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.83, 95% CI [-5.59, -0.07], t(2008) = -2.01, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.11, 95% CI [-5.75, 21.97], t(2008) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta =
## 8.93e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.86, 95% CI [-9.08, 3.36], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 0.01, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-32.20, 20.50], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-6.84, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.47, 95% CI [2.14, 40.80], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.10, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-23.83, 12.04], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.519; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.45, 95% CI [-28.52, 1.63], t(2008) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -1.21,
## 95% CI [-2.64, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.96, 95% CI [-32.40, 20.47], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.82, 95% CI [-4.44, 10.08], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = 0.02, 95%
## CI [-0.45, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.06], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.24, 95% CI [14.17, 24.30], t(2008) = 7.45, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.92, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.60, 95% CI [-2.07, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.15, 95% CI [-6.59, 2.30], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.07, 95% CI [-20.29, 0.15], t(2008) = -1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.71, 95% CI [-2.19, 7.61], t(2008) = 1.09, p = 0.278; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.97, 95% CI [-12.64, 0.70], t(2008) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.07, 95% CI [-10.54, 26.68], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.395; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-19.70, 10.87], t(2008) = -0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.58, 95% CI [-26.87, 25.71], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.965; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.81, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-9.97, 14.91], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = 0.68, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-27.20, 9.06], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.08, 95% CI [-26.29, 2.13], t(2008) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.91, 95% CI [-39.18, 19.36], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.76, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.17, 95% CI [-45.64, 7.30], t(2008) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.04, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.43, 95% CI [-19.98, 3.13], t(2008) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.20, 95% CI [36.57, 89.83], t(2008) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.27, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.07])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-22.64, 14.86], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.684; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.66, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.02, 95% CI [-20.11, 2.07], t(2008) = -1.59, p = 0.111; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.20, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.10, 95% CI [-14.93, 6.74], t(2008) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.75, 95% CI [-36.29, 12.78], t(2008) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -0.24, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.64, 95% CI [-23.08, -6.19], t(2008) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -26.00, 95% CI [-41.03, -10.96], t(2008) = -3.39, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.08, 5.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.01, 95% CI [-8.76, 10.78], t(2008) = 0.20, p = 0.839; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.46, 95% CI [-19.34, 2.41], t(2008) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.33, 95% CI [-30.73, 0.07], t(2008) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.31, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.48, 95% CI [-30.33, 21.36], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.18, 95% CI [-12.50, 10.14], t(2008) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.11, 95% CI [-8.94, 17.16], t(2008) = 0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.67, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.97,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.22e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.83, 95% CI [-15.56, 3.91], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.35, 95% CI [-30.61, -0.09], t(2008) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.93, 95% CI [-7.65, 15.50], t(2008) = 0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-12.99, 12.50], t(2008) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.30, 95% CI [-9.88, 7.28], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.767; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.95, 95% CI [-14.29, 38.18], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.13, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.97, 95% CI [-17.04, 18.98], t(2008) = 0.11, p = 0.916; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.66, 95% CI [-29.71, 0.38], t(2008) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.15, 95% CI [-19.67, -2.63], t(2008) = -2.57, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-8.64e-03, 1.16], t(2008) = 1.93, p = 0.053;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.03e-03, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-1.29, 3.14], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.85, 1.49], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.82, 1.78], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.92, 0.72], t(2008) =
## -0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.41, 6.32], t(2008) =
## -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -0.60, 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.12, 95% CI [-1.15, 5.38], t(2008) =
## 1.27, p = 0.203; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.16, 95% CI [-69.51, 3.18], t(2008) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -3.57, 95% CI [-7.48, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-12.77, 10.65], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.40], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-17.94, 11.72], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.73, 95% CI [-4.58, 1.12], t(2008) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.50, 10.11], t(2008) = 0.43, p = 0.670; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.81], t(2008) = -0.32, p = 0.749; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.03, 95% CI [-5.35, 3.28], t(2008) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.79, 95% CI [-0.19, 3.77], t(2008) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-5.00, 9.83], t(2008) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.54, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.74], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.30], t(2008) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.63, 95% CI [-28.64, 3.37], t(2008) = -1.55, p = 0.122;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-1.66, 12.38], t(2008) = 1.50, p = 0.134; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.26, 95% CI [-0.37, 10.88], t(2008) = 1.83, p = 0.067; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-5.68, 10.10], t(2008) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-7.99, 7.57], t(2008) = -0.05, p = 0.958; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-55.77, 37.12], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.694;
## Std. beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.00, 4.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-30.26, 25.25], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.859;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.26, 2.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.16, 4.34], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-35.75, 15.18], t(2008) = -0.79, p = 0.428;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-3.85, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-4.40, 8.75], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.517; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.13, 95% CI [-5.61, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.33, p = 0.742; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.72, 95% CI [-3.59, 15.03], t(2008) = 1.21, p = 0.228; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.39, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.89, 95% CI [0.35, 11.43], t(2008) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [0.04, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.30, 95% CI [-28.11, 76.71], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.363; Std.
## beta = 2.62, 95% CI [-3.03, 8.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-7.67, 2.08], t(2008) = -1.13, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.92], t(2008) = -0.33, p = 0.741; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.19, 17.37], t(2008) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -0.91, 95% CI [-3.68, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.17], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.17, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-1.65, 6.20], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.63], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.99, 95% CI [-10.52, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.13, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-3.29, 6.17], t(2008) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.96, 95% CI [0.83, 19.09], t(2008) = 2.14, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.07, 95% CI [0.09, 2.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.72, 95% CI [-1.12, 10.55], t(2008) = 1.59, p = 0.113; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.84, 4.71], t(2008) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.80, 95% CI [-5.53, 1.93], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.07, 95% CI [-49.67, -8.47], t(2008) = -2.77, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-5.35, -0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.76, 11.53], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-8.39, 17.78], t(2008) = 0.70, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.05, 95% CI [-14.71, 8.61], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.7 SS

9.7.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14846.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1310 -0.4953 -0.0038  0.4388  7.1030 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.70   11.946        
##           time_firstPFT  11.02    3.320   -0.30
##  Residual                41.75    6.462        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                42.8287     1.5546  27.549
## time_firstPFT              -5.1858     0.7280  -7.124
## SS_5yrPreDx               -10.8880     5.3382  -2.040
## site02R                    21.9877    17.9294   1.226
## site03R                    24.7144     9.8793   2.502
## site04R                    -5.4151     9.2518  -0.585
## site05R                   -13.8802     7.7758  -1.785
## site06R                     4.3569     9.6613   0.451
## site07R                     5.4043     3.6799   1.469
## site09R                    -6.3883     9.4446  -0.676
## site101                    20.0708     2.5105   7.995
## site102                     7.6329     4.9731   1.535
## site103                    -0.6860     2.1981  -0.312
## site104                    -9.1116     5.1539  -1.768
## site105                     1.7360     2.4777   0.701
## site106                    -3.4959     3.3575  -1.041
## site107                    11.0077     9.5773   1.149
## site108                    -9.4972     7.5405  -1.259
## site10R                     3.0739    14.2979   0.215
## site11R                     3.7353     6.4026   0.583
## site12R                    -9.9949     9.3440  -1.070
## site13R                    -9.9311     7.2873  -1.363
## site14R                    -5.2883    14.9724  -0.353
## site15R                   -23.3347    13.6164  -1.714
## site16R                    -5.7659     5.9828  -0.964
## site17R                    58.6854    13.6271   4.307
## site18R                    -1.2760     9.7689  -0.131
## site19R                    -6.2125     5.5375  -1.122
## site20R                    -3.7014     5.5723  -0.664
## site21R                   -12.4451    12.6934  -0.980
## site22R                    -9.7605     4.2778  -2.282
## site23R                   -16.4339     6.1928  -2.654
## site24R                     1.7778     5.0269   0.354
## site25R                     8.3659     8.8652   0.944
## site28R                   -17.5396     7.9014  -2.220
## site29R                     4.3324    13.3866   0.324
## site31R                     0.2006     5.7671   0.035
## site32R                     5.8660     6.6446   0.883
## site33R                    -4.0758     6.8903  -0.592
## site34R                    -4.7727     4.9800  -0.958
## site35R                   -12.9252     7.8080  -1.655
## site36R                     3.2795     5.9453   0.552
## site37R                     2.0658     6.4782   0.319
## site38R                    -1.5942     4.4147  -0.361
## site39R                     5.1277    13.2772   0.386
## site40R                     3.0245     9.2890   0.326
## site41R                   -11.6736     7.7295  -1.510
## site42R                    -7.7158     4.3388  -1.778
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreDx   3.7221     2.6024   1.430
## time_firstPFT:site02R     -42.9200    19.3927  -2.213
## time_firstPFT:site03R      -0.9911     5.9325  -0.167
## time_firstPFT:site04R      -1.7625     6.2484  -0.282
## time_firstPFT:site05R      -3.1553     7.5525  -0.418
## time_firstPFT:site06R       3.2952     5.0341   0.655
## time_firstPFT:site07R      -2.6494     1.3983  -1.895
## time_firstPFT:site09R       0.1752     4.2235   0.041
## time_firstPFT:site101      -0.9621     1.0535  -0.913
## time_firstPFT:site102      -1.1732     2.1849  -0.537
## time_firstPFT:site103       0.8595     0.9782   0.879
## time_firstPFT:site104       2.1992     3.7147   0.592
## time_firstPFT:site105      -0.2297     1.0606  -0.217
## time_firstPFT:site106       1.3104     1.5988   0.820
## time_firstPFT:site107     -13.6231     8.1498  -1.672
## time_firstPFT:site108       4.3461     3.3974   1.279
## time_firstPFT:site11R       4.7047     2.8106   1.674
## time_firstPFT:site12R       1.5614     3.9940   0.391
## time_firstPFT:site13R      -0.6441     3.9237  -0.164
## time_firstPFT:site14R     -11.5149    23.6774  -0.486
## time_firstPFT:site15R      -2.1015    14.1444  -0.149
## time_firstPFT:site16R      -1.9025     2.6362  -0.722
## time_firstPFT:site18R     -12.0807    12.9903  -0.930
## time_firstPFT:site19R       0.9485     3.2589   0.291
## time_firstPFT:site20R       1.1516     3.3926   0.339
## time_firstPFT:site21R       5.3150     4.7390   1.122
## time_firstPFT:site22R       3.6496     2.8014   1.303
## time_firstPFT:site23R      -2.0423     5.4121  -0.377
## time_firstPFT:site24R      -3.3214     2.4729  -1.343
## time_firstPFT:site25R      -6.8832     4.2464  -1.621
## time_firstPFT:site28R      -9.2471    13.0655  -0.708
## time_firstPFT:site29R      -4.2872     5.1308  -0.836
## time_firstPFT:site31R       1.2376     1.9484   0.635
## time_firstPFT:site32R      -1.6164     3.5465  -0.456
## time_firstPFT:site33R      -4.9795     3.9025  -1.276
## time_firstPFT:site34R       0.7996     2.3564   0.339
## time_firstPFT:site35R       8.3549     4.5888   1.821
## time_firstPFT:site36R       5.1011     2.9433   1.733
## time_firstPFT:site37R      -1.6008     2.8406  -0.564
## time_firstPFT:site38R      -2.0930     1.8846  -1.111
## time_firstPFT:site39R     -29.7806    10.4252  -2.857
## time_firstPFT:site40R       1.9168     4.5573   0.421
## time_firstPFT:site41R       3.0090     6.6597   0.452
## time_firstPFT:site42R      -3.1442     5.9239  -0.531
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.542
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 42.83 (95% CI [39.78,
## 45.88], t(2038) = 27.55, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.19, 95% CI [-6.61, -3.76], t(2038) = -7.12, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.56, -0.36])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.89, 95% CI [-21.36, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-13.17, 57.15], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -2.67,
## 95% CI [-6.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.71, 95% CI [5.34, 44.09], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.42, 95% CI [-23.56, 12.73], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.88, 95% CI [-29.13, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-14.59, 23.30], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-1.81, 12.62], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-24.91, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.07, 95% CI [15.15, 24.99], t(2038) = 7.99, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.63, 95% CI [-2.12, 17.39], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.00, 3.62], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.11, 95% CI [-19.22, 1.00], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.74, 95% CI [-3.12, 6.60], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.01, 95% CI [-7.77, 29.79], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.50, 95% CI [-24.29, 5.29], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.07, 95% CI [-24.97, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.82, 16.29], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.99, 95% CI [-28.32, 8.33], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-24.22, 4.36], t(2038) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.29, 95% CI [-34.65, 24.07], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.33, 95% CI [-50.04, 3.37], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.78,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.77, 95% CI [-17.50, 5.97], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.96, 85.41], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.16, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.28, 95% CI [-20.43, 17.88], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-17.07, 4.65], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.63, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-37.34, 12.45], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.76, 95% CI [-18.15, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.43, 95% CI [-28.58, -4.29], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-2.43, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-8.08, 11.64], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.37, 95% CI [-9.02, 25.75], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-33.04, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-21.92, 30.59], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-11.11, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-17.59, 9.44], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-14.54, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.24, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-8.38, 14.94], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.07, 95% CI [-10.64, 14.77], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-10.25, 7.06], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-20.91, 31.17], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.699; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-15.19, 21.24], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-26.83, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-16.22, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-1.38, 8.83], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.153;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -42.92, 95% CI [-80.95, -4.89], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027;
## Std. beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-8.70, -0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-12.63, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-14.02, 10.49], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-6.58, 13.17], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.09], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.58, 9.98e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.46], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-5.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-1.06, 2.78], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-5.09, 9.48], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-1.83, 4.45], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.61, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095;
## Std. beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.35, 95% CI [-2.32, 11.01], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.27, 9.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-8.34, 7.05], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-57.95, 34.92], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.23, 3.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-29.84, 25.64], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.07, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.08, 95% CI [-37.56, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-5.44, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-5.50, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-3.98, 14.61], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.14], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.193; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.04, 95% CI [-12.66, 8.57], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-8.17, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-15.21, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.38], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479;
## Std. beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.35, 5.78], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-2.58, 5.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-8.57, 5.34], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.98, 95% CI [-12.63, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.42], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.35, 95% CI [-0.64, 17.35], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.17, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.79, 1.60], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.78, 95% CI [-50.23, -9.34], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.20, 95% CI [-5.40, -1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-7.02, 10.85], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.01, 95% CI [-10.05, 16.07], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.47], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.91])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SS_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SS_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 42.83 (95% CI [39.78, 45.88], t(2038) =
## 27.55, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.19, 95% CI [-6.61, -3.76], t(2038) = -7.12, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.56, -0.36])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.89, 95% CI [-21.36, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-13.17, 57.15], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -2.67,
## 95% CI [-6.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.71, 95% CI [5.34, 44.09], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.42, 95% CI [-23.56, 12.73], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.88, 95% CI [-29.13, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-14.59, 23.30], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-1.81, 12.62], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-24.91, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.07, 95% CI [15.15, 24.99], t(2038) = 7.99, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.63, 95% CI [-2.12, 17.39], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.00, 3.62], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.11, 95% CI [-19.22, 1.00], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.74, 95% CI [-3.12, 6.60], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.01, 95% CI [-7.77, 29.79], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.50, 95% CI [-24.29, 5.29], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.07, 95% CI [-24.97, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.82, 16.29], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.99, 95% CI [-28.32, 8.33], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-24.22, 4.36], t(2038) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.29, 95% CI [-34.65, 24.07], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.33, 95% CI [-50.04, 3.37], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.78,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.77, 95% CI [-17.50, 5.97], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.96, 85.41], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.16, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.28, 95% CI [-20.43, 17.88], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-17.07, 4.65], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.63, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-37.34, 12.45], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.76, 95% CI [-18.15, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.43, 95% CI [-28.58, -4.29], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-2.43, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-8.08, 11.64], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.37, 95% CI [-9.02, 25.75], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-33.04, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-21.92, 30.59], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-11.11, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-17.59, 9.44], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-14.54, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.24, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-8.38, 14.94], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.07, 95% CI [-10.64, 14.77], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-10.25, 7.06], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-20.91, 31.17], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.699; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-15.19, 21.24], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-26.83, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-16.22, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-1.38, 8.83], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.153;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -42.92, 95% CI [-80.95, -4.89], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027;
## Std. beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-8.70, -0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-12.63, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-14.02, 10.49], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-6.58, 13.17], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.09], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.58, 9.98e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.46], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-5.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-1.06, 2.78], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-5.09, 9.48], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-1.83, 4.45], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.61, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095;
## Std. beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.35, 95% CI [-2.32, 11.01], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.27, 9.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-8.34, 7.05], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-57.95, 34.92], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.23, 3.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-29.84, 25.64], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.07, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.08, 95% CI [-37.56, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-5.44, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-5.50, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-3.98, 14.61], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.14], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.193; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.04, 95% CI [-12.66, 8.57], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-8.17, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-15.21, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.38], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479;
## Std. beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.35, 5.78], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-2.58, 5.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-8.57, 5.34], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.98, 95% CI [-12.63, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.42], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.35, 95% CI [-0.64, 17.35], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.17, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.79, 1.60], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.78, 95% CI [-50.23, -9.34], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.20, 95% CI [-5.40, -1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-7.02, 10.85], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.01, 95% CI [-10.05, 16.07], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.47], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.91])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 42.83 (95% CI [39.78, 45.88], t(2038) = 27.55, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.19, 95% CI [-6.61, -3.76], t(2038) = -7.12, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.56, -0.36])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.89, 95% CI [-21.36, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-13.17, 57.15], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -2.67,
## 95% CI [-6.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.71, 95% CI [5.34, 44.09], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.42, 95% CI [-23.56, 12.73], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.88, 95% CI [-29.13, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-14.59, 23.30], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-1.81, 12.62], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-24.91, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.07, 95% CI [15.15, 24.99], t(2038) = 7.99, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.63, 95% CI [-2.12, 17.39], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.00, 3.62], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.11, 95% CI [-19.22, 1.00], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.74, 95% CI [-3.12, 6.60], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.01, 95% CI [-7.77, 29.79], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.50, 95% CI [-24.29, 5.29], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.07, 95% CI [-24.97, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.82, 16.29], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.99, 95% CI [-28.32, 8.33], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-24.22, 4.36], t(2038) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.29, 95% CI [-34.65, 24.07], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.33, 95% CI [-50.04, 3.37], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.78,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.77, 95% CI [-17.50, 5.97], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.96, 85.41], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.16, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.28, 95% CI [-20.43, 17.88], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-17.07, 4.65], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.63, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-37.34, 12.45], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.76, 95% CI [-18.15, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.43, 95% CI [-28.58, -4.29], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-2.43, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-8.08, 11.64], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.37, 95% CI [-9.02, 25.75], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-33.04, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-21.92, 30.59], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-11.11, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-17.59, 9.44], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-14.54, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.24, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-8.38, 14.94], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.07, 95% CI [-10.64, 14.77], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-10.25, 7.06], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-20.91, 31.17], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.699; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-15.19, 21.24], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-26.83, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-16.22, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-1.38, 8.83], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.153;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -42.92, 95% CI [-80.95, -4.89], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027;
## Std. beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-8.70, -0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-12.63, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-14.02, 10.49], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-6.58, 13.17], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.09], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.58, 9.98e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.46], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-5.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-1.06, 2.78], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-5.09, 9.48], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-1.83, 4.45], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.61, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095;
## Std. beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.35, 95% CI [-2.32, 11.01], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.27, 9.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-8.34, 7.05], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-57.95, 34.92], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.23, 3.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-29.84, 25.64], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.07, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.08, 95% CI [-37.56, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-5.44, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-5.50, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-3.98, 14.61], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.14], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.193; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.04, 95% CI [-12.66, 8.57], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-8.17, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-15.21, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.38], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479;
## Std. beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.35, 5.78], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-2.58, 5.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-8.57, 5.34], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.98, 95% CI [-12.63, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.42], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.35, 95% CI [-0.64, 17.35], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.17, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.79, 1.60], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.78, 95% CI [-50.23, -9.34], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.20, 95% CI [-5.40, -1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-7.02, 10.85], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.01, 95% CI [-10.05, 16.07], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.47], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.91])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 42.83 (95% CI [39.78, 45.88], t(2038)
## = 27.55, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.19, 95% CI [-6.61, -3.76], t(2038) = -7.12, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.56, -0.36])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.89, 95% CI [-21.36, -0.42], t(2038) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 21.99, 95% CI [-13.17, 57.15], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -2.67,
## 95% CI [-6.24, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 24.71, 95% CI [5.34, 44.09], t(2038) = 2.50, p = 0.012; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.34, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.42, 95% CI [-23.56, 12.73], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.88, 95% CI [-29.13, 1.37], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.36, 95% CI [-14.59, 23.30], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 1.95])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.40, 95% CI [-1.81, 12.62], t(2038) = 1.47, p = 0.142; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-24.91, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.499; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.07, 95% CI [15.15, 24.99], t(2038) = 7.99, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.63, 95% CI [-2.12, 17.39], t(2038) = 1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = 0.40, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.00, 3.62], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.25, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.11, 95% CI [-19.22, 1.00], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.74, 95% CI [-3.12, 6.60], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.09], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.01, 95% CI [-7.77, 29.79], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.50, 95% CI [-24.29, 5.29], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.17, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.07, 95% CI [-24.97, 31.11], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.830; Std. beta = 0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.74, 95% CI [-8.82, 16.29], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.13, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.99, 95% CI [-28.32, 8.33], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.285; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-24.22, 4.36], t(2038) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.66, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.29, 95% CI [-34.65, 24.07], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.33, 95% CI [-50.04, 3.37], t(2038) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.78,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.77, 95% CI [-17.50, 5.97], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.335; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.69, 95% CI [31.96, 85.41], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.97, 95%
## CI [2.16, 5.77])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.28, 95% CI [-20.43, 17.88], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = -1.26,
## 95% CI [-3.65, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-17.07, 4.65], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.70, 95% CI [-14.63, 7.23], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-37.34, 12.45], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.76, 95% CI [-18.15, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.43, 95% CI [-28.58, -4.29], t(2038) = -2.65, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -1.31,
## 95% CI [-2.43, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-8.08, 11.64], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.724; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.37, 95% CI [-9.02, 25.75], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-33.04, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.08,
## 95% CI [-4.51, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.33, 95% CI [-21.92, 30.59], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.72, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.20, 95% CI [-11.11, 11.51], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.87, 95% CI [-7.16, 18.90], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.24, 95%
## CI [-0.66, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-17.59, 9.44], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.77, 95% CI [-14.54, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.24, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.28, 95% CI [-8.38, 14.94], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = 0.72, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.07, 95% CI [-10.64, 14.77], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.750; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-10.25, 7.06], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.13, 95% CI [-20.91, 31.17], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.699; Std. beta = -2.54,
## 95% CI [-4.62, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-15.19, 21.24], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.67, 95% CI [-26.83, 3.48], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.72, 95% CI [-16.22, 0.79], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.72, 95% CI [-1.38, 8.83], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.153;
## Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -42.92, 95% CI [-80.95, -4.89], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027;
## Std. beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-8.70, -0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-12.63, 10.64], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-14.02, 10.49], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.30, 95% CI [-6.58, 13.17], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.513; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.65, 95% CI [-5.39, 0.09], t(2038) = -1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.58, 9.98e-03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-8.11, 8.46], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.967; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-3.03, 1.10], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-5.46, 3.11], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.86, 95% CI [-1.06, 2.78], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.380; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-5.09, 9.48], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-2.31, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-1.83, 4.45], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.413; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.62, 95% CI [-29.61, 2.36], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095;
## Std. beta = -1.46, 95% CI [-3.18, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.35, 95% CI [-2.32, 11.01], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.22], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-6.27, 9.39], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-8.34, 7.05], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-57.95, 34.92], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.627;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.23, 3.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.10, 95% CI [-29.84, 25.64], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.882;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.21, 2.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.07, 3.27], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.08, 95% CI [-37.56, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.352;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.04, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-5.44, 7.34], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-5.50, 7.80], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-3.98, 14.61], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-1.84, 9.14], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.193; Std.
## beta = 0.39, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.04, 95% CI [-12.66, 8.57], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-8.17, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-15.21, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.64, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.25, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.38], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.479;
## Std. beta = -0.99, 95% CI [-3.75, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.35, 5.78], t(2038) = -0.84, p = 0.403; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.24, 95% CI [-2.58, 5.06], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.525; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-8.57, 5.34], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.98, 95% CI [-12.63, 2.67], t(2038) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.42], t(2038) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.35, 95% CI [-0.64, 17.35], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.67, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.73, p = 0.083; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.17, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.79, 1.60], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.78, 95% CI [-50.23, -9.34], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.20, 95% CI [-5.40, -1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.92, 95% CI [-7.02, 10.85], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.674; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.01, 95% CI [-10.05, 16.07], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.651; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-1.08, 1.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.47], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.91])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.7.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14674.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1095 -0.4849 -0.0038  0.4379  7.0930 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   138.09   11.751        
##           time_firstPFT  10.99    3.315   -0.28
##  Residual                41.78    6.464        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       40.13723    5.04413   7.957
## time_firstPFT                     -3.89552    2.27793  -1.710
## SS_5yrPreDx                       -9.63184    5.42816  -1.774
## disadv                            -5.93121    2.33731  -2.538
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.74553    2.28346  -1.202
## sexF                              -2.28924    1.42529  -1.606
## age_dx                             0.13415    0.07418   1.808
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.58893    1.41132  -1.834
## smokeHxAlways                      8.78304    7.05854   1.244
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.59995    3.18340  -0.817
## site02R                           15.26208   17.95865   0.850
## site03R                           20.47351    9.87904   2.072
## site04R                           -4.94240    9.14958  -0.540
## site05R                          -14.06940    7.72386  -1.822
## site06R                           -8.40569   13.47046  -0.624
## site07R                            3.63385    3.67871   0.988
## site09R                           -9.08903    9.37694  -0.969
## site101                           20.18213    2.52880   7.981
## site102                            6.44623    4.99282   1.291
## site103                           -0.69133    2.30537  -0.300
## site104                           -8.08880    5.13415  -1.575
## site105                            2.23261    2.49553   0.895
## site106                           -5.50222    3.40277  -1.617
## site107                            8.41872    9.50650   0.886
## site108                           -4.27187    7.82013  -0.546
## site10R                            3.02610   14.39192   0.210
## site11R                            2.57613    6.36182   0.405
## site12R                           -8.52330    9.24560  -0.922
## site13R                          -11.63761    7.25397  -1.604
## site14R                           -7.60992   14.93042  -0.510
## site15R                          -19.95298   13.51567  -1.476
## site16R                           -5.84710    6.00648  -0.973
## site17R                           62.69604   13.61323   4.606
## site18R                           -0.01574    9.73776  -0.002
## site19R                           -6.76999    5.51149  -1.228
## site20R                           -3.99451    5.53510  -0.722
## site21R                          -12.16383   12.52937  -0.971
## site22R                          -12.53244    4.31934  -2.901
## site23R                          -23.37183    7.71791  -3.028
## site24R                            1.23782    4.98480   0.248
## site25R                            4.12490    8.96797   0.460
## site28R                          -15.93546    7.86909  -2.025
## site29R                            0.05885   13.28007   0.004
## site31R                           -0.75580    5.77185  -0.131
## site32R                            5.99397    6.61544   0.906
## site33R                           -5.01118    6.87649  -0.729
## site34R                           -4.83640    4.93719  -0.980
## site35R                          -13.75610    7.76389  -1.772
## site36R                            2.97654    5.90815   0.504
## site37R                            0.40110    6.49876   0.062
## site38R                           -1.04649    4.37837  -0.239
## site39R                           12.77434   13.37509   0.955
## site40R                            1.57711    9.22018   0.171
## site41R                          -12.74522    7.70627  -1.654
## site42R                           -9.76757    4.35349  -2.244
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreDx          3.61128    2.68602   1.344
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.42943    1.10002   1.299
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.69316    1.11727  -0.620
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.54328    0.66222   0.820
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03158    0.03452  -0.915
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.76858    0.66937  -1.148
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.11612    6.03707  -1.013
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.12617    1.66425   1.278
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -41.06499   19.48285  -2.108
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.68832    5.97297  -0.115
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.43555    6.28135  -0.388
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -2.95678    7.57001  -0.391
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.10800    1.44353  -1.460
## time_firstPFT:site09R              1.32237    4.25991   0.310
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.75288    1.07609  -0.700
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.46389    2.21803  -0.209
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.26552    1.02784   1.231
## time_firstPFT:site104              1.79882    3.77466   0.477
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.06319    1.07766  -0.059
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.84777    1.64261   1.125
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.74827    8.16424  -1.561
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.19847    3.60681   1.441
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.30792    2.87357   1.847
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.05867    4.01961   0.512
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.58112    3.96105  -0.147
## time_firstPFT:site14R            -10.30918   23.69222  -0.435
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.24419   14.16109  -0.158
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.90387    2.69442  -0.707
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -11.88299   13.00802  -0.914
## time_firstPFT:site19R              1.12096    3.29986   0.340
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.95603    3.43407   0.278
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.90939    4.75066   1.244
## time_firstPFT:site22R              4.84754    2.86715   1.691
## time_firstPFT:site23R             21.36894   26.76229   0.798
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.91448    2.48680  -1.172
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -5.76639    4.36432  -1.321
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.17568   13.14147  -0.622
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -2.66018    5.18793  -0.513
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.10878    2.00071   1.054
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -1.07873    3.58463  -0.301
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -5.45610    3.99480  -1.366
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.01120    2.39859   0.422
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.19162    4.63973   1.981
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.17748    2.96679   1.745
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.23128    2.94266  -0.418
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.97237    1.89815  -1.039
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -29.55738   10.51060  -2.812
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.49855    4.61624   0.325
## time_firstPFT:site41R              3.87790    6.68559   0.580
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.48925    5.94746  -0.587
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.790
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24, 50.03], t(2008)
## = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SS_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to SS_5yrPreDx =
## 0, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24, 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24,
## 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race = White, is at 40.14 (95% CI
## [30.24, 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24,
## 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24,
## 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 40.14 (95% CI
## [30.24, 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24,
## 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 40.14 (95% CI [30.24, 50.03], t(2008) = 7.96, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.90, 95% CI [-8.36, 0.57], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta =
## -0.45, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.63, 95% CI [-20.28, 1.01], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.076; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.08])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.93,
## 95% CI [-10.52, -1.35], t(2008) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.75, 95% CI [-7.22, 1.73], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.229; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.06])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.29, 95% CI [-5.08, 0.51], t(2008) = -1.61, p = 0.108; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.81, p = 0.071; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-5.36, 0.18], t(2008) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.78, 95% CI [-5.06, 22.63], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta =
## -1.59e-03, 95% CI [-1.20, 1.20])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.60, 95% CI [-8.84, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.26, 95% CI [-19.96, 50.48], t(2008) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta = -2.96,
## 95% CI [-6.56, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.47, 95% CI [1.10, 39.85], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.94, 95% CI [-22.89, 13.00], t(2008) = -0.54, p = 0.589; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.07, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.08], t(2008) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.67, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.41, 95% CI [-34.82, 18.01], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.63, 95% CI [-3.58, 10.85], t(2008) = 0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.09, 95% CI [-27.48, 9.30], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.18, 95% CI [15.22, 25.14], t(2008) = 7.98, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.45, 95% CI [-3.35, 16.24], t(2008) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std. beta = 0.39, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.69, 95% CI [-5.21, 3.83], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.09, 95% CI [-18.16, 1.98], t(2008) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-2.66, 7.13], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-12.18, 1.17], t(2008) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.42, 95% CI [-10.22, 27.06], t(2008) = 0.89, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-2.23, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.27, 95% CI [-19.61, 11.06], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.78, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.03, 95% CI [-25.20, 31.25], t(2008) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 2.11])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-9.90, 15.05], t(2008) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = 0.69, 95%
## CI [-0.16, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-26.66, 9.61], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.64, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.59], t(2008) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.61, 95% CI [-36.89, 21.67], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -1.52,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.95, 95% CI [-46.46, 6.55], t(2008) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.85, 95% CI [-17.63, 5.93], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.330; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.39, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.70, 95% CI [36.00, 89.39], t(2008) = 4.61, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.23, 95%
## CI [2.43, 6.04])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.02, 95% CI [-19.11, 19.08], t(2008) = -1.62e-03, p = 0.999; Std. beta =
## -1.16, 95% CI [-3.56, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-17.58, 4.04], t(2008) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.99, 95% CI [-14.85, 6.86], t(2008) = -0.72, p = 0.471; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.16, 95% CI [-36.74, 12.41], t(2008) = -0.97, p = 0.332; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.53, 95% CI [-21.00, -4.06], t(2008) = -2.90, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.37, 95% CI [-38.51, -8.24], t(2008) = -3.03, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-4.19, 5.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-8.54, 11.01], t(2008) = 0.25, p = 0.804; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.12, 95% CI [-13.46, 21.71], t(2008) = 0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.94, 95% CI [-31.37, -0.50], t(2008) = -2.03, p = 0.043; Std. beta = -1.87,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.06, 95% CI [-25.99, 26.10], t(2008) = 4.43e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.76, 95% CI [-12.08, 10.56], t(2008) = -0.13, p = 0.896; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.99, 95% CI [-6.98, 18.97], t(2008) = 0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.61, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-18.50, 8.47], t(2008) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.84, 95% CI [-14.52, 4.85], t(2008) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.76, 95% CI [-28.98, 1.47], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.98, 95% CI [-8.61, 14.56], t(2008) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std. beta = 0.70, 95%
## CI [-0.11, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.40, 95% CI [-12.34, 13.15], t(2008) = 0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.05, 95% CI [-9.63, 7.54], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.77, 95% CI [-13.46, 39.00], t(2008) = 0.96, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -2.01,
## 95% CI [-4.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.58, 95% CI [-16.51, 19.66], t(2008) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.75, 95% CI [-27.86, 2.37], t(2008) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.77, 95% CI [-18.31, -1.23], t(2008) = -2.24, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.61, 95% CI [-1.66, 8.88], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179;
## Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-0.73, 3.59], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.50], t(2008) =
## -0.62, p = 0.535; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.84], t(2008) = 0.82, p = 0.412; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.54], t(2008) =
## -1.15, p = 0.251; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.12, 95% CI [-17.96, 5.72], t(2008) =
## -1.01, p = 0.311; Std. beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-1.14, 5.39], t(2008) =
## 1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -41.06, 95% CI [-79.27, -2.86], t(2008) = -2.11, p = 0.035;
## Std. beta = -4.42, 95% CI [-8.53, -0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.03], t(2008) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.34, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.44, 95% CI [-14.75, 9.88], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.698; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.59, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-17.80, 11.89], t(2008) = -0.39, p = 0.696;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.92, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-4.94, 0.72], t(2008) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-7.03, 9.68], t(2008) = 0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-2.86, 1.36], t(2008) = -0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-4.81, 3.89], t(2008) = -0.21, p = 0.834; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.27, 95% CI [-0.75, 3.28], t(2008) = 1.23, p = 0.218; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.80, 95% CI [-5.60, 9.20], t(2008) = 0.48, p = 0.634; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-2.18, 2.05], t(2008) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std.
## beta = -6.80e-03, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-1.37, 5.07], t(2008) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.75, 95% CI [-28.76, 3.26], t(2008) = -1.56, p = 0.119;
## Std. beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-3.10, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.20, 95% CI [-1.88, 12.27], t(2008) = 1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.20, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-0.33, 10.94], t(2008) = 1.85, p = 0.065; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.06, 95% CI [-5.82, 9.94], t(2008) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-8.35, 7.19], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.31, 95% CI [-56.77, 36.15], t(2008) = -0.44, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.11, 3.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-30.02, 25.53], t(2008) = -0.16, p = 0.874;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.90, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.38], t(2008) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.88, 95% CI [-37.39, 13.63], t(2008) = -0.91, p = 0.361;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.03, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.12, 95% CI [-5.35, 7.59], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.78, 7.69], t(2008) = 0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.91, 95% CI [-3.41, 15.23], t(2008) = 1.24, p = 0.214; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-0.78, 10.47], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.37, 95% CI [-31.12, 73.85], t(2008) = 0.80, p = 0.425; Std.
## beta = 2.30, 95% CI [-3.35, 7.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-7.79, 1.96], t(2008) = -1.17, p = 0.241; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.77, 95% CI [-14.33, 2.79], t(2008) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.18, 95% CI [-33.95, 17.60], t(2008) = -0.62, p = 0.534;
## Std. beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-3.65, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.83, 7.51], t(2008) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.38, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.11, 95% CI [-1.81, 6.03], t(2008) = 1.05, p = 0.292; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.11, 5.95], t(2008) = -0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.46, 95% CI [-13.29, 2.38], t(2008) = -1.37, p = 0.172; Std.
## beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.69, 5.72], t(2008) = 0.42, p = 0.673; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [0.09, 18.29], t(2008) = 1.98, p = 0.048; Std.
## beta = 0.99, 95% CI [9.95e-03, 1.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.18, 95% CI [-0.64, 11.00], t(2008) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.00, 4.54], t(2008) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-5.69, 1.75], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.56, 95% CI [-50.17, -8.94], t(2008) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-5.40, -0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-7.55, 10.55], t(2008) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.23, 16.99], t(2008) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.99, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.49, 95% CI [-15.15, 8.17], t(2008) = -0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.63, 0.88])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.8 Soil

9.8.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14848.7
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1442 -0.4928 -0.0109  0.4393  7.1034 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   143.82   11.993        
##           time_firstPFT  10.85    3.294   -0.30
##  Residual                41.75    6.462        
## Number of obs: 2134, groups:  ID, 460
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                  42.8999     2.5831  16.608
## time_firstPFT                -6.4890     1.3046  -4.974
## Soil_5yrPreDx                -4.8521     4.6805  -1.037
## site02R                      -2.4959    13.6130  -0.183
## site03R                      27.0092    10.0248   2.694
## site04R                      -5.5404     9.2843  -0.597
## site05R                     -12.7995     7.7764  -1.646
## site06R                       5.7422     9.7218   0.591
## site07R                       4.9293     3.7557   1.312
## site09R                      -9.4499     9.4928  -0.995
## site101                      19.4703     2.6382   7.380
## site102                       8.5592     4.9706   1.722
## site103                      -2.8295     2.4537  -1.153
## site104                     -10.8351     5.3990  -2.007
## site105                       0.8825     2.6499   0.333
## site106                      -3.8685     3.3806  -1.144
## site107                       9.7947     9.6501   1.015
## site108                      -8.1884     7.5309  -1.087
## site10R                      -2.2976    13.7635  -0.167
## site11R                       4.2160     6.5256   0.646
## site12R                      -8.8410     9.3533  -0.945
## site13R                     -10.5186     7.3420  -1.433
## site14R                      -7.8340    15.0543  -0.520
## site15R                     -22.9325    13.6613  -1.679
## site16R                      -8.7362     5.9167  -1.477
## site17R                      60.1526    13.6716   4.400
## site18R                      -2.9297     9.7959  -0.299
## site19R                      -1.0930     7.0441  -0.155
## site20R                      -1.4720     5.6759  -0.259
## site21R                     -11.9032    12.7520  -0.933
## site22R                     -12.0921     4.4219  -2.735
## site23R                     -15.3850     6.7967  -2.264
## site24R                       2.2539     5.0388   0.447
## site25R                      -6.3538     5.5816  -1.138
## site28R                     -17.1325     7.9221  -2.163
## site29R                      -0.5349    13.3969  -0.040
## site31R                      -0.3562     5.8295  -0.061
## site32R                      13.4515    10.1164   1.330
## site33R                      -4.5501     7.4865  -0.608
## site34R                      -5.4491     5.0846  -1.072
## site35R                     -13.9840     7.8989  -1.770
## site36R                       3.8472     5.9588   0.646
## site37R                       1.5156     6.5404   0.232
## site38R                      -1.8803     4.4596  -0.422
## site39R                       7.9065    13.3215   0.594
## site40R                       3.2656     9.3997   0.347
## site41R                     -13.6023     7.7369  -1.758
## site42R                      -9.2713     4.4119  -2.101
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreDx   4.0153     2.3100   1.738
## time_firstPFT:site02R       -34.1945    18.5246  -1.846
## time_firstPFT:site03R        -2.7940     6.0024  -0.465
## time_firstPFT:site04R        -1.4442     6.2429  -0.231
## time_firstPFT:site05R        -3.2947     7.5441  -0.437
## time_firstPFT:site06R         2.4463     5.0336   0.486
## time_firstPFT:site07R        -2.0764     1.4406  -1.441
## time_firstPFT:site09R         1.6154     4.2031   0.384
## time_firstPFT:site101        -0.2694     1.1405  -0.236
## time_firstPFT:site102        -1.2251     2.1662  -0.566
## time_firstPFT:site103         2.2028     1.1028   1.997
## time_firstPFT:site104         3.5289     3.7672   0.937
## time_firstPFT:site105         0.5982     1.1676   0.512
## time_firstPFT:site106         1.7210     1.6155   1.065
## time_firstPFT:site107       -12.6767     8.1588  -1.554
## time_firstPFT:site108         4.3624     3.3801   1.291
## time_firstPFT:site11R         4.0155     2.8453   1.411
## time_firstPFT:site12R         1.6678     3.9800   0.419
## time_firstPFT:site13R         0.1513     3.9428   0.038
## time_firstPFT:site14R        -9.7375    23.6911  -0.411
## time_firstPFT:site15R        -2.3085    14.1394  -0.163
## time_firstPFT:site16R        -0.5283     2.6359  -0.200
## time_firstPFT:site18R       -12.2270    12.9977  -0.941
## time_firstPFT:site19R        -3.1117     3.9196  -0.794
## time_firstPFT:site20R        -0.1322     3.4182  -0.039
## time_firstPFT:site21R         4.9121     4.7279   1.039
## time_firstPFT:site22R         5.2835     2.8220   1.872
## time_firstPFT:site23R        -3.7689     5.5603  -0.678
## time_firstPFT:site24R        -3.2943     2.4640  -1.337
## time_firstPFT:site25R        -1.5993     2.9745  -0.538
## time_firstPFT:site28R        -9.1219    13.0673  -0.698
## time_firstPFT:site29R        -1.8355     5.0999  -0.360
## time_firstPFT:site31R         1.8291     1.9774   0.925
## time_firstPFT:site32R        -8.5872     5.4982  -1.562
## time_firstPFT:site33R        -6.3772     4.0823  -1.562
## time_firstPFT:site34R         1.5284     2.3916   0.639
## time_firstPFT:site35R         8.8897     4.5963   1.934
## time_firstPFT:site36R         4.9050     2.9319   1.673
## time_firstPFT:site37R        -1.0573     2.8480  -0.371
## time_firstPFT:site38R        -1.6398     1.9037  -0.861
## time_firstPFT:site39R       -31.1092    10.4169  -2.986
## time_firstPFT:site40R         1.2026     4.5487   0.264
## time_firstPFT:site41R         3.9979     6.6492   0.601
## time_firstPFT:site42R        -2.1960     5.9452  -0.369
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.792
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.540
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 42.90 (95% CI [37.83,
## 47.97], t(2038) = 16.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.49, 95% CI [-9.05, -3.93], t(2038) = -4.97, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.60, -0.40])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.85, 95% CI [-14.03, 4.33], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-29.19, 24.20], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.01, 95% CI [7.35, 46.67], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.29, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.551; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.05, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-13.32, 24.81], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-28.07, 9.17], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.30, 24.64], t(2038) = 7.38, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.56, 95% CI [-1.19, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.83, 95% CI [-7.64, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.84, 95% CI [-21.42, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.31, 6.08], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-10.50, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.79, 95% CI [-9.13, 28.72], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-22.96, 6.58], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-29.29, 24.69], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.22, 95% CI [-8.58, 17.01], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-27.18, 9.50], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-24.92, 3.88], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-37.36, 21.69], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.65, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.93, 95% CI [-49.72, 3.86], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.34, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.15, 95% CI [33.34, 86.96], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.25, 5.88])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.14, 16.28], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.78, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.09, 95% CI [-14.91, 12.72], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.877; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.47, 95% CI [-12.60, 9.66], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-36.91, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.09, 95% CI [-20.76, -3.42], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.39, 95% CI [-28.71, -2.06], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.58, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-7.63, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.655; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.35, 95% CI [-17.30, 4.59], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.13, 95% CI [-32.67, -1.60], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.53, 95% CI [-26.81, 25.74], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-11.79, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.45, 95% CI [-6.39, 33.29], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.55, 95% CI [-19.23, 10.13], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.42, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-29.47, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-7.84, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.31, 14.34], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta =
## -3.63e-05, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-10.63, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.91, 95% CI [-18.22, 34.03], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.56, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.70], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.60, 95% CI [-28.78, 1.57], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.27, 95% CI [-17.92, -0.62], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-0.51, 8.55], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.19, 95% CI [-70.52, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-7.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-14.57, 8.98], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-13.69, 10.80], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.47, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.662;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-7.43, 12.32], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.86], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-5.47, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [0.04, 4.37], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [4.31e-03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-3.86, 10.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.69, 2.89], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-1.45, 4.89], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.68, 95% CI [-28.68, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-2.27, 10.99], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-1.56, 9.60], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-6.14, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-7.58, 7.88], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74, 95% CI [-56.20, 36.72], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.04, 3.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-30.04, 25.42], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-5.70, 4.64], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-37.72, 13.26], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.80, 4.58], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-6.84, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-4.36, 14.18], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 10.82], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-14.67, 7.14], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-8.13, 1.54], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.43, 4.23], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.12, 95% CI [-34.75, 16.50], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.74, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-11.84, 8.17], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.59, 95% CI [-19.37, 2.20], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-14.38, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.89, 95% CI [-0.12, 17.90], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.84, 10.65], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.53], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-5.37, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -31.11, 95% CI [-51.54, -10.68], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-5.54, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-7.72, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-9.04, 17.04], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-13.86, 9.46], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to Soil_5yrPreDx = 0, is at 42.90 (95% CI [37.83, 47.97], t(2038)
## = 16.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.49, 95% CI [-9.05, -3.93], t(2038) = -4.97, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.60, -0.40])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.85, 95% CI [-14.03, 4.33], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-29.19, 24.20], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.01, 95% CI [7.35, 46.67], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.29, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.551; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.05, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-13.32, 24.81], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-28.07, 9.17], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.30, 24.64], t(2038) = 7.38, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.56, 95% CI [-1.19, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.83, 95% CI [-7.64, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.84, 95% CI [-21.42, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.31, 6.08], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-10.50, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.79, 95% CI [-9.13, 28.72], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-22.96, 6.58], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-29.29, 24.69], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.22, 95% CI [-8.58, 17.01], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-27.18, 9.50], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-24.92, 3.88], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-37.36, 21.69], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.65, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.93, 95% CI [-49.72, 3.86], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.34, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.15, 95% CI [33.34, 86.96], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.25, 5.88])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.14, 16.28], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.78, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.09, 95% CI [-14.91, 12.72], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.877; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.47, 95% CI [-12.60, 9.66], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-36.91, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.09, 95% CI [-20.76, -3.42], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.39, 95% CI [-28.71, -2.06], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.58, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-7.63, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.655; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.35, 95% CI [-17.30, 4.59], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.13, 95% CI [-32.67, -1.60], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.53, 95% CI [-26.81, 25.74], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-11.79, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.45, 95% CI [-6.39, 33.29], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.55, 95% CI [-19.23, 10.13], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.42, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-29.47, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-7.84, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.31, 14.34], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta =
## -3.63e-05, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-10.63, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.91, 95% CI [-18.22, 34.03], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.56, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.70], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.60, 95% CI [-28.78, 1.57], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.27, 95% CI [-17.92, -0.62], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-0.51, 8.55], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.19, 95% CI [-70.52, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-7.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-14.57, 8.98], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-13.69, 10.80], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.47, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.662;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-7.43, 12.32], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.86], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-5.47, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [0.04, 4.37], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [4.31e-03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-3.86, 10.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.69, 2.89], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-1.45, 4.89], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.68, 95% CI [-28.68, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-2.27, 10.99], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-1.56, 9.60], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-6.14, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-7.58, 7.88], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74, 95% CI [-56.20, 36.72], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.04, 3.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-30.04, 25.42], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-5.70, 4.64], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-37.72, 13.26], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.80, 4.58], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-6.84, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-4.36, 14.18], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 10.82], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-14.67, 7.14], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-8.13, 1.54], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.43, 4.23], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.12, 95% CI [-34.75, 16.50], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.74, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-11.84, 8.17], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.59, 95% CI [-19.37, 2.20], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-14.38, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.89, 95% CI [-0.12, 17.90], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.84, 10.65], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.53], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-5.37, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -31.11, 95% CI [-51.54, -10.68], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-5.54, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-7.72, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-9.04, 17.04], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-13.86, 9.46], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 42.90 (95% CI [37.83, 47.97], t(2038) = 16.61, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.49, 95% CI [-9.05, -3.93], t(2038) = -4.97, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.60, -0.40])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.85, 95% CI [-14.03, 4.33], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-29.19, 24.20], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.01, 95% CI [7.35, 46.67], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.29, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.551; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.05, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-13.32, 24.81], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-28.07, 9.17], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.30, 24.64], t(2038) = 7.38, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.56, 95% CI [-1.19, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.83, 95% CI [-7.64, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.84, 95% CI [-21.42, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.31, 6.08], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-10.50, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.79, 95% CI [-9.13, 28.72], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-22.96, 6.58], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-29.29, 24.69], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.22, 95% CI [-8.58, 17.01], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-27.18, 9.50], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-24.92, 3.88], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-37.36, 21.69], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.65, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.93, 95% CI [-49.72, 3.86], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.34, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.15, 95% CI [33.34, 86.96], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.25, 5.88])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.14, 16.28], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.78, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.09, 95% CI [-14.91, 12.72], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.877; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.47, 95% CI [-12.60, 9.66], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-36.91, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.09, 95% CI [-20.76, -3.42], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.39, 95% CI [-28.71, -2.06], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.58, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-7.63, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.655; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.35, 95% CI [-17.30, 4.59], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.13, 95% CI [-32.67, -1.60], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.53, 95% CI [-26.81, 25.74], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-11.79, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.45, 95% CI [-6.39, 33.29], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.55, 95% CI [-19.23, 10.13], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.42, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-29.47, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-7.84, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.31, 14.34], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta =
## -3.63e-05, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-10.63, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.91, 95% CI [-18.22, 34.03], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.56, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.70], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.60, 95% CI [-28.78, 1.57], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.27, 95% CI [-17.92, -0.62], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-0.51, 8.55], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.19, 95% CI [-70.52, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-7.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-14.57, 8.98], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-13.69, 10.80], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.47, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.662;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-7.43, 12.32], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.86], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-5.47, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [0.04, 4.37], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [4.31e-03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-3.86, 10.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.69, 2.89], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-1.45, 4.89], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.68, 95% CI [-28.68, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-2.27, 10.99], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-1.56, 9.60], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-6.14, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-7.58, 7.88], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74, 95% CI [-56.20, 36.72], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.04, 3.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-30.04, 25.42], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-5.70, 4.64], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-37.72, 13.26], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.80, 4.58], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-6.84, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-4.36, 14.18], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 10.82], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-14.67, 7.14], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-8.13, 1.54], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.43, 4.23], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.12, 95% CI [-34.75, 16.50], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.74, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-11.84, 8.17], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.59, 95% CI [-19.37, 2.20], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-14.38, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.89, 95% CI [-0.12, 17.90], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.84, 10.65], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.53], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-5.37, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -31.11, 95% CI [-51.54, -10.68], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-5.54, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-7.72, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-9.04, 17.04], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-13.86, 9.46], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.32. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 42.90 (95% CI [37.83, 47.97], t(2038)
## = 16.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.49, 95% CI [-9.05, -3.93], t(2038) = -4.97, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.50, 95%
## CI [-0.60, -0.40])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.85, 95% CI [-14.03, 4.33], t(2038) = -1.04, p = 0.300; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-29.19, 24.20], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std. beta = -3.48,
## 95% CI [-6.70, -0.27])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.01, 95% CI [7.35, 46.67], t(2038) = 2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = 1.56, 95%
## CI [0.29, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.54, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.551; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-28.05, 2.45], t(2038) = -1.65, p = 0.100; Std. beta = -1.18,
## 95% CI [-2.61, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.74, 95% CI [-13.32, 24.81], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.555; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 1.96])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-2.44, 12.29], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.190; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.34, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-28.07, 9.17], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.47, 95% CI [14.30, 24.64], t(2038) = 7.38, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.56, 95% CI [-1.19, 18.31], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = 0.46, 95%
## CI [-0.17, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.83, 95% CI [-7.64, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.84, 95% CI [-21.42, -0.25], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.31, 6.08], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std. beta = 0.12, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.87, 95% CI [-10.50, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.79, 95% CI [-9.13, 28.72], t(2038) = 1.01, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-22.96, 6.58], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.277; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.30, 95% CI [-29.29, 24.69], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.22, 95% CI [-8.58, 17.01], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = 0.67, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-27.18, 9.50], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.52, 95% CI [-24.92, 3.88], t(2038) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.83, 95% CI [-37.36, 21.69], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -1.47,
## 95% CI [-4.65, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.93, 95% CI [-49.72, 3.86], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-4.27, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.74, 95% CI [-20.34, 2.87], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.140; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.15, 95% CI [33.34, 86.96], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.07, 95%
## CI [2.25, 5.88])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-22.14, 16.28], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.78, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.09, 95% CI [-14.91, 12.72], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.877; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.47, 95% CI [-12.60, 9.66], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.795; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-36.91, 13.11], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.351; Std. beta =
## -0.33, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.09, 95% CI [-20.76, -3.42], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.39, 95% CI [-28.71, -2.06], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.58, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.25, 95% CI [-7.63, 12.14], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.655; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.35, 95% CI [-17.30, 4.59], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.13, 95% CI [-32.67, -1.60], t(2038) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -2.04,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.53, 95% CI [-26.81, 25.74], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 1.39])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.36, 95% CI [-11.79, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.06, p = 0.951; Std. beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 13.45, 95% CI [-6.39, 33.29], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.184; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.35, 1.50])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.55, 95% CI [-19.23, 10.13], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-15.42, 4.52], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.284; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.98, 95% CI [-29.47, 1.51], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.85, 95% CI [-7.84, 15.53], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.519; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.52, 95% CI [-11.31, 14.34], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std. beta =
## -3.63e-05, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.88, 95% CI [-10.63, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.673; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.91, 95% CI [-18.22, 34.03], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std. beta = -2.48,
## 95% CI [-4.56, -0.40])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-15.17, 21.70], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.728; Std. beta = 0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.60, 95% CI [-28.78, 1.57], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.27, 95% CI [-17.92, -0.62], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-0.51, 8.55], t(2038) = 1.74, p = 0.082;
## Std. beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.19, 95% CI [-70.52, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-7.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.79, 95% CI [-14.57, 8.98], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-13.69, 10.80], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.47, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.662;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.94, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.45, 95% CI [-7.43, 12.32], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.08, 95% CI [-4.90, 0.75], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.53, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-6.63, 9.86], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-2.51, 1.97], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-5.47, 3.02], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [0.04, 4.37], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [4.31e-03, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.53, 95% CI [-3.86, 10.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.349; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.41, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.69, 2.89], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.72, 95% CI [-1.45, 4.89], t(2038) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.68, 95% CI [-28.68, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.36, 95% CI [-3.08, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.36, 95% CI [-2.27, 10.99], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.197; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.24, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.02, 95% CI [-1.56, 9.60], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.67, 95% CI [-6.14, 9.47], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-7.58, 7.88], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.74, 95% CI [-56.20, 36.72], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.04, 3.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-30.04, 25.42], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.870;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.23, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-5.70, 4.64], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.61, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-37.72, 13.26], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.347;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.05, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.11, 95% CI [-10.80, 4.58], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.16, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-6.84, 6.57], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.969; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-4.36, 14.18], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.299; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 10.82], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.77, 95% CI [-14.67, 7.14], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.498; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.29, 95% CI [-8.13, 1.54], t(2038) = -1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.60, 95% CI [-7.43, 4.23], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.80, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.12, 95% CI [-34.75, 16.50], t(2038) = -0.70, p = 0.485;
## Std. beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.74, 1.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.84, 95% CI [-11.84, 8.17], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-2.05, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.93, p = 0.355; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.59, 95% CI [-19.37, 2.20], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.92, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.38, 95% CI [-14.38, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.118; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.53, 95% CI [-3.16, 6.22], t(2038) = 0.64, p = 0.523; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.89, 95% CI [-0.12, 17.90], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std.
## beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.84, 10.65], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.64, 4.53], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-5.37, 2.09], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -31.11, 95% CI [-51.54, -10.68], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-5.54, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.20, 95% CI [-7.72, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.00, 95% CI [-9.04, 17.04], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.20, 95% CI [-13.86, 9.46], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

9.8.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14677.1
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1223 -0.4896 -0.0085  0.4328  7.0993 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.07   11.793        
##           time_firstPFT  10.90    3.302   -0.28
##  Residual                41.79    6.464        
## Number of obs: 2117, groups:  ID, 455
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       39.39483    5.34711   7.368
## time_firstPFT                     -4.53844    2.46339  -1.842
## Soil_5yrPreDx                     -3.13387    4.72212  -0.664
## disadv                            -5.45024    2.33546  -2.334
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.92320    2.30602  -1.268
## sexF                              -2.44256    1.42615  -1.713
## age_dx                             0.13730    0.07447   1.844
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.74283    1.41406  -1.940
## smokeHxAlways                      9.49292    7.06300   1.344
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.87644    3.18754  -0.902
## site02R                           -6.14390   13.50315  -0.455
## site03R                           22.10088   10.02052   2.206
## site04R                           -5.07006    9.17839  -0.552
## site05R                          -13.10647    7.72401  -1.697
## site06R                           -7.39872   13.53102  -0.547
## site07R                            3.31021    3.74852   0.883
## site09R                          -11.43177    9.41292  -1.214
## site101                           19.79359    2.65930   7.443
## site102                            7.50701    4.97461   1.509
## site103                           -2.36633    2.57042  -0.921
## site104                           -9.29445    5.39961  -1.721
## site105                            1.68378    2.66003   0.633
## site106                           -5.81841    3.42412  -1.699
## site107                            7.57512    9.56909   0.792
## site108                           -2.87107    7.82177  -0.367
## site10R                           -1.58512   13.80122  -0.115
## site11R                            2.53394    6.47710   0.391
## site12R                           -7.50719    9.25211  -0.811
## site13R                          -11.98846    7.30063  -1.642
## site14R                           -9.41306   15.00351  -0.627
## site15R                          -19.68890   13.55528  -1.452
## site16R                           -8.28631    5.95167  -1.392
## site17R                           64.12880   13.65234   4.697
## site18R                           -2.11702    9.73682  -0.217
## site19R                           -3.44098    7.01345  -0.491
## site20R                           -2.27878    5.64411  -0.404
## site21R                          -11.91604   12.58579  -0.947
## site22R                          -14.34545    4.45458  -3.220
## site23R                          -22.90594    8.28846  -2.764
## site24R                            1.72263    4.99376   0.345
## site25R                           -8.77770    5.59600  -1.569
## site28R                          -15.66427    7.89048  -1.985
## site29R                           -3.76153   13.27943  -0.283
## site31R                           -0.88882    5.83090  -0.152
## site32R                           10.73610   10.08054   1.065
## site33R                           -6.43286    7.43990  -0.865
## site34R                           -5.24143    5.04011  -1.040
## site35R                          -14.46518    7.85239  -1.842
## site36R                            3.35378    5.92164   0.566
## site37R                           -0.05295    6.57092  -0.008
## site38R                           -1.21811    4.42397  -0.275
## site39R                           15.21117   13.37528   1.137
## site40R                            1.21135    9.31869   0.130
## site41R                          -14.33302    7.72237  -1.856
## site42R                          -10.95781    4.42037  -2.479
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreDx        3.13281    2.40321   1.304
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.25080    1.10224   1.135
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.70216    1.11274  -0.631
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.56825    0.65914   0.862
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03530    0.03438  -1.027
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.66385    0.66867  -0.993
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.22235    6.03406  -1.031
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.07724    1.66287   1.249
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.75364   18.54467  -1.766
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -2.11908    6.05466  -0.350
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.16642    6.28193  -0.345
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.13461    7.56372  -0.414
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.65858    1.48158  -1.119
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.50627    4.23621   0.592
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.21060    1.16779  -0.180
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.67513    2.19817  -0.307
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.39753    1.18397   2.025
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.94296    3.84803   0.765
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.55547    1.18162   0.470
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.19958    1.66497   1.321
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.02459    8.17274  -1.471
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.10388    3.58938   1.422
## time_firstPFT:site11R              4.89176    2.91644   1.677
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.08497    4.01433   0.519
## time_firstPFT:site13R              0.06527    3.98316   0.016
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -8.91192   23.70614  -0.376
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.40144   14.15904  -0.170
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.74271    2.69936  -0.275
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -11.73987   13.01795  -0.902
## time_firstPFT:site19R             -2.02413    4.01000  -0.505
## time_firstPFT:site20R             -0.10411    3.47254  -0.030
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.59891    4.75074   1.179
## time_firstPFT:site22R              6.24976    2.86991   2.178
## time_firstPFT:site23R             20.36062   26.91683   0.756
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.97042    2.48066  -1.197
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.75610    3.03860  -0.249
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.03162   13.14706  -0.611
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.58817    5.14267  -0.114
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.47760    2.03060   1.220
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -6.43019    5.62550  -1.143
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -6.13490    4.16658  -1.472
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.58690    2.44341   0.649
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.62280    4.65035   2.069
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.01502    2.96165   1.693
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.72648    2.96533  -0.245
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.62131    1.92079  -0.844
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.73806   10.48786  -2.931
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.06093    4.61703   0.230
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.79051    6.67752   0.717
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.72085    5.96574  -0.456
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.791
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91, 49.88], t(2008)
## = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreDx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to Soil_5yrPreDx
## = 0, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91, 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91,
## 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91, 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91,
## 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91,
## 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx = Never, is at 39.39 (95% CI
## [28.91, 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.86)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91,
## 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreDx +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.86) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 39.39 (95% CI [28.91, 49.88], t(2008) = 7.37, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.54, 95% CI [-9.37, 0.29], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta =
## -0.50, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.33])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-12.39, 6.13], t(2008) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta =
## 0.02, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.20])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.45,
## 95% CI [-10.03, -0.87], t(2008) = -2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-7.45, 1.60], t(2008) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.44, 95% CI [-5.24, 0.35], t(2008) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.08])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-8.76e-03, 0.28], t(2008) = 1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.49, 95% CI [-4.36, 23.34], t(2008) = 1.34, p = 0.179; Std. beta =
## 0.04, 95% CI [-1.17, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.37], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367; Std. beta =
## 7.74e-03, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-32.63, 20.34], t(2008) = -0.45, p = 0.649; Std. beta = -3.60,
## 95% CI [-6.83, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.10, 95% CI [2.45, 41.75], t(2008) = 2.21, p = 0.028; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.01, 2.56])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.07, 12.93], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.581; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.11, 95% CI [-28.25, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.62, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.40, 95% CI [-33.94, 19.14], t(2008) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.31, 95% CI [-4.04, 10.66], t(2008) = 0.88, p = 0.377; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.43, 95% CI [-29.89, 7.03], t(2008) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.79, 95% CI [14.58, 25.01], t(2008) = 7.44, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.51, 95% CI [-2.25, 17.26], t(2008) = 1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.37, 95% CI [-7.41, 2.67], t(2008) = -0.92, p = 0.357; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.29, 95% CI [-19.88, 1.29], t(2008) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.68, 95% CI [-3.53, 6.90], t(2008) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.52])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.82, 95% CI [-12.53, 0.90], t(2008) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.58, 95% CI [-11.19, 26.34], t(2008) = 0.79, p = 0.429; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.22, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.87, 95% CI [-18.21, 12.47], t(2008) = -0.37, p = 0.714; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.59, 95% CI [-28.65, 25.48], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.53, 95% CI [-10.17, 15.24], t(2008) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.51])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.51, 95% CI [-25.65, 10.64], t(2008) = -0.81, p = 0.417; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.99, 95% CI [-26.31, 2.33], t(2008) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.41, 95% CI [-38.84, 20.01], t(2008) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.69, 95% CI [-46.27, 6.89], t(2008) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.29, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.39], t(2008) = -1.39, p = 0.164; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.13, 95% CI [37.35, 90.90], t(2008) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.52, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.12, 95% CI [-21.21, 16.98], t(2008) = -0.22, p = 0.828; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.69, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.44, 95% CI [-17.20, 10.31], t(2008) = -0.49, p = 0.624; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.28, 95% CI [-13.35, 8.79], t(2008) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-36.60, 12.77], t(2008) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.35, 95% CI [-23.08, -5.61], t(2008) = -3.22, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.91, 95% CI [-39.16, -6.65], t(2008) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.26, 5.13])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.72, 95% CI [-8.07, 11.52], t(2008) = 0.34, p = 0.730; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.78, 95% CI [-19.75, 2.20], t(2008) = -1.57, p = 0.117; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.66, 95% CI [-31.14, -0.19], t(2008) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -1.84,
## 95% CI [-4.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-29.80, 22.28], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.89, 95% CI [-12.32, 10.55], t(2008) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.74, 95% CI [-9.03, 30.51], t(2008) = 1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = 0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.43, 95% CI [-21.02, 8.16], t(2008) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.24, 95% CI [-15.13, 4.64], t(2008) = -1.04, p = 0.298; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.47, 95% CI [-29.86, 0.93], t(2008) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.26, 14.97], t(2008) = 0.57, p = 0.571; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.05, 95% CI [-12.94, 12.83], t(2008) = -8.06e-03, p = 0.994; Std. beta =
## -0.07, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-9.89, 7.46], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.81, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.21, 95% CI [-11.02, 41.44], t(2008) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.06, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-17.06, 19.49], t(2008) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.33, 95% CI [-29.48, 0.81], t(2008) = -1.86, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.96, 95% CI [-19.63, -2.29], t(2008) = -2.48, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreDx is statistically non-significant
## and positive (beta = 3.13, 95% CI [-1.58, 7.85], t(2008) = 1.30, p = 0.193;
## Std. beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.25, 95% CI [-0.91, 3.41], t(2008) = 1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-2.88, 1.48], t(2008) =
## -0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.86], t(2008) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03], t(2008) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.98, 0.65], t(2008) =
## -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.22, 95% CI [-18.06, 5.61], t(2008) =
## -1.03, p = 0.303; Std. beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 5.34], t(2008) =
## 1.25, p = 0.212; Std. beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.75, 95% CI [-69.12, 3.62], t(2008) = -1.77, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -3.53, 95% CI [-7.44, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.12, 95% CI [-13.99, 9.76], t(2008) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.17, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.15], t(2008) = -0.34, p = 0.730;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.13, 95% CI [-17.97, 11.70], t(2008) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-4.56, 1.25], t(2008) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.81], t(2008) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-2.50, 2.08], t(2008) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-4.99, 3.64], t(2008) = -0.31, p = 0.759; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.40, 95% CI [0.08, 4.72], t(2008) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [8.14e-03, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.94, 95% CI [-4.60, 10.49], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.76, 2.87], t(2008) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2008) = 1.32, p = 0.187; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.02, 95% CI [-28.05, 4.00], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-3.02, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-1.94, 12.14], t(2008) = 1.42, p = 0.155; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-0.21, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.89, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.61], t(2008) = 1.68, p = 0.094; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.08, 95% CI [-5.79, 9.96], t(2008) = 0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-7.75, 7.88], t(2008) = 0.02, p = 0.987; Std.
## beta = 7.03e-03, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.91, 95% CI [-55.40, 37.58], t(2008) = -0.38, p = 0.707;
## Std. beta = -0.96, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.40, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.37], t(2008) = -0.17, p = 0.865;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.25, 2.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.55], t(2008) = -0.28, p = 0.783; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.74, 95% CI [-37.27, 13.79], t(2008) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.01, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.02, 95% CI [-9.89, 5.84], t(2008) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.06, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-6.91, 6.71], t(2008) = -0.03, p = 0.976; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.60, 95% CI [-3.72, 14.92], t(2008) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.25, 95% CI [0.62, 11.88], t(2008) = 2.18, p = 0.030; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [0.07, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 20.36, 95% CI [-32.43, 73.15], t(2008) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-3.49, 7.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.89], t(2008) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.84, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-6.72, 5.20], t(2008) = -0.25, p = 0.804; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.03, 95% CI [-33.81, 17.75], t(2008) = -0.61, p = 0.541;
## Std. beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-10.67, 9.50], t(2008) = -0.11, p = 0.909; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.15, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.48, 95% CI [-1.50, 6.46], t(2008) = 1.22, p = 0.223; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.43, 95% CI [-17.46, 4.60], t(2008) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-1.88, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -6.13, 95% CI [-14.31, 2.04], t(2008) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2008) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.62, 95% CI [0.50, 18.74], t(2008) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 1.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.79, 10.82], t(2008) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-6.54, 5.09], t(2008) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-5.39, 2.15], t(2008) = -0.84, p = 0.399; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.74, 95% CI [-51.31, -10.17], t(2008) = -2.93, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-5.52, -1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.06, 95% CI [-7.99, 10.12], t(2008) = 0.23, p = 0.818; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.79, 95% CI [-8.31, 17.89], t(2008) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.98], t(2008) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.55, 0.97])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10 Association between PM/Constituents in 5yrs Pre-Censoring and DLCO Decline

Linear mixed models with random intercept and slope will be used to evaluate the impact of PM During Disease on DLCO decline.

10.1 PM2.5

10.1.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15068.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1356 -0.4972 -0.0044  0.4367  7.1074 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.67   11.944        
##           time_firstPFT  11.15    3.340   -0.31
##  Residual                41.83    6.467        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                               Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    47.7567     3.6788  12.982
## time_firstPFT                  -6.3281     1.8118  -3.493
## PM_5yrPreCensor                -0.6546     0.3100  -2.112
## site02R                        -3.3024    13.5806  -0.243
## site03R                        23.1878     9.9408   2.333
## site04R                        -6.5959     9.2759  -0.711
## site05R                       -14.1574     7.7929  -1.817
## site06R                         4.2473     9.6655   0.439
## site07R                         3.3921     3.8473   0.882
## site09R                       -10.8811     9.4866  -1.147
## site101                        17.4049     2.8918   6.019
## site102                         5.3035     5.2636   1.008
## site103                        -5.0145     2.7120  -1.849
## site104                       -13.2672     5.5201  -2.403
## site105                        -1.0365     2.8617  -0.362
## site106                        -5.6402     3.5282  -1.599
## site107                         7.6180     9.7017   0.785
## site108                       -11.5196     7.7353  -1.489
## site10R                        -2.5697    13.3884  -0.192
## site11R                        -1.6952     5.7823  -0.293
## site12R                       -11.9983     9.4659  -1.268
## site13R                       -11.9747     7.3772  -1.623
## site14R                        -8.4720    15.0136  -0.564
## site15R                       -25.2965    13.6571  -1.852
## site16R                       -10.2381     5.9680  -1.716
## site17R                        57.8917    13.6493   4.241
## site18R                        -6.2125     9.6676  -0.643
## site19R                        -9.2658     6.4426  -1.438
## site20R                        -5.1810     5.6934  -0.910
## site21R                       -13.5124    12.7042  -1.064
## site22R                       -12.5812     4.3296  -2.906
## site23R                       -20.4591     6.1911  -3.305
## site24R                        -0.2620     5.2054  -0.050
## site25R                        -7.3098     5.5954  -1.306
## site28R                       -17.9435     7.9139  -2.267
## site29R                        -2.0804    13.3651  -0.156
## site31R                        -2.4980     5.9395  -0.421
## site32R                         3.2690     6.7455   0.485
## site33R                       -10.3292     6.6747  -1.548
## site34R                        -7.1965     5.1596  -1.395
## site35R                       -16.7617     8.0206  -2.090
## site36R                         1.6918     6.0359   0.280
## site37R                         0.2292     6.5546   0.035
## site38R                        -3.7637     4.5788  -0.822
## site39R                         3.2322    13.3737   0.242
## site40R                         0.8563     9.2884   0.092
## site41R                       -15.3755     7.7817  -1.976
## site42R                       -10.0359     4.4032  -2.279
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreCensor   0.1823     0.1569   1.162
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -34.4399    18.5486  -1.857
## time_firstPFT:site03R          -0.6851     5.9633  -0.115
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -1.5397     6.2726  -0.245
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -3.2445     7.5676  -0.429
## time_firstPFT:site06R           3.2342     5.0482   0.641
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -2.1781     1.5058  -1.446
## time_firstPFT:site09R           1.4445     4.2484   0.340
## time_firstPFT:site101          -0.3353     1.2486  -0.269
## time_firstPFT:site102          -0.6970     2.3388  -0.298
## time_firstPFT:site103           2.0433     1.2441   1.642
## time_firstPFT:site104           3.2376     3.8143   0.849
## time_firstPFT:site105           0.4334     1.2606   0.344
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.8137     1.6994   1.067
## time_firstPFT:site107         -12.7407     8.1957  -1.555
## time_firstPFT:site108           4.6988     3.5108   1.338
## time_firstPFT:site11R           5.2369     2.7853   1.880
## time_firstPFT:site12R           1.9762     4.0644   0.486
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -0.1097     3.9776  -0.028
## time_firstPFT:site14R         -10.5950    23.7038  -0.447
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -1.6394    14.1697  -0.116
## time_firstPFT:site16R          -0.7124     2.6869  -0.265
## time_firstPFT:site18R         -10.4712    12.9896  -0.806
## time_firstPFT:site19R           3.3138     4.9171   0.674
## time_firstPFT:site20R           1.4326     3.4536   0.415
## time_firstPFT:site21R           5.5385     4.7606   1.163
## time_firstPFT:site22R           4.6916     2.8133   1.668
## time_firstPFT:site23R          -0.6123     5.3983  -0.113
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -2.8761     2.5695  -1.119
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -1.8326     3.0031  -0.610
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -9.3302    13.0810  -0.713
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -2.3635     5.1284  -0.461
## time_firstPFT:site31R           1.8780     2.0789   0.903
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -0.8711     3.5713  -0.244
## time_firstPFT:site33R          -2.8717     3.8023  -0.755
## time_firstPFT:site34R           1.3429     2.4490   0.548
## time_firstPFT:site35R           9.2657     4.6961   1.973
## time_firstPFT:site36R           5.4806     3.0001   1.827
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -1.2058     2.8784  -0.419
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -1.5904     1.9738  -0.806
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -29.4471    10.4693  -2.813
## time_firstPFT:site40R           2.3714     4.6241   0.513
## time_firstPFT:site41R           4.0692     6.6804   0.609
## time_firstPFT:site42R          -2.6321     5.9398  -0.443
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 47.76 (95% CI [40.54,
## 54.97], t(2068) = 12.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.33, 95% CI [-9.88, -2.78], t(2068) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.73, -0.44])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.05], t(2068) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-29.94, 23.33], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -3.76,
## 95% CI [-7.17, -0.36])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.19, 95% CI [3.69, 42.68], t(2068) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.23, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.60, 95% CI [-24.79, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.477; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.16, 95% CI [-29.44, 1.13], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.30,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.71, 23.20], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.15, 10.94], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.378; Std. beta = 6.82e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.88, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.40, 95% CI [11.73, 23.08], t(2068) = 6.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-5.02, 15.63], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-10.33, 0.30], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.27, 95% CI [-24.09, -2.44], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.58], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-12.56, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.62, 95% CI [-11.41, 26.64], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-26.69, 3.65], t(2068) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-28.83, 23.69], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-13.03, 9.64], t(2068) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-30.56, 6.57], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.97, 95% CI [-26.44, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.47, 95% CI [-37.92, 20.97], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -25.30, 95% CI [-52.08, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.52, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.94, 1.47], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.89, 95% CI [31.12, 84.66], t(2068) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.94, 95%
## CI [2.12, 5.76])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-25.17, 12.75], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-21.90, 3.37], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.18, 95% CI [-16.35, 5.98], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-38.43, 11.40], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.58, 95% CI [-21.07, -4.09], t(2068) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.46, 95% CI [-32.60, -8.32], t(2068) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-2.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.47, 9.95], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-18.28, 3.66], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.94, 95% CI [-33.46, -2.42], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.75, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.08, 95% CI [-28.29, 24.13], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.15], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-1.99, -1.43e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.20, 95% CI [-17.31, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.76, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.69, 95% CI [-10.15, 13.53], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-12.63, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-12.74, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.23, 95% CI [-23.00, 29.46], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.86, 95% CI [-17.36, 19.07], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.38, 95% CI [-30.64, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.04, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.40], t(2068) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.49], t(2068) =
## 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.44, 95% CI [-70.82, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-8.77, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.38, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-13.84, 10.76], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.24, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-6.67, 13.13], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.13, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.89, 9.78], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.78, 2.11], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.788; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-5.28, 3.89], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-0.40, 4.48], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.24, 10.72], t(2068) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-2.04, 2.91], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.52, 5.15], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.81, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.19, 11.58], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.70], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-5.99, 9.95], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-7.91, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.60, 95% CI [-57.08, 35.89], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.655;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-7.07, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.43, 26.15], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-5.98, 4.56], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.95, 15.00], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-6.33, 12.96], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-5.34, 8.21], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.54, 95% CI [-3.80, 14.87], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.21], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-11.20, 9.97], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-7.92, 2.16], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.72, 4.06], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.33, 95% CI [-34.98, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-12.42, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.20, 5.96], t(2068) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-7.87, 6.13], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-10.33, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.15], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.06, 18.48], t(2068) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [6.95e-03, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.36], t(2068) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.44], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.28], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.45, 95% CI [-49.98, -8.92], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-6.70, 11.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.07, 95% CI [-9.03, 17.17], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-1.12, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-14.28, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## PM_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to PM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 47.76 (95% CI [40.54, 54.97],
## t(2068) = 12.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.33, 95% CI [-9.88, -2.78], t(2068) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.73, -0.44])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.05], t(2068) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-29.94, 23.33], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -3.76,
## 95% CI [-7.17, -0.36])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.19, 95% CI [3.69, 42.68], t(2068) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.23, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.60, 95% CI [-24.79, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.477; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.16, 95% CI [-29.44, 1.13], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.30,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.71, 23.20], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.15, 10.94], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.378; Std. beta = 6.82e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.88, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.40, 95% CI [11.73, 23.08], t(2068) = 6.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-5.02, 15.63], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-10.33, 0.30], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.27, 95% CI [-24.09, -2.44], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.58], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-12.56, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.62, 95% CI [-11.41, 26.64], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-26.69, 3.65], t(2068) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-28.83, 23.69], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-13.03, 9.64], t(2068) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-30.56, 6.57], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.97, 95% CI [-26.44, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.47, 95% CI [-37.92, 20.97], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -25.30, 95% CI [-52.08, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.52, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.94, 1.47], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.89, 95% CI [31.12, 84.66], t(2068) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.94, 95%
## CI [2.12, 5.76])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-25.17, 12.75], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-21.90, 3.37], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.18, 95% CI [-16.35, 5.98], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-38.43, 11.40], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.58, 95% CI [-21.07, -4.09], t(2068) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.46, 95% CI [-32.60, -8.32], t(2068) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-2.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.47, 9.95], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-18.28, 3.66], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.94, 95% CI [-33.46, -2.42], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.75, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.08, 95% CI [-28.29, 24.13], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.15], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-1.99, -1.43e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.20, 95% CI [-17.31, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.76, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.69, 95% CI [-10.15, 13.53], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-12.63, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-12.74, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.23, 95% CI [-23.00, 29.46], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.86, 95% CI [-17.36, 19.07], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.38, 95% CI [-30.64, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.04, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.40], t(2068) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.49], t(2068) =
## 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.44, 95% CI [-70.82, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-8.77, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.38, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-13.84, 10.76], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.24, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-6.67, 13.13], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.13, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.89, 9.78], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.78, 2.11], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.788; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-5.28, 3.89], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-0.40, 4.48], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.24, 10.72], t(2068) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-2.04, 2.91], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.52, 5.15], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.81, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.19, 11.58], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.70], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-5.99, 9.95], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-7.91, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.60, 95% CI [-57.08, 35.89], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.655;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-7.07, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.43, 26.15], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-5.98, 4.56], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.95, 15.00], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-6.33, 12.96], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-5.34, 8.21], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.54, 95% CI [-3.80, 14.87], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.21], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-11.20, 9.97], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-7.92, 2.16], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.72, 4.06], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.33, 95% CI [-34.98, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-12.42, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.20, 5.96], t(2068) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-7.87, 6.13], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-10.33, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.15], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.06, 18.48], t(2068) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [6.95e-03, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.36], t(2068) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.44], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.28], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.45, 95% CI [-49.98, -8.92], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-6.70, 11.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.07, 95% CI [-9.03, 17.17], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-1.12, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-14.28, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 47.76 (95% CI [40.54, 54.97], t(2068) = 12.98, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.33, 95% CI [-9.88, -2.78], t(2068) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.73, -0.44])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.05], t(2068) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-29.94, 23.33], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -3.76,
## 95% CI [-7.17, -0.36])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.19, 95% CI [3.69, 42.68], t(2068) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.23, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.60, 95% CI [-24.79, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.477; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.16, 95% CI [-29.44, 1.13], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.30,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.71, 23.20], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.15, 10.94], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.378; Std. beta = 6.82e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.88, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.40, 95% CI [11.73, 23.08], t(2068) = 6.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-5.02, 15.63], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-10.33, 0.30], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.27, 95% CI [-24.09, -2.44], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.58], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-12.56, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.62, 95% CI [-11.41, 26.64], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-26.69, 3.65], t(2068) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-28.83, 23.69], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-13.03, 9.64], t(2068) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-30.56, 6.57], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.97, 95% CI [-26.44, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.47, 95% CI [-37.92, 20.97], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -25.30, 95% CI [-52.08, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.52, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.94, 1.47], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.89, 95% CI [31.12, 84.66], t(2068) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.94, 95%
## CI [2.12, 5.76])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-25.17, 12.75], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-21.90, 3.37], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.18, 95% CI [-16.35, 5.98], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-38.43, 11.40], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.58, 95% CI [-21.07, -4.09], t(2068) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.46, 95% CI [-32.60, -8.32], t(2068) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-2.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.47, 9.95], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-18.28, 3.66], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.94, 95% CI [-33.46, -2.42], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.75, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.08, 95% CI [-28.29, 24.13], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.15], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-1.99, -1.43e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.20, 95% CI [-17.31, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.76, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.69, 95% CI [-10.15, 13.53], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-12.63, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-12.74, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.23, 95% CI [-23.00, 29.46], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.86, 95% CI [-17.36, 19.07], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.38, 95% CI [-30.64, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.04, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.40], t(2068) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.49], t(2068) =
## 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.44, 95% CI [-70.82, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-8.77, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.38, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-13.84, 10.76], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.24, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-6.67, 13.13], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.13, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.89, 9.78], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.78, 2.11], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.788; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-5.28, 3.89], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-0.40, 4.48], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.24, 10.72], t(2068) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-2.04, 2.91], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.52, 5.15], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.81, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.19, 11.58], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.70], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-5.99, 9.95], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-7.91, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.60, 95% CI [-57.08, 35.89], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.655;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-7.07, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.43, 26.15], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-5.98, 4.56], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.95, 15.00], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-6.33, 12.96], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-5.34, 8.21], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.54, 95% CI [-3.80, 14.87], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.21], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-11.20, 9.97], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-7.92, 2.16], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.72, 4.06], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.33, 95% CI [-34.98, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-12.42, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.20, 5.96], t(2068) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-7.87, 6.13], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-10.33, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.15], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.06, 18.48], t(2068) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [6.95e-03, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.36], t(2068) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.44], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.28], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.45, 95% CI [-49.98, -8.92], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-6.70, 11.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.07, 95% CI [-9.03, 17.17], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-1.12, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-14.28, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 47.76 (95% CI [40.54, 54.97], t(2068)
## = 12.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.33, 95% CI [-9.88, -2.78], t(2068) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59, 95%
## CI [-0.73, -0.44])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.65, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.05], t(2068) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-29.94, 23.33], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.808; Std. beta = -3.76,
## 95% CI [-7.17, -0.36])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.19, 95% CI [3.69, 42.68], t(2068) = 2.33, p = 0.020; Std. beta = 1.51, 95%
## CI [0.23, 2.78])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.60, 95% CI [-24.79, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.477; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.16, 95% CI [-29.44, 1.13], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.30,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.25, 95% CI [-14.71, 23.20], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.660; Std. beta = 0.62,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 1.98])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.39, 95% CI [-4.15, 10.94], t(2068) = 0.88, p = 0.378; Std. beta = 6.82e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.88, 95% CI [-29.49, 7.72], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.40, 95% CI [11.73, 23.08], t(2068) = 6.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.30, 95% CI [-5.02, 15.63], t(2068) = 1.01, p = 0.314; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.40, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.01, 95% CI [-10.33, 0.30], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.50, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.27, 95% CI [-24.09, -2.44], t(2068) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.58], t(2068) = -0.36, p = 0.717; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.64, 95% CI [-12.56, 1.28], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.62, 95% CI [-11.41, 26.64], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.432; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-2.43, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.52, 95% CI [-26.69, 3.65], t(2068) = -1.49, p = 0.137; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.57, 95% CI [-28.83, 23.69], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.848; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.96, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-13.03, 9.64], t(2068) = -0.29, p = 0.769; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.37, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-30.56, 6.57], t(2068) = -1.27, p = 0.205; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.97, 95% CI [-26.44, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.105; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.47, 95% CI [-37.92, 20.97], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.573; Std. beta = -1.67,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -25.30, 95% CI [-52.08, 1.49], t(2068) = -1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = -1.89,
## 95% CI [-4.52, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.94, 1.47], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.89, 95% CI [31.12, 84.66], t(2068) = 4.24, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.94, 95%
## CI [2.12, 5.76])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.21, 95% CI [-25.17, 12.75], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.27, 95% CI [-21.90, 3.37], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.151; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-1.36, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.18, 95% CI [-16.35, 5.98], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.51, 95% CI [-38.43, 11.40], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta =
## -0.35, 95% CI [-1.93, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.58, 95% CI [-21.07, -4.09], t(2068) = -2.91, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.46, 95% CI [-32.60, -8.32], t(2068) = -3.30, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.45,
## 95% CI [-2.62, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.26, 95% CI [-10.47, 9.95], t(2068) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-18.28, 3.66], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.192; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.94, 95% CI [-33.46, -2.42], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -2.18,
## 95% CI [-4.75, 0.39])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.08, 95% CI [-28.29, 24.13], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.876; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.50, 95% CI [-14.15, 9.15], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.674; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.27, 95% CI [-9.96, 16.50], t(2068) = 0.48, p = 0.628; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.80, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.33, 95% CI [-23.42, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.122; Std. beta = -1.00,
## 95% CI [-1.99, -1.43e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.20, 95% CI [-17.31, 2.92], t(2068) = -1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.76, 95% CI [-32.49, -1.03], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.69, 95% CI [-10.15, 13.53], t(2068) = 0.28, p = 0.779; Std. beta = 0.68,
## 95% CI [-0.16, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.23, 95% CI [-12.63, 13.08], t(2068) = 0.03, p = 0.972; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-12.74, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.23, 95% CI [-23.00, 29.46], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.86, 95% CI [-17.36, 19.07], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std. beta = 0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 1.62])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.38, 95% CI [-30.64, -0.11], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.04, 95% CI [-18.67, -1.40], t(2068) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.49], t(2068) =
## 1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.44, 95% CI [-70.82, 1.94], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.27, 95% CI [-8.77, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-12.38, 11.01], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-13.84, 10.76], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.806;
## Std. beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-1.71, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.24, 95% CI [-18.09, 11.60], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.23, 95% CI [-6.67, 13.13], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.13, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-6.89, 9.78], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-2.78, 2.11], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.788; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-5.28, 3.89], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.766; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.04, 95% CI [-0.40, 4.48], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.101; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-4.24, 10.72], t(2068) = 0.85, p = 0.396; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.53, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-2.04, 2.91], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-1.52, 5.15], t(2068) = 1.07, p = 0.286; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.81, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.55, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.19, 11.58], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.181; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.24, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.70], t(2068) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.98, 95% CI [-5.99, 9.95], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.627; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-7.91, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.978; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.60, 95% CI [-57.08, 35.89], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.655;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-7.07, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.43, 26.15], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-5.98, 4.56], t(2068) = -0.27, p = 0.791; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.47, 95% CI [-35.95, 15.00], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.31, 95% CI [-6.33, 12.96], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-5.34, 8.21], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.54, 95% CI [-3.80, 14.87], t(2068) = 1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.21], t(2068) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-11.20, 9.97], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.910; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.88, 95% CI [-7.92, 2.16], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.263; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-7.72, 4.06], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.96, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.33, 95% CI [-34.98, 16.32], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.36, 95% CI [-12.42, 7.69], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.54, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.20, 5.96], t(2068) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.87, 95% CI [-7.87, 6.13], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.807; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.87, 95% CI [-10.33, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.28, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.15], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.27, 95% CI [0.06, 18.48], t(2068) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [6.95e-03, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.36], t(2068) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.44], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.28], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.420; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.45, 95% CI [-49.98, -8.92], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.37, 95% CI [-6.70, 11.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.07, 95% CI [-9.03, 17.17], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-1.12, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-14.28, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.1.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14894.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1124 -0.4921 -0.0077  0.4486  7.0938 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   136.84   11.698        
##           time_firstPFT  11.00    3.316   -0.28
##  Residual                41.89    6.472        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       45.88953    5.93128   7.737
## time_firstPFT                     -4.38696    2.84619  -1.541
## PM_5yrPreCensor                   -0.74417    0.31691  -2.348
## disadv                            -5.87782    2.32898  -2.524
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.41445    2.28724  -1.056
## sexF                              -2.34314    1.41059  -1.661
## age_dx                             0.14357    0.07367   1.949
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.77669    1.40292  -1.979
## smokeHxAlways                     12.07414    7.09917   1.701
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.07052    3.18604  -0.650
## site02R                           -7.47707   13.43559  -0.557
## site03R                           18.36445    9.91557   1.852
## site04R                           -6.30189    9.13589  -0.690
## site05R                          -14.77080    7.71281  -1.915
## site06R                           -8.57083   13.42814  -0.638
## site07R                            1.23583    3.82204   0.323
## site09R                          -13.67525    9.38817  -1.457
## site101                           17.06355    2.89353   5.897
## site102                            3.52354    5.26140   0.670
## site103                           -5.62966    2.84752  -1.977
## site104                          -12.85602    5.49720  -2.339
## site105                           -0.90127    2.85316  -0.316
## site106                           -8.18074    3.57792  -2.286
## site107                            4.63014    9.59458   0.483
## site108                           -7.35646    8.02524  -0.917
## site10R                           -2.15941   13.37852  -0.161
## site11R                           -2.99024    5.71411  -0.523
## site12R                          -11.08712    9.33324  -1.188
## site13R                          -14.01093    7.31397  -1.916
## site14R                          -10.94307   14.95474  -0.732
## site15R                          -22.12748   13.51001  -1.638
## site16R                          -10.45307    5.98623  -1.746
## site17R                           61.88119   13.58057   4.557
## site18R                           -4.78641    9.56422  -0.500
## site19R                          -11.19972    6.41688  -1.745
## site20R                           -5.94853    5.63683  -1.055
## site21R                          -13.30986   12.48760  -1.066
## site22R                          -15.55369    4.35311  -3.573
## site23R                          -27.25663    7.70443  -3.538
## site24R                           -1.22699    5.14006  -0.239
## site25R                          -10.24075    5.59574  -1.830
## site28R                          -16.66729    7.85563  -2.122
## site29R                           -6.37169   13.22072  -0.482
## site31R                           -3.84298    5.94514  -0.646
## site32R                            2.96397    6.70005   0.442
## site33R                          -11.21250    6.60843  -1.697
## site34R                           -7.63841    5.09573  -1.499
## site35R                          -18.09608    7.95632  -2.274
## site36R                            0.92284    5.97725   0.154
## site37R                           -1.96385    6.55390  -0.300
## site38R                           -3.59571    4.52366  -0.795
## site39R                           10.00843   13.44746   0.744
## site40R                           -0.72436    9.17033  -0.079
## site41R                          -16.79095    7.75241  -2.166
## site42R                          -12.27426    4.40104  -2.789
## time_firstPFT:PM_5yrPreCensor      0.14657    0.16448   0.891
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.57755    1.10587   1.427
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.65620    1.11551  -0.588
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.69593    0.65549   1.062
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.04047    0.03426  -1.181
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.62332    0.67248  -0.927
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -7.20927    6.06712  -1.188
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.05344    1.68442   1.219
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.71234   18.57002  -1.762
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.25753    6.00643  -0.043
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.26265    6.30176  -0.359
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.14066    7.58493  -0.414
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.62818    1.54119  -1.056
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.50831    4.26641   0.588
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.26089    1.26385  -0.206
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.16546    2.36526  -0.070
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.25828    1.31715   1.715
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.63735    3.87284   0.681
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.43796    1.26731   0.346
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.35692    1.74531   1.350
## time_firstPFT:site107            -11.93898    8.20837  -1.454
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.27163    3.71954   1.417
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.92671    2.83300   2.092
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.37952    4.07507   0.584
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.05450    4.00834  -0.014
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.40431   23.72512  -0.396
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.02876   14.18533  -0.143
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.88136    2.74215  -0.321
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.38705   13.00366  -0.799
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.24263    4.98838   0.650
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.22843    3.50164   0.351
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.10609    4.75648   1.284
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.92160    2.85999   2.070
## time_firstPFT:site23R             22.99806   26.72871   0.860
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.61657    2.57325  -1.017
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.84112    3.06294  -0.275
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.56072   13.16100  -0.650
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.75706    5.16113  -0.147
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.59623    2.13729   1.215
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.33484    3.60540  -0.093
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.39875    3.85636  -0.881
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.37923    2.47437   0.557
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.99826    4.73451   2.112
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.51440    3.01560   1.829
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.75381    2.98860  -0.252
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.57746    1.98103  -0.796
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -29.67417   10.55288  -2.812
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.86065    4.67697   0.398
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.92589    6.70403   0.735
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.93877    5.95709  -0.493
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.799
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.522
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26, 57.52], t(2038)
## = 7.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## PM_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## PM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26, 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26,
## 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26, 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26,
## 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26,
## 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26, 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26,
## 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * PM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 45.89 (95% CI [34.26, 57.52], t(2038) = 7.74, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-9.97, 1.19], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta =
## -0.59, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.38])
##   - The effect of PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.37, -0.12], t(2038) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.23, 0.03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.88,
## 95% CI [-10.45, -1.31], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.41, 95% CI [-6.90, 2.07], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.06e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-5.53, -0.03], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 12.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 26.00], t(2038) = 1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta =
## 0.08, 95% CI [-1.18, 1.33])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-8.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std. beta =
## 0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-33.83, 18.87], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.578; Std. beta = -3.88,
## 95% CI [-7.30, -0.47])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 18.36, 95% CI [-1.08, 37.81], t(2038) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std. beta = 1.22,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.30, 95% CI [-24.22, 11.61], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.490; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.77, 95% CI [-29.90, 0.36], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -1.33,
## 95% CI [-2.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-34.91, 17.76], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.523; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.24, 95% CI [-6.26, 8.73], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.746; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.58, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.68, 95% CI [-32.09, 4.74], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.06, 95% CI [11.39, 22.74], t(2038) = 5.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.13, 95%
## CI [0.74, 1.52])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.52, 95% CI [-6.79, 13.84], t(2038) = 0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.48, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.63, 95% CI [-11.21, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.86, 95% CI [-23.64, -2.08], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.50, 4.69], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.18, 95% CI [-15.20, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.63, 95% CI [-14.19, 23.45], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-2.56, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-23.09, 8.38], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.359; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.16, 95% CI [-28.40, 24.08], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-14.20, 8.22], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std. beta = 0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.09, 95% CI [-29.39, 7.22], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.79, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.01, 95% CI [-28.35, 0.33], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.94, 95% CI [-40.27, 18.39], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.464; Std. beta =
## -1.71, 95% CI [-5.15, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.13, 95% CI [-48.62, 4.37], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-22.19, 1.29], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.03])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 61.88, 95% CI [35.25, 88.51], t(2038) = 4.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.20, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.01])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.79, 95% CI [-23.54, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -1.40,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.20, 95% CI [-23.78, 1.38], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.95, 95% CI [-17.00, 5.11], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.31, 95% CI [-37.80, 11.18], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta =
## -0.27, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.55, 95% CI [-24.09, -7.02], t(2038) = -3.57, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.45,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.26, 95% CI [-42.37, -12.15], t(2038) = -3.54, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 5.51])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.23, 95% CI [-11.31, 8.85], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = -0.35,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.24, 95% CI [-21.21, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-1.55, -0.01])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.67, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.26], t(2038) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.61, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-32.30, 19.56], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.84, 95% CI [-15.50, 7.82], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta =
## 6.62e-03, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-10.18, 16.10], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.21, 95% CI [-24.17, 1.75], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.090; Std. beta = -1.11,
## 95% CI [-2.12, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.64, 95% CI [-17.63, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.10, 95% CI [-33.70, -2.49], t(2038) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-10.80, 12.65], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.877; Std. beta = 0.63,
## 95% CI [-0.21, 1.48])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.96, 95% CI [-14.82, 10.89], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.60, 95% CI [-12.47, 5.28], t(2038) = -0.79, p = 0.427; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.01, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.38], t(2038) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std. beta = -2.38,
## 95% CI [-4.58, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.72, 95% CI [-18.71, 17.26], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.79, 95% CI [-31.99, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.17, p = 0.030; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-20.91, -3.64], t(2038) = -2.79, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.14,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × PM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.47], t(2038) =
## 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-0.59, 3.75], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.154; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-2.84, 1.53], t(2038) =
## -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.98], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.288; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.94, 0.70], t(2038) =
## -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -7.21, 95% CI [-19.11, 4.69], t(2038) =
## -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-2.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.05, 95% CI [-1.25, 5.36], t(2038) =
## 1.22, p = 0.223; Std. beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.71, 95% CI [-69.13, 3.71], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.078;
## Std. beta = -4.06, 95% CI [-8.58, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.04, 11.52], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-14.62, 10.10], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-18.02, 11.73], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.679;
## Std. beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.65, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.51, 95% CI [-5.86, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.73, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-2.74, 2.22], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.836; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-4.80, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.26, 95% CI [-0.32, 4.84], t(2038) = 1.71, p = 0.087; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.64, 95% CI [-4.96, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.68, p = 0.496; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.62, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-2.05, 2.92], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.730; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.78], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-28.04, 4.16], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.146;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-3.48, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-2.02, 12.57], t(2038) = 1.42, p = 0.157; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [0.37, 11.48], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-5.61, 10.37], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-7.92, 7.81], t(2038) = -0.01, p = 0.989; Std.
## beta = -6.76e-03, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.40, 95% CI [-55.93, 37.12], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-6.94, 4.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.03, 95% CI [-29.85, 25.79], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.886;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-3.70, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.26, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.32, p = 0.748; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.39, 95% CI [-35.89, 15.11], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.425;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.54, 13.03], t(2038) = 0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.23, 95% CI [-5.64, 8.10], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.11, 95% CI [-3.22, 15.43], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.31, 11.53], t(2038) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.00, 95% CI [-29.42, 75.42], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-3.65, 9.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.66, 2.43], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.309; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.85, 5.17], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.784; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.56, 95% CI [-34.37, 17.25], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.515;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.26, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-10.88, 9.36], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.883; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.35, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.60, 95% CI [-1.60, 6.79], t(2038) = 1.21, p = 0.225; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-7.41, 6.74], t(2038) = -0.09, p = 0.926; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.40, 95% CI [-10.96, 4.16], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.378; Std.
## beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.36, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-3.47, 6.23], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.77])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.00, 95% CI [0.71, 19.28], t(2038) = 2.11, p = 0.035; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.09, 2.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.51, 95% CI [-0.40, 11.43], t(2038) = 1.83, p = 0.068; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.75, 95% CI [-6.61, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.801; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-5.46, 2.31], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.67, 95% CI [-50.37, -8.98], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.25, -1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-7.31, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.691; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.93, 95% CI [-8.22, 18.07], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.463; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-1.02, 2.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.94, 95% CI [-14.62, 8.74], t(2038) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.2 SO4

10.2.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15065.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1332 -0.4904 -0.0036  0.4426  7.1159 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.92   11.955        
##           time_firstPFT  11.37    3.372   -0.32
##  Residual                41.80    6.465        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     46.1023     2.8893  15.956
## time_firstPFT                   -5.0400     1.2677  -3.976
## SO4_5yrPreCensor                -1.5915     0.7419  -2.145
## site02R                         -6.4582    13.7429  -0.470
## site03R                         21.0531    10.1069   2.083
## site04R                         -8.8084     9.4113  -0.936
## site05R                        -15.2660     7.8680  -1.940
## site06R                          2.1282     9.7585   0.218
## site07R                          2.0368     4.0739   0.500
## site09R                        -12.2555     9.5960  -1.277
## site101                         16.4724     3.1136   5.290
## site102                          4.1438     5.4677   0.758
## site103                         -6.5800     3.1829  -2.067
## site104                        -14.3183     5.6993  -2.512
## site105                         -2.2728     3.1756  -0.716
## site106                         -6.8682     3.7434  -1.835
## site107                          6.6102     9.7880   0.675
## site108                        -12.4483     7.8530  -1.585
## site10R                         -4.4948    13.4428  -0.334
## site11R                         -3.4244     5.9437  -0.576
## site12R                        -13.0352     9.5614  -1.363
## site13R                        -13.1420     7.4824  -1.756
## site14R                         -9.8844    15.0738  -0.656
## site15R                        -26.7271    13.7298  -1.947
## site16R                        -11.7781     6.1382  -1.919
## site17R                         56.3400    13.7212   4.106
## site18R                         -7.9020     9.7698  -0.809
## site19R                         -9.8760     6.5292  -1.513
## site20R                         -6.1722     5.8119  -1.062
## site21R                        -15.6790    12.7949  -1.225
## site22R                        -14.2180     4.5407  -3.131
## site23R                        -21.5792     6.2954  -3.428
## site24R                         -1.6155     5.4062  -0.299
## site25R                        -10.3088     5.9591  -1.730
## site28R                        -19.7136     8.0130  -2.460
## site29R                         -3.1897    13.4371  -0.237
## site31R                         -3.3411     6.0441  -0.553
## site32R                          0.8992     7.0211   0.128
## site33R                        -11.1604     6.7489  -1.654
## site34R                         -8.1265     5.2862  -1.537
## site35R                        -17.3940     8.0933  -2.149
## site36R                          0.5241     6.1551   0.085
## site37R                         -1.4829     6.7201  -0.221
## site38R                         -4.8727     4.7367  -1.029
## site39R                          1.9785    13.4690   0.147
## site40R                         -2.2728     9.4914  -0.239
## site41R                        -16.9886     7.9271  -2.143
## site42R                        -11.5827     4.5912  -2.523
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreCensor   0.2129     0.3389   0.628
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -34.2234    18.5687  -1.843
## time_firstPFT:site03R           -0.7738     6.0192  -0.129
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -1.4749     6.3122  -0.234
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -3.3560     7.5805  -0.443
## time_firstPFT:site06R            3.4375     5.0927   0.675
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -2.3364     1.6035  -1.457
## time_firstPFT:site09R            1.3017     4.3089   0.302
## time_firstPFT:site101           -0.5948     1.3178  -0.451
## time_firstPFT:site102           -1.0800     2.4067  -0.449
## time_firstPFT:site103            1.7776     1.3912   1.278
## time_firstPFT:site104            2.8483     3.8643   0.737
## time_firstPFT:site105            0.1788     1.3630   0.131
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.6172     1.7638   0.917
## time_firstPFT:site107          -13.0831     8.2109  -1.593
## time_firstPFT:site108            4.2175     3.5381   1.192
## time_firstPFT:site11R            5.2687     2.8593   1.843
## time_firstPFT:site12R            1.7111     4.1229   0.415
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -0.2659     4.0196  -0.066
## time_firstPFT:site14R          -10.7162    23.7013  -0.452
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -1.7524    14.1820  -0.124
## time_firstPFT:site16R           -0.8802     2.7564  -0.319
## time_firstPFT:site18R          -10.5034    12.9982  -0.808
## time_firstPFT:site19R            2.8150     4.9313   0.571
## time_firstPFT:site20R            1.1719     3.4814   0.337
## time_firstPFT:site21R            5.6774     4.8201   1.178
## time_firstPFT:site22R            4.6184     2.8687   1.610
## time_firstPFT:site23R           -0.7570     5.4168  -0.140
## time_firstPFT:site24R           -3.1365     2.6360  -1.190
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -1.7469     3.1218  -0.560
## time_firstPFT:site28R           -9.2111    13.0829  -0.704
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -2.6564     5.1685  -0.514
## time_firstPFT:site31R            1.5506     2.1164   0.733
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -0.8430     3.6817  -0.229
## time_firstPFT:site33R           -3.1479     3.8271  -0.823
## time_firstPFT:site34R            1.0767     2.5056   0.430
## time_firstPFT:site35R            8.7507     4.6981   1.863
## time_firstPFT:site36R            5.2990     3.0432   1.741
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -1.2126     2.9603  -0.410
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -1.7799     2.0326  -0.876
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -29.8260    10.4894  -2.843
## time_firstPFT:site40R            2.3602     4.6757   0.505
## time_firstPFT:site41R            3.9392     6.7108   0.587
## time_firstPFT:site42R           -2.6701     5.9609  -0.448
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.531
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 46.10 (95% CI [40.44,
## 51.77], t(2068) = 15.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.04, 95% CI [-7.53, -2.55], t(2068) = -3.98, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.74, -0.41])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-3.05, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-33.41, 20.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.638; Std. beta = -3.96,
## 95% CI [-7.37, -0.55])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.05, 95% CI [1.23, 40.87], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.81, 95% CI [-27.27, 9.65], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.27, 95% CI [-30.70, 0.16], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.13, 95% CI [-17.01, 21.27], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.04, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.26, 95% CI [-31.07, 6.56], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.47, 95% CI [10.37, 22.58], t(2068) = 5.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.06, 95%
## CI [0.65, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-6.58, 14.87], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.54, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.58, 95% CI [-12.82, -0.34], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.32, 95% CI [-25.50, -3.14], t(2068) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-8.50, 3.95], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.87, 95% CI [-14.21, 0.47], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-12.59, 25.81], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-27.85, 2.95], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-30.86, 21.87], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-15.08, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.79, 5.72], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.14, 95% CI [-27.82, 1.53], t(2068) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-39.45, 19.68], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-5.19, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.73, 95% CI [-53.65, 0.20], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -2.00,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.78, 95% CI [-23.82, 0.26], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 56.34, 95% CI [29.43, 83.25], t(2068) = 4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.83, 95%
## CI [2.00, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.90, 95% CI [-27.06, 11.26], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-22.68, 2.93], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-17.57, 5.23], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.68, 95% CI [-40.77, 9.41], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.22, 95% CI [-23.12, -5.31], t(2068) = -3.13, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.58, 95% CI [-33.93, -9.23], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-2.72, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-22.00, 1.38], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.68, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.71, 95% CI [-35.43, -4.00], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.86, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-29.54, 23.16], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-15.19, 8.51], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-12.87, 14.67], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.16, 95% CI [-24.40, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.08, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-18.49, 2.24], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.39, 95% CI [-33.27, -1.52], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-11.55, 12.59], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.66, 11.70], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-14.16, 4.42], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.44, 28.39], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = -2.93,
## 95% CI [-5.10, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-20.89, 16.34], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.99, 95% CI [-32.53, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.58, 95% CI [-20.59, -2.58], t(2068) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.88], t(2068) =
## 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.22, 95% CI [-70.64, 2.19], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-8.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.58, 11.03], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-13.85, 10.90], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-18.22, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-6.55, 13.42], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-5.48, 0.81], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-7.15, 9.75], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-3.18, 1.99], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-5.80, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-0.95, 4.51], t(2068) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.73, 10.43], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.85], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-1.84, 5.08], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.08, 95% CI [-29.19, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.111;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-3.62, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-2.72, 11.16], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.34, 10.88], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-6.37, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.62], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.72, 95% CI [-57.20, 35.76], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.651;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-29.56, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-3.66, 3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.29, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.50, 95% CI [-35.99, 14.99], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.86, 12.49], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-5.66, 8.00], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.68, 95% CI [-3.78, 15.13], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.01, 10.24], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.108; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-8.31, 2.03], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.87, 4.38], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.21, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.45], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.481;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-4.32, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.79, 7.48], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.60, 5.70], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-8.06, 6.38], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-10.65, 4.36], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-3.84, 5.99], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.75, 95% CI [-0.46, 17.96], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.06, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.67, 11.27], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.02, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.21], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.83, 95% CI [-50.40, -9.26], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.69, 95% CI [-6.24, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-6.81, 11.53], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.94, 95% CI [-9.22, 17.10], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-14.36, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SO4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 46.10 (95% CI [40.44, 51.77],
## t(2068) = 15.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.04, 95% CI [-7.53, -2.55], t(2068) = -3.98, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.74, -0.41])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-3.05, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-33.41, 20.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.638; Std. beta = -3.96,
## 95% CI [-7.37, -0.55])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.05, 95% CI [1.23, 40.87], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.81, 95% CI [-27.27, 9.65], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.27, 95% CI [-30.70, 0.16], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.13, 95% CI [-17.01, 21.27], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.04, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.26, 95% CI [-31.07, 6.56], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.47, 95% CI [10.37, 22.58], t(2068) = 5.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.06, 95%
## CI [0.65, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-6.58, 14.87], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.54, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.58, 95% CI [-12.82, -0.34], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.32, 95% CI [-25.50, -3.14], t(2068) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-8.50, 3.95], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.87, 95% CI [-14.21, 0.47], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-12.59, 25.81], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-27.85, 2.95], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-30.86, 21.87], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-15.08, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.79, 5.72], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.14, 95% CI [-27.82, 1.53], t(2068) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-39.45, 19.68], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-5.19, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.73, 95% CI [-53.65, 0.20], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -2.00,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.78, 95% CI [-23.82, 0.26], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 56.34, 95% CI [29.43, 83.25], t(2068) = 4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.83, 95%
## CI [2.00, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.90, 95% CI [-27.06, 11.26], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-22.68, 2.93], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-17.57, 5.23], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.68, 95% CI [-40.77, 9.41], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.22, 95% CI [-23.12, -5.31], t(2068) = -3.13, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.58, 95% CI [-33.93, -9.23], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-2.72, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-22.00, 1.38], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.68, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.71, 95% CI [-35.43, -4.00], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.86, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-29.54, 23.16], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-15.19, 8.51], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-12.87, 14.67], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.16, 95% CI [-24.40, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.08, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-18.49, 2.24], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.39, 95% CI [-33.27, -1.52], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-11.55, 12.59], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.66, 11.70], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-14.16, 4.42], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.44, 28.39], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = -2.93,
## 95% CI [-5.10, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-20.89, 16.34], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.99, 95% CI [-32.53, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.58, 95% CI [-20.59, -2.58], t(2068) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.88], t(2068) =
## 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.22, 95% CI [-70.64, 2.19], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-8.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.58, 11.03], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-13.85, 10.90], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-18.22, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-6.55, 13.42], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-5.48, 0.81], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-7.15, 9.75], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-3.18, 1.99], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-5.80, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-0.95, 4.51], t(2068) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.73, 10.43], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.85], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-1.84, 5.08], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.08, 95% CI [-29.19, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.111;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-3.62, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-2.72, 11.16], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.34, 10.88], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-6.37, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.62], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.72, 95% CI [-57.20, 35.76], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.651;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-29.56, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-3.66, 3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.29, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.50, 95% CI [-35.99, 14.99], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.86, 12.49], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-5.66, 8.00], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.68, 95% CI [-3.78, 15.13], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.01, 10.24], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.108; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-8.31, 2.03], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.87, 4.38], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.21, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.45], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.481;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-4.32, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.79, 7.48], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.60, 5.70], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-8.06, 6.38], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-10.65, 4.36], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-3.84, 5.99], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.75, 95% CI [-0.46, 17.96], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.06, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.67, 11.27], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.02, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.21], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.83, 95% CI [-50.40, -9.26], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.69, 95% CI [-6.24, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-6.81, 11.53], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.94, 95% CI [-9.22, 17.10], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-14.36, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 46.10 (95% CI [40.44, 51.77], t(2068) = 15.96, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.04, 95% CI [-7.53, -2.55], t(2068) = -3.98, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.74, -0.41])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-3.05, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-33.41, 20.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.638; Std. beta = -3.96,
## 95% CI [-7.37, -0.55])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.05, 95% CI [1.23, 40.87], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.81, 95% CI [-27.27, 9.65], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.27, 95% CI [-30.70, 0.16], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.13, 95% CI [-17.01, 21.27], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.04, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.26, 95% CI [-31.07, 6.56], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.47, 95% CI [10.37, 22.58], t(2068) = 5.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.06, 95%
## CI [0.65, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-6.58, 14.87], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.54, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.58, 95% CI [-12.82, -0.34], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.32, 95% CI [-25.50, -3.14], t(2068) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-8.50, 3.95], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.87, 95% CI [-14.21, 0.47], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-12.59, 25.81], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-27.85, 2.95], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-30.86, 21.87], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-15.08, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.79, 5.72], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.14, 95% CI [-27.82, 1.53], t(2068) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-39.45, 19.68], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-5.19, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.73, 95% CI [-53.65, 0.20], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -2.00,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.78, 95% CI [-23.82, 0.26], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 56.34, 95% CI [29.43, 83.25], t(2068) = 4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.83, 95%
## CI [2.00, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.90, 95% CI [-27.06, 11.26], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-22.68, 2.93], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-17.57, 5.23], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.68, 95% CI [-40.77, 9.41], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.22, 95% CI [-23.12, -5.31], t(2068) = -3.13, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.58, 95% CI [-33.93, -9.23], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-2.72, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-22.00, 1.38], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.68, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.71, 95% CI [-35.43, -4.00], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.86, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-29.54, 23.16], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-15.19, 8.51], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-12.87, 14.67], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.16, 95% CI [-24.40, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.08, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-18.49, 2.24], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.39, 95% CI [-33.27, -1.52], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-11.55, 12.59], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.66, 11.70], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-14.16, 4.42], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.44, 28.39], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = -2.93,
## 95% CI [-5.10, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-20.89, 16.34], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.99, 95% CI [-32.53, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.58, 95% CI [-20.59, -2.58], t(2068) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.88], t(2068) =
## 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.22, 95% CI [-70.64, 2.19], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-8.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.58, 11.03], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-13.85, 10.90], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-18.22, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-6.55, 13.42], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-5.48, 0.81], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-7.15, 9.75], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-3.18, 1.99], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-5.80, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-0.95, 4.51], t(2068) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.73, 10.43], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.85], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-1.84, 5.08], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.08, 95% CI [-29.19, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.111;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-3.62, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-2.72, 11.16], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.34, 10.88], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-6.37, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.62], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.72, 95% CI [-57.20, 35.76], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.651;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-29.56, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-3.66, 3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.29, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.50, 95% CI [-35.99, 14.99], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.86, 12.49], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-5.66, 8.00], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.68, 95% CI [-3.78, 15.13], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.01, 10.24], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.108; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-8.31, 2.03], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.87, 4.38], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.21, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.45], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.481;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-4.32, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.79, 7.48], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.60, 5.70], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-8.06, 6.38], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-10.65, 4.36], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-3.84, 5.99], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.75, 95% CI [-0.46, 17.96], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.06, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.67, 11.27], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.02, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.21], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.83, 95% CI [-50.40, -9.26], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.69, 95% CI [-6.24, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-6.81, 11.53], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.94, 95% CI [-9.22, 17.10], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-14.36, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 46.10 (95% CI [40.44, 51.77], t(2068)
## = 15.96, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.04, 95% CI [-7.53, -2.55], t(2068) = -3.98, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.57, 95%
## CI [-0.74, -0.41])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.59, 95% CI [-3.05, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.46, 95% CI [-33.41, 20.49], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.638; Std. beta = -3.96,
## 95% CI [-7.37, -0.55])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.05, 95% CI [1.23, 40.87], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.65])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.81, 95% CI [-27.27, 9.65], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.349; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.27, 95% CI [-30.70, 0.16], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-2.88, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.13, 95% CI [-17.01, 21.27], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.827; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.04, 95% CI [-5.95, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.617; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.26, 95% CI [-31.07, 6.56], t(2068) = -1.28, p = 0.202; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.47, 95% CI [10.37, 22.58], t(2068) = 5.29, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.06, 95%
## CI [0.65, 1.47])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.14, 95% CI [-6.58, 14.87], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.449; Std. beta = 0.17, 95%
## CI [-0.54, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.58, 95% CI [-12.82, -0.34], t(2068) = -2.07, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.69, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.32, 95% CI [-25.50, -3.14], t(2068) = -2.51, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.60, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-8.50, 3.95], t(2068) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.87, 95% CI [-14.21, 0.47], t(2068) = -1.83, p = 0.067; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.61, 95% CI [-12.59, 25.81], t(2068) = 0.68, p = 0.500; Std. beta = -0.90,
## 95% CI [-2.54, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.45, 95% CI [-27.85, 2.95], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.42, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.49, 95% CI [-30.86, 21.87], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-15.08, 8.23], t(2068) = -0.58, p = 0.565; Std. beta = 0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.51, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.79, 5.72], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.14, 95% CI [-27.82, 1.53], t(2068) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-39.45, 19.68], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -1.77,
## 95% CI [-5.19, 1.65])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.73, 95% CI [-53.65, 0.20], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -2.00,
## 95% CI [-4.63, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.78, 95% CI [-23.82, 0.26], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.73, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 56.34, 95% CI [29.43, 83.25], t(2068) = 4.11, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.83, 95%
## CI [2.00, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.90, 95% CI [-27.06, 11.26], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-4.14, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.88, 95% CI [-22.68, 2.93], t(2068) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.17, 95% CI [-17.57, 5.23], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.68, 95% CI [-40.77, 9.41], t(2068) = -1.23, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.07, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.22, 95% CI [-23.12, -5.31], t(2068) = -3.13, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.58, 95% CI [-33.93, -9.23], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.55,
## 95% CI [-2.72, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.31, 95% CI [-22.00, 1.38], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.68, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.71, 95% CI [-35.43, -4.00], t(2068) = -2.46, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.86, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.19, 95% CI [-29.54, 23.16], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.812; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.11, 1.13])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-15.19, 8.51], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.82, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-12.87, 14.67], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.16, 95% CI [-24.40, 2.07], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.08, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-18.49, 2.24], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.39, 95% CI [-33.27, -1.52], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.52, 95% CI [-11.55, 12.59], t(2068) = 0.09, p = 0.932; Std. beta = 0.58,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.66, 11.70], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.87, 95% CI [-14.16, 4.42], t(2068) = -1.03, p = 0.304; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.98, 95% CI [-24.44, 28.39], t(2068) = 0.15, p = 0.883; Std. beta = -2.93,
## 95% CI [-5.10, -0.76])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.27, 95% CI [-20.89, 16.34], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.811; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.99, 95% CI [-32.53, -1.44], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.58, 95% CI [-20.59, -2.58], t(2068) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.88], t(2068) =
## 0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.22, 95% CI [-70.64, 2.19], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.065;
## Std. beta = -4.24, 95% CI [-8.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-12.58, 11.03], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-13.85, 10.90], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.815;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-18.22, 11.51], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.658;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.44, 95% CI [-6.55, 13.42], t(2068) = 0.67, p = 0.500; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-5.48, 0.81], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.68, 0.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-7.15, 9.75], t(2068) = 0.30, p = 0.763; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-3.18, 1.99], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-5.80, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.78, 95% CI [-0.95, 4.51], t(2068) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.85, 95% CI [-4.73, 10.43], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.461; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.85], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [-1.84, 5.08], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.359; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.08, 95% CI [-29.19, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.59, p = 0.111;
## Std. beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-3.62, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.22, 95% CI [-2.72, 11.16], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = 0.52, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.27, 95% CI [-0.34, 10.88], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-6.37, 9.80], t(2068) = 0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.15, 7.62], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.72, 95% CI [-57.20, 35.76], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.651;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.09, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-29.56, 26.06], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.902;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-3.66, 3.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.88, 95% CI [-6.29, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.750; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.50, 95% CI [-35.99, 14.99], t(2068) = -0.81, p = 0.419;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.86, 12.49], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.568; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-5.66, 8.00], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.736; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.68, 95% CI [-3.78, 15.13], t(2068) = 1.18, p = 0.239; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.62, 95% CI [-1.01, 10.24], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.108; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.14, 95% CI [-8.31, 2.03], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-7.87, 4.38], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.576; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.21, 95% CI [-34.87, 16.45], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.481;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-4.32, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.66, 95% CI [-12.79, 7.48], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-2.60, 5.70], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-8.06, 6.38], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.819; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.15, 95% CI [-10.65, 4.36], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-3.84, 5.99], t(2068) = 0.43, p = 0.667; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.75, 95% CI [-0.46, 17.96], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.063; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.06, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.30, 95% CI [-0.67, 11.27], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.02, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.682; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.21], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.83, 95% CI [-50.40, -9.26], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.69, 95% CI [-6.24, -1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-6.81, 11.53], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.94, 95% CI [-9.22, 17.10], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.557; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-14.36, 9.02], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.78, 1.12])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.2.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14890.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1099 -0.4920 -0.0077  0.4425  7.1004 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   136.91   11.701        
##           time_firstPFT  11.19    3.346   -0.29
##  Residual                41.85    6.469        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       44.48395    5.53950   8.030
## time_firstPFT                     -3.35633    2.53125  -1.326
## SO4_5yrPreCensor                  -1.88115    0.76043  -2.474
## disadv                            -6.18152    2.34179  -2.640
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.67166    2.27416  -1.175
## sexF                              -2.50550    1.40715  -1.781
## age_dx                             0.14243    0.07367   1.933
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.81594    1.40300  -2.007
## smokeHxAlways                      9.63607    7.02014   1.373
## smokeHxUnknown                    -1.43624    3.22247  -0.446
## site02R                          -11.34762   13.60783  -0.834
## site03R                           15.75010   10.08668   1.561
## site04R                           -8.87002    9.25992  -0.958
## site05R                          -16.02889    7.77722  -2.061
## site06R                          -10.91951   13.48290  -0.810
## site07R                           -0.45035    4.04756  -0.111
## site09R                          -15.47267    9.50281  -1.628
## site101                           15.92660    3.09981   5.138
## site102                            1.94635    5.47741   0.355
## site103                           -7.32883    3.24621  -2.258
## site104                          -14.09020    5.65275  -2.493
## site105                           -2.40309    3.15104  -0.763
## site106                           -9.56656    3.77201  -2.536
## site107                            3.23644    9.68421   0.334
## site108                           -8.22262    8.09558  -1.016
## site10R                           -4.37705   13.42916  -0.326
## site11R                           -4.99639    5.86224  -0.852
## site12R                          -12.31209    9.41423  -1.308
## site13R                          -15.52950    7.42256  -2.092
## site14R                          -12.75758   15.01575  -0.850
## site15R                          -23.63769   13.56511  -1.743
## site16R                          -12.27245    6.15291  -1.995
## site17R                           60.08422   13.64274   4.404
## site18R                           -6.70326    9.64677  -0.695
## site19R                          -11.99505    6.49070  -1.848
## site20R                           -7.15854    5.74977  -1.245
## site21R                          -15.85770   12.56586  -1.262
## site22R                          -17.53735    4.56523  -3.842
## site23R                          -28.69340    7.79067  -3.683
## site24R                           -2.92788    5.33920  -0.548
## site25R                          -13.84466    5.97425  -2.317
## site28R                          -18.59841    7.94128  -2.342
## site29R                           -7.90811   13.29620  -0.595
## site31R                           -4.92999    6.04974  -0.815
## site32R                            0.22057    6.96647   0.032
## site33R                          -12.19886    6.67387  -1.828
## site34R                           -8.76251    5.21120  -1.681
## site35R                          -18.92463    8.01809  -2.360
## site36R                           -0.43454    6.08484  -0.071
## site37R                           -3.93172    6.71204  -0.586
## site38R                           -4.89674    4.66847  -1.049
## site39R                            8.86958   13.50901   0.657
## site40R                           -4.37851    9.35613  -0.468
## site41R                          -18.64433    7.89274  -2.362
## site42R                          -14.16145    4.59016  -3.085
## time_firstPFT:SO4_5yrPreCensor     0.15365    0.35619   0.431
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.56443    1.12198   1.394
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.54377    1.11200  -0.489
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.73425    0.65712   1.117
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03953    0.03442  -1.148
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.64465    0.67541  -0.954
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.40390    6.04203  -1.060
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.17314    1.70050   1.278
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.56440   18.59185  -1.752
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.42386    6.07205  -0.070
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.22341    6.34127  -0.351
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.26257    7.59725  -0.429
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.77576    1.64891  -1.077
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.38226    4.33189   0.550
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.49209    1.33071  -0.370
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.49826    2.44674  -0.204
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.96829    1.45320   1.354
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.26609    3.91116   0.579
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.20581    1.37328   0.150
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.14116    1.81403   1.180
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.23265    8.22701  -1.487
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.74780    3.72220   1.276
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.91538    2.91127   2.032
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.12504    4.13331   0.514
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.20204    4.05672  -0.050
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.50645   23.72157  -0.401
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.15582   14.19406  -0.152
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.04616    2.81522  -0.372
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.44543   13.00877  -0.803
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.74032    5.00713   0.547
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.95960    3.53658   0.271
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.22264    4.81091   1.293
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.84380    2.92482   1.998
## time_firstPFT:site23R             23.08686   26.71919   0.864
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.83887    2.64234  -1.074
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.81701    3.19396  -0.256
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.42195   13.15848  -0.640
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.01263    5.21011  -0.194
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.28460    2.18121   1.047
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.40398    3.71404  -0.109
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.63696    3.87685  -0.938
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.15018    2.52073   0.456
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.56419    4.73400   2.020
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.34510    3.05986   1.747
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.85584    3.07832  -0.278
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.76091    2.04021  -0.863
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.13397   10.56257  -2.853
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.89879    4.72354   0.402
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.77037    6.73360   0.708
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.00820    5.97975  -0.503
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.799
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.525
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038)
## = 8.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SO4_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## SO4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0,
## is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62,
## 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0,
## is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62,
## 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SO4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 44.48 (95% CI [33.62, 55.35], t(2038) = 8.03, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.36, 95% CI [-8.32, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.58, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.35])
##   - The effect of SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-3.37, -0.39], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.013; Std. beta =
## -0.17, 95% CI [-0.33, -0.01])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.18,
## 95% CI [-10.77, -1.59], t(2038) = -2.64, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.13, 1.79], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.240; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.08])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.51, 95% CI [-5.27, 0.25], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -0.09, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-2.05e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.93, p = 0.053; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.82, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.06], t(2038) = -2.01, p = 0.045; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.64, 95% CI [-4.13, 23.40], t(2038) = 1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta =
## -5.68e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.44, 95% CI [-7.76, 4.88], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.656; Std. beta =
## 0.13, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.35, 95% CI [-38.03, 15.34], t(2038) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta =
## -4.13, 95% CI [-7.55, -0.71])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.75, 95% CI [-4.03, 35.53], t(2038) = 1.56, p = 0.119; Std. beta = 1.03,
## 95% CI [-0.28, 2.33])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.87, 95% CI [-27.03, 9.29], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.03, 95% CI [-31.28, -0.78], t(2038) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -1.43,
## 95% CI [-2.93, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.92, 95% CI [-37.36, 15.52], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.418; Std. beta =
## -0.74, 95% CI [-2.54, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.45, 95% CI [-8.39, 7.49], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.911; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.74, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.47, 95% CI [-34.11, 3.16], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.93, 95% CI [9.85, 22.01], t(2038) = 5.14, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.03, 95% CI
## [0.62, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.95, 95% CI [-8.80, 12.69], t(2038) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.33, 95% CI [-13.70, -0.96], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.09, 95% CI [-25.18, -3.00], t(2038) = -2.49, p = 0.013; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.65, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-8.58, 3.78], t(2038) = -0.76, p = 0.446; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.28])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.57, 95% CI [-16.96, -2.17], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.24, 95% CI [-15.76, 22.23], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.69, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.22, 95% CI [-24.10, 7.65], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.310; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.71, 21.96], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-16.49, 6.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-30.77, 6.15], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.53, 95% CI [-30.09, -0.97], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.06, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.76, 95% CI [-42.21, 16.69], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.396; Std. beta =
## -1.85, 95% CI [-5.29, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -23.64, 95% CI [-50.24, 2.97], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -1.83,
## 95% CI [-4.47, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.27, 95% CI [-24.34, -0.21], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.79, -0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.08, 95% CI [33.33, 86.84], t(2038) = 4.40, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.08, 95%
## CI [2.26, 5.90])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.70, 95% CI [-25.62, 12.22], t(2038) = -0.69, p = 0.487; Std. beta = -1.53,
## 95% CI [-4.07, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-24.72, 0.73], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.63, 0.56])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-18.43, 4.12], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.213; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.86, 95% CI [-40.50, 8.79], t(2038) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-2.01, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.54, 95% CI [-26.49, -8.58], t(2038) = -3.84, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.69, 95% CI [-43.97, -13.41], t(2038) = -3.68, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.43,
## 95% CI [-4.56, 5.42])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.93, 95% CI [-13.40, 7.54], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.84, 95% CI [-25.56, -2.13], t(2038) = -2.32, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -1.03,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.60, 95% CI [-34.17, -3.02], t(2038) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -2.13,
## 95% CI [-4.73, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.91, 95% CI [-33.98, 18.17], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.98])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-16.79, 6.93], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.415; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.22, 95% CI [-13.44, 13.88], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.975; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.20, 95% CI [-25.29, 0.89], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -1.20,
## 95% CI [-2.21, -0.20])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.76, 95% CI [-18.98, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.92, 95% CI [-34.65, -3.20], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.43, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.43, 95% CI [-12.37, 11.50], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.93, 95% CI [-17.09, 9.23], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.558; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.90, 95% CI [-14.05, 4.26], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.13, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.87, 95% CI [-17.62, 35.36], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -2.51,
## 95% CI [-4.71, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-22.73, 13.97], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.640; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.64, 95% CI [-34.12, -3.17], t(2038) = -2.36, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.77,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-23.16, -5.16], t(2038) = -3.09, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-2.39, -0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SO4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.85], t(2038) =
## 0.43, p = 0.666; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.64, 3.76], t(2038) = 1.39, p = 0.163; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-2.72, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.49, p = 0.625; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.55, 2.02], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.64, 95% CI [-1.97, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.40, 95% CI [-18.25, 5.45], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.17, 95% CI [-1.16, 5.51], t(2038) =
## 1.28, p = 0.201; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.56, 95% CI [-69.03, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.04, 95% CI [-8.56, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-12.33, 11.48], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.944;
## Std. beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.22, 95% CI [-14.66, 10.21], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-1.82, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-18.16, 11.64], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-5.01, 1.46], t(2038) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.38, 95% CI [-6.11, 10.88], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.582; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.49, 95% CI [-3.10, 2.12], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.712; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-5.30, 4.30], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.839; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-0.88, 4.82], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.176; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.40, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-2.49, 2.90], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.881; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.70], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.23, 95% CI [-28.37, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.137;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.75, 95% CI [-2.55, 12.05], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.202; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.21, 11.62], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.03, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.13, 95% CI [-5.98, 10.23], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.607; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-8.16, 7.75], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.960; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.51, 95% CI [-56.03, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.16, 95% CI [-29.99, 25.68], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-6.57, 4.47], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.710; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.45, 95% CI [-35.96, 15.07], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.422;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-4.46, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.74, 95% CI [-7.08, 12.56], t(2038) = 0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-5.98, 7.90], t(2038) = 0.27, p = 0.786; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.22, 95% CI [-3.21, 15.66], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.84, 95% CI [0.11, 11.58], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.046; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.01, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.09, 95% CI [-29.31, 75.49], t(2038) = 0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = 2.86, 95% CI [-3.64, 9.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-8.02, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.07, p = 0.283; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-7.08, 5.45], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.798; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.88, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.42, 95% CI [-34.23, 17.38], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.522;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.01, 95% CI [-11.23, 9.21], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.846; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.39, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.28, 95% CI [-1.99, 6.56], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.295; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-7.69, 6.88], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.913; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.64, 95% CI [-11.24, 3.97], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-1.39, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-3.79, 6.09], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.56, 95% CI [0.28, 18.85], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.19, 95% CI [0.03, 2.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.66, 11.35], t(2038) = 1.75, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-6.89, 5.18], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.76, 95% CI [-5.76, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.13, 95% CI [-50.85, -9.42], t(2038) = -2.85, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-7.36, 11.16], t(2038) = 0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.77, 95% CI [-8.44, 17.98], t(2038) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-14.74, 8.72], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.615; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.3 NO3

10.3.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15055.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1398 -0.4968 -0.0038  0.4359  7.0938 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   140.87   11.869        
##           time_firstPFT  11.32    3.364   -0.31
##  Residual                41.81    6.466        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                 Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     47.29214    2.46216  19.208
## time_firstPFT                   -5.12594    1.31609  -3.895
## NO3_5yrPreCensor                -6.33101    2.03481  -3.111
## site02R                         -0.19947   13.50404  -0.015
## site03R                         25.09655    9.82752   2.554
## site04R                         -1.31651    9.28522  -0.142
## site05R                        -13.30383    7.71219  -1.725
## site06R                          3.46454    9.62361   0.360
## site07R                          6.84795    3.67188   1.865
## site09R                        -10.09296    9.36959  -1.077
## site101                         19.10802    2.52766   7.560
## site102                          6.46616    4.97311   1.300
## site103                         -6.07202    2.58113  -2.352
## site104                        -14.61729    5.42230  -2.696
## site105                         -0.81898    2.62167  -0.312
## site106                         -3.53035    3.34049  -1.057
## site107                          8.03911    9.57245   0.840
## site108                        -12.16845    7.59355  -1.602
## site10R                         -5.05666   13.34346  -0.379
## site11R                         -4.64641    5.88378  -0.790
## site12R                        -10.44457    9.29206  -1.124
## site13R                        -11.46027    7.28376  -1.573
## site14R                         -7.27982   14.94327  -0.487
## site15R                        -28.03731   13.64232  -2.055
## site16R                         -8.19019    5.83689  -1.403
## site17R                         58.99676   13.55577   4.352
## site18R                         -8.49959    9.67104  -0.879
## site19R                        -10.91248    6.36775  -1.714
## site20R                         -3.89228    5.53668  -0.703
## site21R                        -15.50944   12.66081  -1.225
## site22R                         -9.91362    4.23254  -2.342
## site23R                        -21.72392    6.17530  -3.518
## site24R                          3.28523    4.98767   0.659
## site25R                         -4.42056    5.52366  -0.800
## site28R                        -16.21977    7.86070  -2.063
## site29R                         -1.70282   13.24269  -0.129
## site31R                         -3.24213    5.85905  -0.553
## site32R                          1.63214    6.73859   0.242
## site33R                        -11.40852    6.63994  -1.718
## site34R                         -6.20282    4.98675  -1.244
## site35R                        -17.27761    7.89711  -2.188
## site36R                          3.90745    5.90710   0.661
## site37R                          2.26034    6.44188   0.351
## site38R                         -5.49525    4.60002  -1.195
## site39R                          2.73958   13.25238   0.207
## site40R                          5.85271    9.30370   0.629
## site41R                        -12.79762    7.65743  -1.671
## site42R                         -8.36462    4.30456  -1.943
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreCensor   0.78723    1.15249   0.683
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -35.05292   18.54998  -1.890
## time_firstPFT:site03R           -1.34583    5.94531  -0.226
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -2.47289    6.29460  -0.393
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -3.65401    7.55858  -0.483
## time_firstPFT:site06R            3.23958    5.06189   0.640
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -2.95842    1.41816  -2.086
## time_firstPFT:site09R            1.01587    4.22631   0.240
## time_firstPFT:site101           -0.97010    1.07177  -0.905
## time_firstPFT:site102           -1.46662    2.19237  -0.669
## time_firstPFT:site103            1.64786    1.21004   1.362
## time_firstPFT:site104            2.82855    3.80022   0.744
## time_firstPFT:site105           -0.04422    1.16479  -0.038
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.19166    1.60969   0.740
## time_firstPFT:site107          -13.29947    8.17738  -1.626
## time_firstPFT:site108            4.12255    3.47838   1.185
## time_firstPFT:site11R            5.37503    2.87962   1.867
## time_firstPFT:site12R            1.34477    4.02598   0.334
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -0.52521    3.95035  -0.133
## time_firstPFT:site14R          -10.91998   23.69092  -0.461
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -1.63088   14.19040  -0.115
## time_firstPFT:site16R           -1.34951    2.63137  -0.513
## time_firstPFT:site18R          -10.39685   12.99272  -0.800
## time_firstPFT:site19R            2.92944    4.93024   0.594
## time_firstPFT:site20R            0.80896    3.40853   0.237
## time_firstPFT:site21R            5.61790    4.80054   1.170
## time_firstPFT:site22R            4.04543    2.77454   1.458
## time_firstPFT:site23R           -0.79582    5.43160  -0.147
## time_firstPFT:site24R           -3.78529    2.48058  -1.526
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -2.55180    2.96765  -0.860
## time_firstPFT:site28R           -9.86869   13.06382  -0.755
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -2.88863    5.11463  -0.565
## time_firstPFT:site31R            1.49651    2.07191   0.722
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -0.94444    3.59402  -0.263
## time_firstPFT:site33R           -3.15805    3.82473  -0.826
## time_firstPFT:site34R            0.79715    2.39755   0.332
## time_firstPFT:site35R            8.73640    4.67074   1.870
## time_firstPFT:site36R            4.82780    2.95797   1.632
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -1.74144    2.86066  -0.609
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -1.74703    2.02640  -0.862
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -29.97615   10.46456  -2.865
## time_firstPFT:site40R            1.18503    4.59023   0.258
## time_firstPFT:site41R            3.37621    6.66200   0.507
## time_firstPFT:site42R           -3.15846    5.91466  -0.534
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.799
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.529
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 47.29 (95% CI [42.46,
## 52.12], t(2068) = 19.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.13, 95% CI [-7.71, -2.54], t(2068) = -3.89, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.42])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-10.32, -2.34], t(2068) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-26.68, 26.28], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.988; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-7.01, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.10, 95% CI [5.82, 44.37], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.31, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.32, 95% CI [-19.53, 16.89], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.43, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.76, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.46, 95% CI [-15.41, 22.34], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.85, 95% CI [-0.35, 14.05], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-28.47, 8.28], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.11, 95% CI [14.15, 24.07], t(2068) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.20, 95%
## CI [0.87, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.47, 95% CI [-3.29, 16.22], t(2068) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.07, 95% CI [-11.13, -1.01], t(2068) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.62, 95% CI [-25.25, -3.98], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.04, 95% CI [-10.73, 26.81], t(2068) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.17, 95% CI [-27.06, 2.72], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.06, 95% CI [-31.22, 21.11], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.65, 95% CI [-16.19, 6.89], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.44, 95% CI [-28.67, 7.78], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-25.74, 2.82], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.28, 95% CI [-36.59, 22.03], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-5.03, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.04, 95% CI [-54.79, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -2.07,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.26], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.00, 95% CI [32.41, 85.58], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.01, 95%
## CI [2.20, 5.82])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.50, 95% CI [-27.47, 10.47], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -1.65,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-23.40, 1.58], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-14.75, 6.97], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.51, 95% CI [-40.34, 9.32], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.91, 95% CI [-18.21, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.72, 95% CI [-33.83, -9.61], t(2068) = -3.52, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-2.73, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.07], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-15.25, 6.41], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.22, 95% CI [-31.64, -0.80], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-27.67, 24.27], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-14.73, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.63, 95% CI [-11.58, 14.85], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.41, 95% CI [-24.43, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.20, 95% CI [-15.98, 3.58], t(2068) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.28, 95% CI [-32.76, -1.79], t(2068) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.91, 95% CI [-7.68, 15.49], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.37, 14.89], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-14.52, 3.53], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-23.25, 28.73], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -2.90,
## 95% CI [-5.05, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-12.39, 24.10], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.22], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.36, 95% CI [-16.81, 0.08], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.47, 3.05], t(2068) =
## 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.34, 95% CI [-8.85, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.31], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-14.82, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-18.48, 11.17], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629;
## Std. beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.69, 13.17], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.74, -0.18], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.30], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.07, 1.13], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.83], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.73, 4.02], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.62, 10.28], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.24], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = -5.48e-03, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.35], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.30, 95% CI [-29.34, 2.74], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.12, 95% CI [-2.70, 10.94], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.236; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.38, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.02], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.55, 9.24], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.27, 7.22], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-57.38, 35.54], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-7.11, 4.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-29.46, 26.20], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-6.51, 3.81], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-35.88, 15.08], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.44, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-6.74, 12.60], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-5.88, 7.49], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.62, 95% CI [-3.80, 15.03], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.242; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.40, 9.49], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.65, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-8.37, 3.27], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.87, 95% CI [-35.49, 15.75], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-4.40, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-12.92, 7.14], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-2.57, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-7.99, 6.10], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-10.66, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.90, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 17.90], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.05, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.63], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.74, 95% CI [-7.35, 3.87], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.72, 2.23], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.98, 95% CI [-50.50, -9.45], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-6.26, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-7.82, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-9.69, 16.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.44], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NO3_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 47.29 (95% CI [42.46, 52.12],
## t(2068) = 19.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.13, 95% CI [-7.71, -2.54], t(2068) = -3.89, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.42])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-10.32, -2.34], t(2068) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-26.68, 26.28], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.988; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-7.01, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.10, 95% CI [5.82, 44.37], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.31, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.32, 95% CI [-19.53, 16.89], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.43, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.76, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.46, 95% CI [-15.41, 22.34], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.85, 95% CI [-0.35, 14.05], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-28.47, 8.28], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.11, 95% CI [14.15, 24.07], t(2068) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.20, 95%
## CI [0.87, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.47, 95% CI [-3.29, 16.22], t(2068) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.07, 95% CI [-11.13, -1.01], t(2068) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.62, 95% CI [-25.25, -3.98], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.04, 95% CI [-10.73, 26.81], t(2068) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.17, 95% CI [-27.06, 2.72], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.06, 95% CI [-31.22, 21.11], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.65, 95% CI [-16.19, 6.89], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.44, 95% CI [-28.67, 7.78], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-25.74, 2.82], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.28, 95% CI [-36.59, 22.03], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-5.03, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.04, 95% CI [-54.79, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -2.07,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.26], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.00, 95% CI [32.41, 85.58], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.01, 95%
## CI [2.20, 5.82])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.50, 95% CI [-27.47, 10.47], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -1.65,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-23.40, 1.58], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-14.75, 6.97], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.51, 95% CI [-40.34, 9.32], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.91, 95% CI [-18.21, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.72, 95% CI [-33.83, -9.61], t(2068) = -3.52, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-2.73, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.07], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-15.25, 6.41], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.22, 95% CI [-31.64, -0.80], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-27.67, 24.27], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-14.73, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.63, 95% CI [-11.58, 14.85], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.41, 95% CI [-24.43, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.20, 95% CI [-15.98, 3.58], t(2068) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.28, 95% CI [-32.76, -1.79], t(2068) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.91, 95% CI [-7.68, 15.49], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.37, 14.89], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-14.52, 3.53], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-23.25, 28.73], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -2.90,
## 95% CI [-5.05, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-12.39, 24.10], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.22], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.36, 95% CI [-16.81, 0.08], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.47, 3.05], t(2068) =
## 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.34, 95% CI [-8.85, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.31], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-14.82, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-18.48, 11.17], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629;
## Std. beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.69, 13.17], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.74, -0.18], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.30], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.07, 1.13], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.83], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.73, 4.02], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.62, 10.28], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.24], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = -5.48e-03, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.35], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.30, 95% CI [-29.34, 2.74], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.12, 95% CI [-2.70, 10.94], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.236; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.38, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.02], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.55, 9.24], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.27, 7.22], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-57.38, 35.54], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-7.11, 4.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-29.46, 26.20], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-6.51, 3.81], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-35.88, 15.08], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.44, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-6.74, 12.60], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-5.88, 7.49], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.62, 95% CI [-3.80, 15.03], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.242; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.40, 9.49], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.65, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-8.37, 3.27], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.87, 95% CI [-35.49, 15.75], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-4.40, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-12.92, 7.14], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-2.57, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-7.99, 6.10], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-10.66, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.90, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 17.90], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.05, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.63], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.74, 95% CI [-7.35, 3.87], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.72, 2.23], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.98, 95% CI [-50.50, -9.45], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-6.26, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-7.82, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-9.69, 16.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.44], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 47.29 (95% CI [42.46, 52.12], t(2068) = 19.21, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.13, 95% CI [-7.71, -2.54], t(2068) = -3.89, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.42])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-10.32, -2.34], t(2068) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-26.68, 26.28], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.988; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-7.01, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.10, 95% CI [5.82, 44.37], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.31, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.32, 95% CI [-19.53, 16.89], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.43, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.76, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.46, 95% CI [-15.41, 22.34], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.85, 95% CI [-0.35, 14.05], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-28.47, 8.28], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.11, 95% CI [14.15, 24.07], t(2068) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.20, 95%
## CI [0.87, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.47, 95% CI [-3.29, 16.22], t(2068) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.07, 95% CI [-11.13, -1.01], t(2068) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.62, 95% CI [-25.25, -3.98], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.04, 95% CI [-10.73, 26.81], t(2068) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.17, 95% CI [-27.06, 2.72], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.06, 95% CI [-31.22, 21.11], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.65, 95% CI [-16.19, 6.89], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.44, 95% CI [-28.67, 7.78], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-25.74, 2.82], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.28, 95% CI [-36.59, 22.03], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-5.03, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.04, 95% CI [-54.79, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -2.07,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.26], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.00, 95% CI [32.41, 85.58], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.01, 95%
## CI [2.20, 5.82])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.50, 95% CI [-27.47, 10.47], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -1.65,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-23.40, 1.58], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-14.75, 6.97], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.51, 95% CI [-40.34, 9.32], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.91, 95% CI [-18.21, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.72, 95% CI [-33.83, -9.61], t(2068) = -3.52, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-2.73, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.07], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-15.25, 6.41], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.22, 95% CI [-31.64, -0.80], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-27.67, 24.27], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-14.73, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.63, 95% CI [-11.58, 14.85], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.41, 95% CI [-24.43, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.20, 95% CI [-15.98, 3.58], t(2068) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.28, 95% CI [-32.76, -1.79], t(2068) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.91, 95% CI [-7.68, 15.49], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.37, 14.89], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-14.52, 3.53], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-23.25, 28.73], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -2.90,
## 95% CI [-5.05, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-12.39, 24.10], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.22], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.36, 95% CI [-16.81, 0.08], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.47, 3.05], t(2068) =
## 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.34, 95% CI [-8.85, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.31], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-14.82, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-18.48, 11.17], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629;
## Std. beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.69, 13.17], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.74, -0.18], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.30], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.07, 1.13], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.83], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.73, 4.02], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.62, 10.28], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.24], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = -5.48e-03, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.35], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.30, 95% CI [-29.34, 2.74], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.12, 95% CI [-2.70, 10.94], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.236; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.38, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.02], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.55, 9.24], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.27, 7.22], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-57.38, 35.54], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-7.11, 4.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-29.46, 26.20], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-6.51, 3.81], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-35.88, 15.08], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.44, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-6.74, 12.60], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-5.88, 7.49], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.62, 95% CI [-3.80, 15.03], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.242; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.40, 9.49], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.65, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-8.37, 3.27], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.87, 95% CI [-35.49, 15.75], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-4.40, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-12.92, 7.14], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-2.57, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-7.99, 6.10], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-10.66, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.90, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 17.90], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.05, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.63], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.74, 95% CI [-7.35, 3.87], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.72, 2.23], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.98, 95% CI [-50.50, -9.45], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-6.26, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-7.82, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-9.69, 16.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.44], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 47.29 (95% CI [42.46, 52.12], t(2068)
## = 19.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.13, 95% CI [-7.71, -2.54], t(2068) = -3.89, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.42])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -6.33, 95% CI [-10.32, -2.34], t(2068) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.13, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-26.68, 26.28], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.988; Std. beta = -3.62,
## 95% CI [-7.01, -0.22])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.10, 95% CI [5.82, 44.37], t(2068) = 2.55, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.57, 95%
## CI [0.31, 2.82])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.32, 95% CI [-19.53, 16.89], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.887; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 1.10])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.43, 1.82], t(2068) = -1.73, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.76, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.46, 95% CI [-15.41, 22.34], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.57,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.92])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.85, 95% CI [-0.35, 14.05], t(2068) = 1.86, p = 0.062; Std. beta = 0.16, 95%
## CI [-0.30, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.09, 95% CI [-28.47, 8.28], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.282; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.11, 95% CI [14.15, 24.07], t(2068) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.20, 95%
## CI [0.87, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.47, 95% CI [-3.29, 16.22], t(2068) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.35, 0.93])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.07, 95% CI [-11.13, -1.01], t(2068) = -2.35, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.62, 95% CI [-25.25, -3.98], t(2068) = -2.70, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.82, 95% CI [-5.96, 4.32], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.41, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.53, 95% CI [-10.08, 3.02], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.291; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.04, 95% CI [-10.73, 26.81], t(2068) = 0.84, p = 0.401; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.17, 95% CI [-27.06, 2.72], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.109; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.06, 95% CI [-31.22, 21.11], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 1.44])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.65, 95% CI [-16.19, 6.89], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.430; Std. beta = 0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.58, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.44, 95% CI [-28.67, 7.78], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.261; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.83, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.46, 95% CI [-25.74, 2.82], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.28, 95% CI [-36.59, 22.03], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.626; Std. beta = -1.62,
## 95% CI [-5.03, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -28.04, 95% CI [-54.79, -1.28], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -2.07,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.19, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.26], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.00, 95% CI [32.41, 85.58], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.01, 95%
## CI [2.20, 5.82])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.50, 95% CI [-27.47, 10.47], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta = -1.65,
## 95% CI [-4.17, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-23.40, 1.58], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.89, 95% CI [-14.75, 6.97], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.482; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.51, 95% CI [-40.34, 9.32], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.221; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 1.09])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.91, 95% CI [-18.21, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.34, p = 0.019; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.72, 95% CI [-33.83, -9.61], t(2068) = -3.52, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.56,
## 95% CI [-2.73, -0.39])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-6.50, 13.07], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.510; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-15.25, 6.41], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.31, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.22, 95% CI [-31.64, -0.80], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.70, 95% CI [-27.67, 24.27], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.24, 95% CI [-14.73, 8.25], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.580; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.63, 95% CI [-11.58, 14.85], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.41, 95% CI [-24.43, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -1.10,
## 95% CI [-2.09, -0.11])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.20, 95% CI [-15.98, 3.58], t(2068) = -1.24, p = 0.214; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.28, 95% CI [-32.76, -1.79], t(2068) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.38, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.91, 95% CI [-7.68, 15.49], t(2068) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.26, 95% CI [-10.37, 14.89], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.50, 95% CI [-14.52, 3.53], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.74, 95% CI [-23.25, 28.73], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.836; Std. beta = -2.90,
## 95% CI [-5.05, -0.74])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.85, 95% CI [-12.39, 24.10], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.529; Std. beta = 0.52,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.80, 95% CI [-27.81, 2.22], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.36, 95% CI [-16.81, 0.08], t(2068) = -1.94, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-1.47, 3.05], t(2068) =
## 0.68, p = 0.495; Std. beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -35.05, 95% CI [-71.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.34, 95% CI [-8.85, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.31], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.47, 95% CI [-14.82, 9.87], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.694; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-18.48, 11.17], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629;
## Std. beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.24, 95% CI [-6.69, 13.17], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-5.74, -0.18], t(2068) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.30], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.97, 95% CI [-3.07, 1.13], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.77, 2.83], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-0.73, 4.02], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.173; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.83, 95% CI [-4.62, 10.28], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.457; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-2.33, 2.24], t(2068) = -0.04, p = 0.970; Std.
## beta = -5.48e-03, 95% CI [-0.29, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.35], t(2068) = 0.74, p = 0.459; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.30, 95% CI [-29.34, 2.74], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.104;
## Std. beta = -1.65, 95% CI [-3.63, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.12, 95% CI [-2.70, 10.94], t(2068) = 1.19, p = 0.236; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.33, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.38, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.02], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.34, 95% CI [-6.55, 9.24], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.27, 7.22], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.894; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.92, 95% CI [-57.38, 35.54], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.645;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-7.11, 4.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-29.46, 26.20], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.909;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.65, 3.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-6.51, 3.81], t(2068) = -0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-35.88, 15.08], t(2068) = -0.80, p = 0.424;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-4.44, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.93, 95% CI [-6.74, 12.60], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.552; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.81, 95% CI [-5.88, 7.49], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.62, 95% CI [-3.80, 15.03], t(2068) = 1.17, p = 0.242; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.47, 1.86])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.05, 95% CI [-1.40, 9.49], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.50, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.86], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.884; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.42, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-8.65, 1.08], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.127; Std.
## beta = -0.47, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.55, 95% CI [-8.37, 3.27], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.87, 95% CI [-35.49, 15.75], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.450;
## Std. beta = -1.22, 95% CI [-4.40, 1.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-12.92, 7.14], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.572; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.60, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.50, 95% CI [-2.57, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.94, 95% CI [-7.99, 6.10], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-10.66, 4.34], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.409; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.32, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.80, 95% CI [-3.90, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.740; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 17.90], t(2068) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 1.08, 95% CI [-0.05, 2.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.83, 95% CI [-0.97, 10.63], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.74, 95% CI [-7.35, 3.87], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.543; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.72, 2.23], t(2068) = -0.86, p = 0.389; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.98, 95% CI [-50.50, -9.45], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.71, 95% CI [-6.26, -1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.19, 95% CI [-7.82, 10.19], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.38, 95% CI [-9.69, 16.44], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.20, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-14.76, 8.44], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.3.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14884.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1159 -0.4945 -0.0102  0.4397  7.0857 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   136.46   11.681        
##           time_firstPFT  11.16    3.341   -0.28
##  Residual                41.85    6.469        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       43.78395    5.31125   8.244
## time_firstPFT                     -3.34501    2.52761  -1.323
## NO3_5yrPreCensor                  -5.58728    2.05500  -2.719
## disadv                            -5.84805    2.32374  -2.517
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.41577    2.27947  -1.060
## sexF                              -2.14771    1.41436  -1.519
## age_dx                             0.13881    0.07353   1.888
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.62605    1.40319  -1.871
## smokeHxAlways                      9.30599    7.01224   1.327
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.57422    3.16338  -0.814
## site02R                           -4.37574   13.40772  -0.326
## site03R                           20.68441    9.83277   2.104
## site04R                           -1.40251    9.19165  -0.153
## site05R                          -13.66867    7.66528  -1.783
## site06R                           -8.89294   13.41436  -0.663
## site07R                            4.87711    3.68033   1.325
## site09R                          -12.34459    9.30751  -1.326
## site101                           19.26129    2.54653   7.564
## site102                            5.44887    4.99178   1.092
## site103                           -5.61361    2.69436  -2.083
## site104                          -13.10823    5.42400  -2.417
## site105                           -0.06185    2.63794  -0.023
## site106                           -5.64868    3.38702  -1.668
## site107                            5.82019    9.50247   0.612
## site108                           -7.02001    7.90431  -0.888
## site10R                           -3.71428   13.37775  -0.278
## site11R                           -5.20950    5.83932  -0.892
## site12R                           -9.00095    9.20005  -0.978
## site13R                          -12.98195    7.24825  -1.791
## site14R                           -9.35844   14.90664  -0.628
## site15R                          -24.26592   13.55861  -1.790
## site16R                           -8.13112    5.86930  -1.385
## site17R                           62.95399   13.54051   4.649
## site18R                           -6.43758    9.60355  -0.670
## site19R                          -11.54627    6.35721  -1.816
## site20R                           -4.24007    5.50216  -0.771
## site21R                          -14.86842   12.50008  -1.189
## site22R                          -12.76521    4.27201  -2.988
## site23R                          -27.69063    7.69918  -3.597
## site24R                            2.57680    4.95066   0.520
## site25R                           -7.25324    5.54066  -1.309
## site28R                          -14.94180    7.83210  -1.908
## site29R                           -5.26993   13.14712  -0.401
## site31R                           -3.86225    5.88959  -0.656
## site32R                            2.07782    6.72251   0.309
## site33R                          -11.59194    6.59991  -1.756
## site34R                           -6.14226    4.94714  -1.242
## site35R                          -17.67040    7.86305  -2.247
## site36R                            3.42513    5.87547   0.583
## site37R                            0.40830    6.46640   0.063
## site38R                           -4.57274    4.57232  -1.000
## site39R                           10.23010   13.37635   0.765
## site40R                            3.99946    9.24713   0.433
## site41R                          -13.95587    7.64112  -1.826
## site42R                          -10.37255    4.31929  -2.401
## time_firstPFT:NO3_5yrPreCensor     0.53043    1.19607   0.443
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.56301    1.10789   1.411
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.57572    1.12821  -0.510
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.69887    0.66008   1.059
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03965    0.03439  -1.153
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.66896    0.67272  -0.994
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.39183    6.04195  -1.058
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.20576    1.67680   1.315
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -33.15204   18.56917  -1.785
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.82454    5.98390  -0.138
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.92499    6.33081  -0.462
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.47848    7.57450  -0.459
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.22508    1.46986  -1.514
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.18096    4.24761   0.513
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.76832    1.08965  -0.705
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.77773    2.21824  -0.351
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.85697    1.29303   1.436
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.23811    3.86076   0.580
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.03795    1.17410   0.032
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.82385    1.65171   1.104
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.40683    8.18753  -1.515
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.69683    3.70314   1.268
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.97621    2.92118   2.046
## time_firstPFT:site12R              1.87685    4.04108   0.464
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.39044    3.97955  -0.098
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.63330   23.71035  -0.406
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.06077   14.20637  -0.145
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.39322    2.68256  -0.519
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.34725   13.00797  -0.795
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.81742    4.99147   0.564
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.71147    3.44945   0.206
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.16202    4.79503   1.285
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.42427    2.82462   1.920
## time_firstPFT:site23R             22.60643   26.70232   0.847
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -3.30713    2.49227  -1.327
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -1.42892    3.02164  -0.473
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.95455   13.14384  -0.681
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.19542    5.14543  -0.232
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.24134    2.13404   1.050
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.48016    3.63208  -0.132
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.67455    3.87489  -0.948
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.94509    2.43022   0.389
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.54596    4.71147   2.026
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.02321    2.97924   1.686
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.22918    2.95606  -0.416
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.75054    2.03648  -0.860
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.20100   10.55355  -2.862
## time_firstPFT:site40R              0.93209    4.64175   0.201
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.39007    6.68457   0.657
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.31211    5.93944  -0.558
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.798
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.524
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038)
## = 8.24, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NO3_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## NO3_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0,
## is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37,
## 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0,
## is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37,
## 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NO3_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 43.78 (95% CI [33.37, 54.20], t(2038) = 8.24, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.35, 95% CI [-8.30, 1.61], t(2038) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.59, 95% CI [-9.62, -1.56], t(2038) = -2.72, p = 0.007; Std. beta =
## -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -5.44e-03])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.85,
## 95% CI [-10.41, -1.29], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.02])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-6.89, 2.05], t(2038) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.09])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.15, 95% CI [-4.92, 0.63], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.129; Std. beta = -0.07, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.12])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-5.39e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.059; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.63, 95% CI [-5.38, 0.13], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.31, 95% CI [-4.45, 23.06], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.57, 95% CI [-8.78, 3.63], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta =
## 0.05, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.38, 95% CI [-30.67, 21.92], t(2038) = -0.33, p = 0.744; Std. beta = -3.72,
## 95% CI [-7.13, -0.31])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.68, 95% CI [1.40, 39.97], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.32, 95%
## CI [0.05, 2.59])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-19.43, 16.62], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.879; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.67, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.36], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075; Std. beta = -1.29,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.89, 95% CI [-35.20, 17.41], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.507; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-2.39, 1.18])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-2.34, 12.09], t(2038) = 1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.58])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.34, 95% CI [-30.60, 5.91], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.26, 95% CI [14.27, 24.26], t(2038) = 7.56, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.23, 95%
## CI [0.89, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.45, 95% CI [-4.34, 15.24], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta = 0.29, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.94])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.61, 95% CI [-10.90, -0.33], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.11, 95% CI [-23.75, -2.47], t(2038) = -2.42, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.06, 95% CI [-5.24, 5.11], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.981; Std. beta =
## -2.88e-04, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-12.29, 0.99], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.64, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.82, 95% CI [-12.82, 24.46], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-2.51, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.02, 95% CI [-22.52, 8.48], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.375; Std. beta =
## 7.38e-03, 95% CI [-1.03, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.71, 95% CI [-29.95, 22.52], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.781; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.53])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.21, 95% CI [-16.66, 6.24], t(2038) = -0.89, p = 0.372; Std. beta = 0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.00, 95% CI [-27.04, 9.04], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.328; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.98, 95% CI [-27.20, 1.23], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.92,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.36, 95% CI [-38.59, 19.88], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.530; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.06, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.27, 95% CI [-50.86, 2.32], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074; Std. beta = -1.86,
## 95% CI [-4.50, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.13, 95% CI [-19.64, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.166; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.95, 95% CI [36.40, 89.51], t(2038) = 4.65, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.28, 95%
## CI [2.47, 6.08])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.44, 95% CI [-25.27, 12.40], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.503; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.03, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.55, 95% CI [-24.01, 0.92], t(2038) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.58, 0.59])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.24, 95% CI [-15.03, 6.55], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.03, 0.60])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.87, 95% CI [-39.38, 9.65], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.77, 95% CI [-21.14, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.99, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.31,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.69, 95% CI [-42.79, -12.59], t(2038) = -3.60, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 5.43])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-7.13, 12.29], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.25, 95% CI [-18.12, 3.61], t(2038) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-1.40, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.94, 95% CI [-30.30, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.057; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.27, 95% CI [-31.05, 20.51], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-2.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.86, 95% CI [-15.41, 7.69], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.08, 95% CI [-11.11, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.757; Std. beta = 0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.59, 95% CI [-24.54, 1.35], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -1.17,
## 95% CI [-2.17, -0.16])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.14, 95% CI [-15.84, 3.56], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.67, 95% CI [-33.09, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.025; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.43, 95% CI [-8.10, 14.95], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.41, 95% CI [-12.27, 13.09], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.950; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.57, 95% CI [-13.54, 4.39], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-1.09, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.23, 95% CI [-16.00, 36.46], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.444; Std. beta = -2.42,
## 95% CI [-4.61, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.00, 95% CI [-14.14, 22.13], t(2038) = 0.43, p = 0.665; Std. beta = 0.37,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.69])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.96, 95% CI [-28.94, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.37, 95% CI [-18.84, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-2.14, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NO3 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-1.82, 2.88], t(2038) =
## 0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.56, 95% CI [-0.61, 3.74], t(2038) = 1.41, p = 0.158; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.79, 1.64], t(2038) =
## -0.51, p = 0.610; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.60, 1.99], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.290; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.99, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -0.99, p = 0.320; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.24, 5.46], t(2038) =
## -1.06, p = 0.290; Std. beta = -0.79, 95% CI [-2.26, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.49], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.189; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.15, 95% CI [-69.57, 3.26], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.074;
## Std. beta = -4.11, 95% CI [-8.63, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.82, 95% CI [-12.56, 10.91], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-15.34, 9.49], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.90, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-18.33, 11.38], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.646;
## Std. beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.23, 95% CI [-5.11, 0.66], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-6.15, 10.51], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.77, 95% CI [-2.91, 1.37], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.481; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-5.13, 3.57], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.726; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-0.68, 4.39], t(2038) = 1.44, p = 0.151; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-5.33, 9.81], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.562; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.66, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-2.26, 2.34], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std.
## beta = 4.71e-03, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.42, 5.06], t(2038) = 1.10, p = 0.270; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.41, 95% CI [-28.46, 3.65], t(2038) = -1.52, p = 0.130;
## Std. beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-3.53, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.57, 11.96], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.205; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.32, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.98, 95% CI [0.25, 11.71], t(2038) = 2.05, p = 0.041; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [0.03, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-6.05, 9.80], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.642; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-8.19, 7.41], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.63, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.87], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-29.92, 25.80], t(2038) = -0.15, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-3.71, 3.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.39, 95% CI [-6.65, 3.87], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.604; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.35, 95% CI [-35.86, 15.16], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.426;
## Std. beta = -1.28, 95% CI [-4.45, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.82, 95% CI [-6.97, 12.61], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.573; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.86, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-6.05, 7.48], t(2038) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.16, 95% CI [-3.24, 15.57], t(2038) = 1.29, p = 0.199; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [-0.40, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.12, 10.96], t(2038) = 1.92, p = 0.055; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.01, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.61, 95% CI [-29.76, 74.97], t(2038) = 0.85, p = 0.397; Std.
## beta = 2.80, 95% CI [-3.69, 9.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-8.19, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.185; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.02, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-7.35, 4.50], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.636; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.91, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.95, 95% CI [-34.73, 16.82], t(2038) = -0.68, p = 0.496;
## Std. beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-4.31, 2.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.20, 95% CI [-11.29, 8.90], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.816; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-1.40, 1.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.24, 95% CI [-1.94, 6.43], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.294; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-7.60, 6.64], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.94, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.67, 95% CI [-11.27, 3.92], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = -0.46, 95% CI [-1.40, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-3.82, 5.71], t(2038) = 0.39, p = 0.697; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.55, 95% CI [0.31, 18.79], t(2038) = 2.03, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 1.18, 95% CI [0.04, 2.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.82, 10.87], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.23, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.57], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.24], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.90, -9.50], t(2038) = -2.86, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-8.17, 10.04], t(2038) = 0.20, p = 0.841; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.72, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.31, 95% CI [-14.96, 8.34], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.03])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.4 NH4

10.4.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15057.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1346 -0.4883 -0.0041  0.4378  7.1103 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   141.61   11.900        
##           time_firstPFT  11.42    3.379   -0.32
##  Residual                41.80    6.465        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                     47.6138     2.7666  17.210
## time_firstPFT                   -4.6244     1.2185  -3.795
## NH4_5yrPreCensor                -5.3109     1.8731  -2.835
## site02R                         -7.6674    13.6784  -0.561
## site03R                         19.7043    10.0639   1.958
## site04R                         -9.2314     9.3317  -0.989
## site05R                        -16.6385     7.8669  -2.115
## site06R                          0.6975     9.7497   0.072
## site07R                          1.2630     3.9975   0.316
## site09R                        -13.5279     9.5575  -1.415
## site101                         15.4317     3.0538   5.053
## site102                          3.0177     5.3692   0.562
## site103                         -8.1957     3.1706  -2.585
## site104                        -15.8756     5.6626  -2.804
## site105                         -3.5598     3.1474  -1.131
## site106                         -7.6328     3.6755  -2.077
## site107                          5.3575     9.7446   0.550
## site108                        -14.1044     7.8235  -1.803
## site10R                         -7.4965    13.4463  -0.558
## site11R                         -6.0417     6.0857  -0.993
## site12R                        -14.5016     9.5271  -1.522
## site13R                        -14.5543     7.4818  -1.945
## site14R                        -11.2969    15.0584  -0.750
## site15R                        -29.2226    13.7468  -2.126
## site16R                        -12.9935     6.1139  -2.125
## site17R                         54.9531    13.6849   4.016
## site18R                        -10.3351     9.8228  -1.052
## site19R                        -11.7562     6.5422  -1.797
## site20R                         -7.6827     5.8261  -1.319
## site21R                        -18.2915    12.8201  -1.427
## site22R                        -14.9747     4.4847  -3.339
## site23R                        -23.5940     6.3639  -3.707
## site24R                         -2.4431     5.3161  -0.460
## site25R                        -10.9140     5.8301  -1.872
## site28R                        -20.8224     7.9959  -2.604
## site29R                         -5.1426    13.4194  -0.383
## site31R                         -5.3046     6.1015  -0.869
## site32R                         -0.6279     6.9926  -0.090
## site33R                        -13.0829     6.8006  -1.924
## site34R                         -9.2971     5.2625  -1.767
## site35R                        -19.2102     8.0996  -2.372
## site36R                         -0.4008     6.1156  -0.066
## site37R                         -2.5158     6.6759  -0.377
## site38R                         -7.1112     4.8658  -1.461
## site39R                          0.9041    13.3849   0.068
## site40R                         -1.9066     9.3450  -0.204
## site41R                        -18.2481     7.8953  -2.311
## site42R                        -12.6182     4.5732  -2.759
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreCensor   0.2524     0.8631   0.292
## time_firstPFT:site02R          -34.5550    18.5682  -1.861
## time_firstPFT:site03R           -1.1032     6.0172  -0.183
## time_firstPFT:site04R           -1.7774     6.3019  -0.282
## time_firstPFT:site05R           -3.5480     7.5863  -0.468
## time_firstPFT:site06R            3.2710     5.1025   0.641
## time_firstPFT:site07R           -2.6168     1.5819  -1.654
## time_firstPFT:site09R            1.0229     4.3109   0.237
## time_firstPFT:site101           -0.8506     1.2938  -0.657
## time_firstPFT:site102           -1.4327     2.3601  -0.607
## time_firstPFT:site103            1.4428     1.3872   1.040
## time_firstPFT:site104            2.4450     3.8686   0.632
## time_firstPFT:site105           -0.1066     1.3585  -0.078
## time_firstPFT:site106            1.3610     1.7460   0.780
## time_firstPFT:site107          -13.4017     8.2101  -1.632
## time_firstPFT:site108            3.8621     3.5411   1.091
## time_firstPFT:site11R            5.1103     2.9343   1.742
## time_firstPFT:site12R            1.4049     4.1322   0.340
## time_firstPFT:site13R           -0.5176     4.0291  -0.128
## time_firstPFT:site14R          -10.8324    23.6974  -0.457
## time_firstPFT:site15R           -1.9328    14.1966  -0.136
## time_firstPFT:site16R           -1.1843     2.7683  -0.428
## time_firstPFT:site18R          -10.6891    13.0050  -0.822
## time_firstPFT:site19R            2.5047     4.9416   0.507
## time_firstPFT:site20R            0.9038     3.4987   0.258
## time_firstPFT:site21R            5.5304     4.8652   1.137
## time_firstPFT:site22R            4.2912     2.8740   1.493
## time_firstPFT:site23R           -0.9297     5.4382  -0.171
## time_firstPFT:site24R           -3.4789     2.6113  -1.332
## time_firstPFT:site25R           -2.1142     3.0854  -0.685
## time_firstPFT:site28R           -9.5943    13.0771  -0.734
## time_firstPFT:site29R           -2.9166     5.1900  -0.562
## time_firstPFT:site31R            1.3181     2.1623   0.610
## time_firstPFT:site32R           -1.1456     3.6829  -0.311
## time_firstPFT:site33R           -3.3441     3.8536  -0.868
## time_firstPFT:site34R            0.7934     2.5123   0.316
## time_firstPFT:site35R            8.4551     4.7128   1.794
## time_firstPFT:site36R            5.0342     3.0356   1.658
## time_firstPFT:site37R           -1.4772     2.9518  -0.500
## time_firstPFT:site38R           -1.9713     2.1021  -0.938
## time_firstPFT:site39R          -30.2030    10.4835  -2.881
## time_firstPFT:site40R            1.8784     4.6468   0.404
## time_firstPFT:site41R            3.6493     6.7109   0.544
## time_firstPFT:site42R           -2.9338     5.9523  -0.493
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.799
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.535
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 47.61 (95% CI [42.19,
## 53.04], t(2068) = 17.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.62, 95% CI [-7.01, -2.23], t(2068) = -3.80, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.72, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.31, 95% CI [-8.98, -1.64], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-0.35, -0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.67, 95% CI [-34.49, 19.16], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -4.07,
## 95% CI [-7.48, -0.67])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 39.44], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-27.53, 9.07], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.64, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.21], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-2.99, -1.56e-03])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.70, 95% CI [-18.42, 19.82], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.10], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.53, 95% CI [-32.27, 5.22], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.43, 95% CI [9.44, 21.42], t(2068) = 5.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.96, 95% CI
## [0.56, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-7.51, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.20, 95% CI [-14.41, -1.98], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.88, 95% CI [-26.98, -4.77], t(2068) = -2.80, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.73, 2.61], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-14.84, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 24.47], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.65, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.10, 95% CI [-29.45, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.50, 95% CI [-33.87, 18.87], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-17.98, 5.89], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.50, 95% CI [-33.19, 4.18], t(2068) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.55, 95% CI [-29.23, 0.12], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.30, 95% CI [-40.83, 18.23], t(2068) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -29.22, 95% CI [-56.18, -2.26], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.19,
## 95% CI [-4.82, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.99, 95% CI [-24.98, -1.00], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 54.95, 95% CI [28.12, 81.79], t(2068) = 4.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.74, 95%
## CI [1.91, 5.56])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.34, 95% CI [-29.60, 8.93], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.76, 95% CI [-24.59, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-19.11, 3.74], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.29, 95% CI [-43.43, 6.85], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.97, 95% CI [-23.77, -6.18], t(2068) = -3.34, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.59, 95% CI [-36.07, -11.11], t(2068) = -3.71, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-2.88, -0.52])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-12.87, 7.98], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-22.35, 0.52], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.74, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.82, 95% CI [-36.50, -5.14], t(2068) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = -2.40,
## 95% CI [-4.97, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-31.46, 21.17], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.30, 95% CI [-17.27, 6.66], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-14.34, 13.09], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-26.42, 0.25], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-19.62, 1.02], t(2068) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.21, 95% CI [-35.09, -3.33], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.39, 11.59], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.52, 95% CI [-15.61, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.11, 95% CI [-16.65, 2.43], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-25.35, 27.15], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.23, 16.42], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.25, 95% CI [-33.73, -2.76], t(2068) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.62, 95% CI [-21.59, -3.65], t(2068) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.26, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.95], t(2068) =
## 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.55, 95% CI [-70.97, 1.86], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-8.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-12.90, 10.70], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.60, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.14, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.640;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.27, 95% CI [-6.74, 13.28], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-5.72, 0.49], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.43, 9.48], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.69], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-6.06, 3.20], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.28, 4.16], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.44, 95% CI [-5.14, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-2.77, 2.56], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-2.06, 4.79], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.40, 95% CI [-29.50, 2.70], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103;
## Std. beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-3.65, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.08, 10.81], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-0.64, 10.86], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-6.70, 9.51], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-8.42, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-57.31, 35.64], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-29.77, 25.91], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.69, 3.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.61, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.19, 14.82], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-7.19, 12.20], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.96, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.07], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-1.35, 9.93], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-11.59, 9.74], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-8.60, 1.64], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-8.17, 3.94], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.59, 95% CI [-35.24, 16.05], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-13.09, 7.26], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-2.92, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-8.37, 6.08], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-10.90, 4.21], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-4.13, 5.72], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.46, 95% CI [-0.79, 17.70], t(2068) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.99], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.27, 4.31], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-6.09, 2.15], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.76, -9.64], t(2068) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.29, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-7.23, 10.99], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-9.51, 16.81], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-1.18, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-14.61, 8.74], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to NH4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 47.61 (95% CI [42.19, 53.04],
## t(2068) = 17.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.62, 95% CI [-7.01, -2.23], t(2068) = -3.80, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.72, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.31, 95% CI [-8.98, -1.64], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-0.35, -0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.67, 95% CI [-34.49, 19.16], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -4.07,
## 95% CI [-7.48, -0.67])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 39.44], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-27.53, 9.07], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.64, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.21], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-2.99, -1.56e-03])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.70, 95% CI [-18.42, 19.82], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.10], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.53, 95% CI [-32.27, 5.22], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.43, 95% CI [9.44, 21.42], t(2068) = 5.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.96, 95% CI
## [0.56, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-7.51, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.20, 95% CI [-14.41, -1.98], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.88, 95% CI [-26.98, -4.77], t(2068) = -2.80, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.73, 2.61], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-14.84, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 24.47], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.65, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.10, 95% CI [-29.45, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.50, 95% CI [-33.87, 18.87], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-17.98, 5.89], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.50, 95% CI [-33.19, 4.18], t(2068) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.55, 95% CI [-29.23, 0.12], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.30, 95% CI [-40.83, 18.23], t(2068) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -29.22, 95% CI [-56.18, -2.26], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.19,
## 95% CI [-4.82, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.99, 95% CI [-24.98, -1.00], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 54.95, 95% CI [28.12, 81.79], t(2068) = 4.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.74, 95%
## CI [1.91, 5.56])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.34, 95% CI [-29.60, 8.93], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.76, 95% CI [-24.59, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-19.11, 3.74], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.29, 95% CI [-43.43, 6.85], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.97, 95% CI [-23.77, -6.18], t(2068) = -3.34, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.59, 95% CI [-36.07, -11.11], t(2068) = -3.71, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-2.88, -0.52])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-12.87, 7.98], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-22.35, 0.52], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.74, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.82, 95% CI [-36.50, -5.14], t(2068) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = -2.40,
## 95% CI [-4.97, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-31.46, 21.17], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.30, 95% CI [-17.27, 6.66], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-14.34, 13.09], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-26.42, 0.25], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-19.62, 1.02], t(2068) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.21, 95% CI [-35.09, -3.33], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.39, 11.59], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.52, 95% CI [-15.61, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.11, 95% CI [-16.65, 2.43], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-25.35, 27.15], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.23, 16.42], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.25, 95% CI [-33.73, -2.76], t(2068) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.62, 95% CI [-21.59, -3.65], t(2068) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.26, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.95], t(2068) =
## 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.55, 95% CI [-70.97, 1.86], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-8.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-12.90, 10.70], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.60, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.14, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.640;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.27, 95% CI [-6.74, 13.28], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-5.72, 0.49], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.43, 9.48], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.69], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-6.06, 3.20], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.28, 4.16], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.44, 95% CI [-5.14, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-2.77, 2.56], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-2.06, 4.79], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.40, 95% CI [-29.50, 2.70], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103;
## Std. beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-3.65, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.08, 10.81], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-0.64, 10.86], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-6.70, 9.51], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-8.42, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-57.31, 35.64], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-29.77, 25.91], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.69, 3.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.61, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.19, 14.82], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-7.19, 12.20], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.96, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.07], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-1.35, 9.93], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-11.59, 9.74], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-8.60, 1.64], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-8.17, 3.94], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.59, 95% CI [-35.24, 16.05], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-13.09, 7.26], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-2.92, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-8.37, 6.08], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-10.90, 4.21], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-4.13, 5.72], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.46, 95% CI [-0.79, 17.70], t(2068) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.99], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.27, 4.31], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-6.09, 2.15], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.76, -9.64], t(2068) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.29, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-7.23, 10.99], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-9.51, 16.81], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-1.18, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-14.61, 8.74], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 47.61 (95% CI [42.19, 53.04], t(2068) = 17.21, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.62, 95% CI [-7.01, -2.23], t(2068) = -3.80, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.72, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.31, 95% CI [-8.98, -1.64], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-0.35, -0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.67, 95% CI [-34.49, 19.16], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -4.07,
## 95% CI [-7.48, -0.67])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 39.44], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-27.53, 9.07], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.64, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.21], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-2.99, -1.56e-03])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.70, 95% CI [-18.42, 19.82], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.10], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.53, 95% CI [-32.27, 5.22], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.43, 95% CI [9.44, 21.42], t(2068) = 5.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.96, 95% CI
## [0.56, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-7.51, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.20, 95% CI [-14.41, -1.98], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.88, 95% CI [-26.98, -4.77], t(2068) = -2.80, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.73, 2.61], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-14.84, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 24.47], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.65, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.10, 95% CI [-29.45, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.50, 95% CI [-33.87, 18.87], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-17.98, 5.89], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.50, 95% CI [-33.19, 4.18], t(2068) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.55, 95% CI [-29.23, 0.12], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.30, 95% CI [-40.83, 18.23], t(2068) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -29.22, 95% CI [-56.18, -2.26], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.19,
## 95% CI [-4.82, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.99, 95% CI [-24.98, -1.00], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 54.95, 95% CI [28.12, 81.79], t(2068) = 4.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.74, 95%
## CI [1.91, 5.56])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.34, 95% CI [-29.60, 8.93], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.76, 95% CI [-24.59, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-19.11, 3.74], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.29, 95% CI [-43.43, 6.85], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.97, 95% CI [-23.77, -6.18], t(2068) = -3.34, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.59, 95% CI [-36.07, -11.11], t(2068) = -3.71, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-2.88, -0.52])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-12.87, 7.98], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-22.35, 0.52], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.74, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.82, 95% CI [-36.50, -5.14], t(2068) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = -2.40,
## 95% CI [-4.97, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-31.46, 21.17], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.30, 95% CI [-17.27, 6.66], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-14.34, 13.09], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-26.42, 0.25], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-19.62, 1.02], t(2068) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.21, 95% CI [-35.09, -3.33], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.39, 11.59], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.52, 95% CI [-15.61, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.11, 95% CI [-16.65, 2.43], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-25.35, 27.15], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.23, 16.42], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.25, 95% CI [-33.73, -2.76], t(2068) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.62, 95% CI [-21.59, -3.65], t(2068) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.26, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.95], t(2068) =
## 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.55, 95% CI [-70.97, 1.86], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-8.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-12.90, 10.70], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.60, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.14, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.640;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.27, 95% CI [-6.74, 13.28], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-5.72, 0.49], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.43, 9.48], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.69], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-6.06, 3.20], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.28, 4.16], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.44, 95% CI [-5.14, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-2.77, 2.56], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-2.06, 4.79], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.40, 95% CI [-29.50, 2.70], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103;
## Std. beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-3.65, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.08, 10.81], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-0.64, 10.86], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-6.70, 9.51], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-8.42, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-57.31, 35.64], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-29.77, 25.91], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.69, 3.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.61, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.19, 14.82], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-7.19, 12.20], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.96, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.07], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-1.35, 9.93], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-11.59, 9.74], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-8.60, 1.64], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-8.17, 3.94], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.59, 95% CI [-35.24, 16.05], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-13.09, 7.26], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-2.92, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-8.37, 6.08], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-10.90, 4.21], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-4.13, 5.72], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.46, 95% CI [-0.79, 17.70], t(2068) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.99], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.27, 4.31], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-6.09, 2.15], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.76, -9.64], t(2068) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.29, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-7.23, 10.99], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-9.51, 16.81], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-1.18, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-14.61, 8.74], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 47.61 (95% CI [42.19, 53.04], t(2068)
## = 17.21, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.62, 95% CI [-7.01, -2.23], t(2068) = -3.80, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.72, -0.38])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.31, 95% CI [-8.98, -1.64], t(2068) = -2.84, p = 0.005; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-0.35, -0.05])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.67, 95% CI [-34.49, 19.16], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -4.07,
## 95% CI [-7.48, -0.67])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 19.70, 95% CI [-0.03, 39.44], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta = 1.23,
## 95% CI [-0.06, 2.51])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.23, 95% CI [-27.53, 9.07], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.25, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.64, 95% CI [-32.07, -1.21], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-2.99, -1.56e-03])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.70, 95% CI [-18.42, 19.82], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.99, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.26, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.10], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std. beta = -0.18, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.53, 95% CI [-32.27, 5.22], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.10, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.43, 95% CI [9.44, 21.42], t(2068) = 5.05, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.96, 95% CI
## [0.56, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.02, 95% CI [-7.51, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.64, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.20, 95% CI [-14.41, -1.98], t(2068) = -2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-0.83, 0.01])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.88, 95% CI [-26.98, -4.77], t(2068) = -2.80, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.83,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.56, 95% CI [-9.73, 2.61], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.67, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.63, 95% CI [-14.84, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.36, 95% CI [-13.75, 24.47], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.583; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.65, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.10, 95% CI [-29.45, 1.24], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.50, 95% CI [-33.87, 18.87], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.30, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.04, 95% CI [-17.98, 5.89], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.50, 95% CI [-33.19, 4.18], t(2068) = -1.52, p = 0.128; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-2.13, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.55, 95% CI [-29.23, 0.12], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -1.04,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.30, 95% CI [-40.83, 18.23], t(2068) = -0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta =
## -1.88, 95% CI [-5.30, 1.54])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -29.22, 95% CI [-56.18, -2.26], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.19,
## 95% CI [-4.82, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.99, 95% CI [-24.98, -1.00], t(2068) = -2.13, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-1.84, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 54.95, 95% CI [28.12, 81.79], t(2068) = 4.02, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.74, 95%
## CI [1.91, 5.56])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.34, 95% CI [-29.60, 8.93], t(2068) = -1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 0.72])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.76, 95% CI [-24.59, 1.07], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.62, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.68, 95% CI [-19.11, 3.74], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.29, 95% CI [-43.43, 6.85], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.154; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.97, 95% CI [-23.77, -6.18], t(2068) = -3.34, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -23.59, 95% CI [-36.07, -11.11], t(2068) = -3.71, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.70,
## 95% CI [-2.88, -0.52])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.44, 95% CI [-12.87, 7.98], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.646; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.23, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.91, 95% CI [-22.35, 0.52], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = -0.96,
## 95% CI [-1.74, -0.18])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.82, 95% CI [-36.50, -5.14], t(2068) = -2.60, p = 0.009; Std. beta = -2.40,
## 95% CI [-4.97, 0.16])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.14, 95% CI [-31.46, 21.17], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.702; Std. beta = -0.65,
## 95% CI [-2.26, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.30, 95% CI [-17.27, 6.66], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.63, 95% CI [-14.34, 13.09], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.928; Std. beta = -0.16,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.08, 95% CI [-26.42, 0.25], t(2068) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.24, -0.23])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-19.62, 1.02], t(2068) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 0.15])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.21, 95% CI [-35.09, -3.33], t(2068) = -2.37, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.56, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.40, 95% CI [-12.39, 11.59], t(2068) = -0.07, p = 0.948; Std. beta = 0.49,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 1.34])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.52, 95% CI [-15.61, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 0.54])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.11, 95% CI [-16.65, 2.43], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.90, 95% CI [-25.35, 27.15], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.946; Std. beta = -3.04,
## 95% CI [-5.20, -0.88])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.91, 95% CI [-20.23, 16.42], t(2068) = -0.20, p = 0.838; Std. beta = 0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.25, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.25, 95% CI [-33.73, -2.76], t(2068) = -2.31, p = 0.021; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.24, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.62, 95% CI [-21.59, -3.65], t(2068) = -2.76, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -1.16,
## 95% CI [-2.26, -0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.95], t(2068) =
## 0.29, p = 0.770; Std. beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.55, 95% CI [-70.97, 1.86], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063;
## Std. beta = -4.28, 95% CI [-8.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-12.90, 10.70], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.60, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.78, 95% CI [-14.14, 10.58], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.778;
## Std. beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.640;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.27, 95% CI [-6.74, 13.28], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.522; Std.
## beta = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-5.72, 0.49], t(2068) = -1.65, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.06])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-7.43, 9.48], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.812; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-3.39, 1.69], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.42, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-6.06, 3.20], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.544; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.44, 95% CI [-1.28, 4.16], t(2068) = 1.04, p = 0.298; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.44, 95% CI [-5.14, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-2.77, 2.56], t(2068) = -0.08, p = 0.937; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.36, 95% CI [-2.06, 4.79], t(2068) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.40, 95% CI [-29.50, 2.70], t(2068) = -1.63, p = 0.103;
## Std. beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-3.65, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.08, 10.81], t(2068) = 1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.38, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.11, 95% CI [-0.64, 10.86], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-6.70, 9.51], t(2068) = 0.34, p = 0.734; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.83, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-8.42, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.13, p = 0.898; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.83, 95% CI [-57.31, 35.64], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648;
## Std. beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-7.10, 4.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.93, 95% CI [-29.77, 25.91], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.892;
## Std. beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-3.69, 3.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.61, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.669; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.82, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.19, 14.82], t(2068) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.50, 95% CI [-7.19, 12.20], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.612; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.89, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.90, 95% CI [-5.96, 7.77], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.53, 95% CI [-4.01, 15.07], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.256; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.29, 95% CI [-1.35, 9.93], t(2068) = 1.49, p = 0.136; Std.
## beta = 0.53, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-11.59, 9.74], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.48, 95% CI [-8.60, 1.64], t(2068) = -1.33, p = 0.183; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-8.17, 3.94], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.493; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.59, 95% CI [-35.24, 16.05], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.463;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.92, 95% CI [-13.09, 7.26], t(2068) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.62, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.32, 95% CI [-2.92, 5.56], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.15, 95% CI [-8.37, 6.08], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.756; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-10.90, 4.21], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.35, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.79, 95% CI [-4.13, 5.72], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.752; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.46, 95% CI [-0.79, 17.70], t(2068) = 1.79, p = 0.073; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.10, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.03, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.99], t(2068) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-7.27, 4.31], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.617; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.97, 95% CI [-6.09, 2.15], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std.
## beta = -0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.20, 95% CI [-50.76, -9.64], t(2068) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.29, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-7.23, 10.99], t(2068) = 0.40, p = 0.686; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.65, 95% CI [-9.51, 16.81], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.587; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-1.18, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-14.61, 8.74], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-1.81, 1.08])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.4.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14882.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1119 -0.4869 -0.0080  0.4455  7.0972 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   135.79   11.653        
##           time_firstPFT  11.28    3.358   -0.29
##  Residual                41.84    6.468        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       45.66459    5.46762   8.352
## time_firstPFT                     -2.92965    2.50465  -1.170
## NH4_5yrPreCensor                  -5.85957    1.91990  -3.052
## disadv                            -6.48607    2.34034  -2.771
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.33559    2.27463  -1.027
## sexF                              -2.34226    1.40425  -1.668
## age_dx                             0.14303    0.07341   1.948
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.71042    1.39874  -1.938
## smokeHxAlways                      9.81601    6.99851   1.403
## smokeHxUnknown                    -1.33232    3.19660  -0.417
## site02R                          -12.41145   13.55137  -0.916
## site03R                           14.58896   10.04959   1.452
## site04R                           -9.02685    9.18671  -0.983
## site05R                          -17.30298    7.78210  -2.223
## site06R                          -12.18878   13.45787  -0.906
## site07R                           -0.96131    3.97245  -0.242
## site09R                          -16.61694    9.47247  -1.754
## site101                           15.09140    3.04894   4.950
## site102                            1.04448    5.38744   0.194
## site103                           -8.77220    3.25724  -2.693
## site104                          -15.42963    5.62858  -2.741
## site105                           -3.48427    3.13397  -1.112
## site106                          -10.15937    3.71204  -2.737
## site107                            2.20746    9.64516   0.229
## site108                           -9.92517    8.09562  -1.226
## site10R                           -7.30733   13.43050  -0.544
## site11R                           -7.53406    6.00568  -1.254
## site12R                          -13.58140    9.38891  -1.447
## site13R                          -16.81881    7.42813  -2.264
## site14R                          -14.07991   15.00422  -0.938
## site15R                          -26.16078   13.59335  -1.925
## site16R                          -13.40961    6.14104  -2.184
## site17R                           58.64900   13.62007   4.306
## site18R                           -8.96959    9.69677  -0.925
## site19R                          -13.67714    6.51198  -2.100
## site20R                           -8.56755    5.77509  -1.484
## site21R                          -18.42269   12.59780  -1.462
## site22R                          -18.11538    4.51400  -4.013
## site23R                          -30.61599    7.84206  -3.904
## site24R                           -3.49644    5.25384  -0.666
## site25R                          -14.18138    5.84745  -2.425
## site28R                          -19.59608    7.93047  -2.471
## site29R                           -9.83308   13.29165  -0.740
## site31R                           -6.96801    6.13325  -1.136
## site32R                           -1.11962    6.94802  -0.161
## site33R                          -14.05034    6.73129  -2.087
## site34R                           -9.76839    5.19547  -1.880
## site35R                          -20.59543    8.03412  -2.563
## site36R                           -1.14967    6.04951  -0.190
## site37R                           -4.73690    6.67222  -0.710
## site38R                           -7.08010    4.80972  -1.472
## site39R                            7.69597   13.44848   0.572
## site40R                           -3.49189    9.21414  -0.379
## site41R                          -19.84086    7.87328  -2.520
## site42R                          -15.05588    4.57737  -3.289
## time_firstPFT:NH4_5yrPreCensor     0.06961    0.91270   0.076
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.51513    1.12645   1.345
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.49761    1.12144  -0.444
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.73444    0.65884   1.115
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03864    0.03447  -1.121
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.67684    0.67539  -1.002
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.43580    6.03849  -1.066
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.30920    1.69670   1.361
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.92611   18.58932  -1.771
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.79897    6.07072  -0.132
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.50818    6.33015  -0.396
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.51381    7.60450  -0.462
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.07089    1.62620  -1.273
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.09864    4.33771   0.484
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.74474    1.30927  -0.569
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.85204    2.40261  -0.355
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.60358    1.46765   1.093
## time_firstPFT:site104              1.84355    3.91864   0.470
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.09284    1.37333  -0.068
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.86182    1.79941   1.035
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.57930    8.22594  -1.529
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.34333    3.74798   1.159
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.66648    2.99193   1.894
## time_firstPFT:site12R              1.80569    4.14637   0.435
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.49772    4.06838  -0.122
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.62212   23.71355  -0.406
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.37384   14.20850  -0.167
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.36880    2.83195  -0.483
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.69014   13.01268  -0.822
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.35621    5.01822   0.470
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.62668    3.55783   0.176
## time_firstPFT:site21R              6.02641    4.85953   1.240
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.47799    2.93255   1.868
## time_firstPFT:site23R             21.95066   26.67591   0.823
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -3.17310    2.61870  -1.212
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -1.20630    3.15972  -0.382
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.87128   13.15278  -0.674
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.32944    5.23864  -0.254
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.99523    2.24609   0.888
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.73791    3.72114  -0.198
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.85145    3.90295  -0.987
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.87538    2.53065   0.346
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.27580    4.74955   1.953
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.08832    3.05226   1.667
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.18234    3.07621  -0.384
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.00316    2.11730  -0.946
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.53320   10.56443  -2.890
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.43401    4.69416   0.305
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.47353    6.73549   0.664
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.26192    5.97079  -0.546
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.797
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.528
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038)
## = 8.35, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## NH4_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## NH4_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0,
## is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94,
## 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0,
## is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94,
## 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * NH4_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 45.66 (95% CI [34.94, 56.39], t(2038) = 8.35, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.93, 95% CI [-7.84, 1.98], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.242; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.33])
##   - The effect of NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -5.86, 95% CI [-9.62, -2.09], t(2038) = -3.05, p = 0.002; Std. beta =
## -0.23, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -6.49,
## 95% CI [-11.08, -1.90], t(2038) = -2.77, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI
## [-0.17, 0.01])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.34, 95% CI [-6.80, 2.13], t(2038) = -1.03, p = 0.305; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.10])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.34, 95% CI [-5.10, 0.41], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.27, 0.11])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-9.41e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.45, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.25, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.82, 95% CI [-3.91, 23.54], t(2038) = 1.40, p = 0.161; Std. beta =
## 3.26e-03, 95% CI [-1.24, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-7.60, 4.94], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.677; Std. beta =
## 0.15, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.61])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.41, 95% CI [-38.99, 14.16], t(2038) = -0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta =
## -4.24, 95% CI [-7.66, -0.82])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.59, 95% CI [-5.12, 34.30], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = 0.91,
## 95% CI [-0.39, 2.21])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.03, 95% CI [-27.04, 8.99], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.326; Std. beta = -0.87,
## 95% CI [-2.32, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.30, 95% CI [-32.56, -2.04], t(2038) = -2.22, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-3.04, -0.04])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.19, 95% CI [-38.58, 14.20], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## -0.83, 95% CI [-2.62, 0.97])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-8.75, 6.83], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 0.23])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -16.62, 95% CI [-35.19, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-2.20, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 15.09, 95% CI [9.11, 21.07], t(2038) = 4.95, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.95, 95% CI
## [0.54, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.04, 95% CI [-9.52, 11.61], t(2038) = 0.19, p = 0.846; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.72, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.77, 95% CI [-15.16, -2.38], t(2038) = -2.69, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 8.75e-03])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.43, 95% CI [-26.47, -4.39], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.48, 95% CI [-9.63, 2.66], t(2038) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.16, 95% CI [-17.44, -2.88], t(2038) = -2.74, p = 0.006; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.99, -8.30e-03])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.21, 95% CI [-16.71, 21.12], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.819; Std. beta = -1.15,
## 95% CI [-2.79, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.93, 95% CI [-25.80, 5.95], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.220; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.31, 95% CI [-33.65, 19.03], t(2038) = -0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-19.31, 4.24], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.77, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.58, 95% CI [-31.99, 4.83], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.55])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.82, 95% CI [-31.39, -2.25], t(2038) = -2.26, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -1.19,
## 95% CI [-2.18, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.08, 95% CI [-43.51, 15.35], t(2038) = -0.94, p = 0.348; Std. beta =
## -1.95, 95% CI [-5.38, 1.49])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -26.16, 95% CI [-52.82, 0.50], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.054; Std. beta = -2.02,
## 95% CI [-4.66, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.41, 95% CI [-25.45, -1.37], t(2038) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -1.05,
## 95% CI [-1.90, -0.21])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 58.65, 95% CI [31.94, 85.36], t(2038) = 4.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.99, 95%
## CI [2.17, 5.80])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.97, 95% CI [-27.99, 10.05], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.355; Std. beta = -1.71,
## 95% CI [-4.24, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -13.68, 95% CI [-26.45, -0.91], t(2038) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.57, 95% CI [-19.89, 2.76], t(2038) = -1.48, p = 0.138; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -18.42, 95% CI [-43.13, 6.28], t(2038) = -1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-2.21, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -18.12, 95% CI [-26.97, -9.26], t(2038) = -4.01, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.67,
## 95% CI [-1.34, 9.29e-03])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -30.62, 95% CI [-46.00, -15.24], t(2038) = -3.90, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-4.80, 5.17])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.50, 95% CI [-13.80, 6.81], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.506; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.27, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.18, 95% CI [-25.65, -2.71], t(2038) = -2.43, p = 0.015; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-1.89, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.60, 95% CI [-35.15, -4.04], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -2.25,
## 95% CI [-4.84, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-35.90, 16.23], t(2038) = -0.74, p = 0.460; Std. beta = -0.81,
## 95% CI [-2.42, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.97, 95% CI [-19.00, 5.06], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.256; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.12, 95% CI [-14.75, 12.51], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.05, 95% CI [-27.25, -0.85], t(2038) = -2.09, p = 0.037; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.37, -0.34])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.77, 95% CI [-19.96, 0.42], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -20.60, 95% CI [-36.35, -4.84], t(2038) = -2.56, p = 0.010; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.57, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.15, 95% CI [-13.01, 10.71], t(2038) = -0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.45,
## 95% CI [-0.40, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.74, 95% CI [-17.82, 8.35], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.478; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.32, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.08, 95% CI [-16.51, 2.35], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.32, -0.06])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.70, 95% CI [-18.68, 34.07], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.567; Std. beta = -2.63,
## 95% CI [-4.82, -0.43])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.49, 95% CI [-21.56, 14.58], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.705; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-1.41, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.84, 95% CI [-35.28, -4.40], t(2038) = -2.52, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-2.27, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.06, 95% CI [-24.03, -6.08], t(2038) = -3.29, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -1.36,
## 95% CI [-2.47, -0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × NH4 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-1.72, 1.86], t(2038) =
## 0.08, p = 0.939; Std. beta = 5.18e-03, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.52, 95% CI [-0.69, 3.72], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.179; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-2.70, 1.70], t(2038) =
## -0.44, p = 0.657; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.03], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.12, p = 0.262; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.65], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.316; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.44, 95% CI [-18.28, 5.41], t(2038) =
## -1.07, p = 0.287; Std. beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-2.27, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.31, 95% CI [-1.02, 5.64], t(2038) =
## 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.93, 95% CI [-69.38, 3.53], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077;
## Std. beta = -4.09, 95% CI [-8.61, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.70, 11.11], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895;
## Std. beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.51, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.91], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.692; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.51, 95% CI [-18.43, 11.40], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.29, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-5.26, 1.12], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.203; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-6.41, 10.61], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.80, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-3.31, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.57, p = 0.570; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-5.56, 3.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.723; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-1.27, 4.48], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.84, 95% CI [-5.84, 9.53], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-2.79, 2.60], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.946; Std.
## beta = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.86, 95% CI [-1.67, 5.39], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.301; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.58, 95% CI [-28.71, 3.55], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.126;
## Std. beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-3.56, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.34, 95% CI [-3.01, 11.69], t(2038) = 1.16, p = 0.247; Std.
## beta = 0.54, 95% CI [-0.37, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.67, 95% CI [-0.20, 11.53], t(2038) = 1.89, p = 0.058; Std.
## beta = 0.70, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.81, 95% CI [-6.33, 9.94], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-8.48, 7.48], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.903; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-56.13, 36.88], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.37, 95% CI [-30.24, 25.49], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.867;
## Std. beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-3.75, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.37, 95% CI [-6.92, 4.19], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-36.21, 14.83], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.411;
## Std. beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-4.49, 1.84])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.49, 12.20], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 1.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-6.35, 7.60], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.860; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.03, 95% CI [-3.50, 15.56], t(2038) = 1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = 0.75, 95% CI [-0.43, 1.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.48, 95% CI [-0.27, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.062; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.95, 95% CI [-30.36, 74.27], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std.
## beta = 2.72, 95% CI [-3.77, 9.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-8.31, 1.96], t(2038) = -1.21, p = 0.226; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-7.40, 4.99], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.703; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.87, 95% CI [-34.67, 16.92], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.500;
## Std. beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-4.30, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-11.60, 8.94], t(2038) = -0.25, p = 0.800; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-1.44, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.00, 95% CI [-2.41, 6.40], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.374; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.74, 95% CI [-8.04, 6.56], t(2038) = -0.20, p = 0.843; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.85, 95% CI [-11.51, 3.80], t(2038) = -0.99, p = 0.324; Std.
## beta = -0.48, 95% CI [-1.43, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.88, 95% CI [-4.09, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.729; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.51, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 9.28, 95% CI [-0.04, 18.59], t(2038) = 1.95, p = 0.051; Std.
## beta = 1.15, 95% CI [-4.80e-03, 2.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.09, 95% CI [-0.90, 11.07], t(2038) = 1.67, p = 0.096; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.22, 4.85], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.701; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.00, 95% CI [-6.16, 2.15], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.344; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.53, 95% CI [-51.25, -9.81], t(2038) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.79, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-7.77, 10.64], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.760; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.47, 95% CI [-8.74, 17.68], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.507; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.26, 95% CI [-14.97, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std.
## beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.5 BC

10.5.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15056.8
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1489 -0.4976 -0.0123  0.4405  7.0939 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.57   11.940        
##           time_firstPFT  11.22    3.350   -0.31
##  Residual                41.78    6.463        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    48.24185    3.49562  13.801
## time_firstPFT                  -7.05581    1.72868  -4.082
## BC_5yrPreCensor                -9.20047    3.87083  -2.377
## site02R                        -3.75795   13.58134  -0.277
## site03R                        23.78880    9.89866   2.403
## site04R                        -7.22234    9.28737  -0.778
## site05R                       -14.33979    7.78763  -1.841
## site06R                         5.38086    9.65513   0.557
## site07R                         2.75716    3.89022   0.709
## site09R                       -11.01810    9.47132  -1.163
## site101                        16.72508    2.95576   5.658
## site102                         4.93435    5.24389   0.941
## site103                        -5.30302    2.67819  -1.980
## site104                       -14.07530    5.56979  -2.527
## site105                        -1.88542    2.96579  -0.636
## site106                        -6.10619    3.55125  -1.719
## site107                         6.69306    9.73488   0.688
## site108                       -13.08684    7.85666  -1.666
## site10R                        -2.99147   13.49636  -0.222
## site11R                        -0.90711    5.73890  -0.158
## site12R                       -13.03969    9.50974  -1.371
## site13R                       -11.47777    7.33182  -1.565
## site14R                        -8.83687   15.00770  -0.589
## site15R                       -24.76347   13.62973  -1.817
## site16R                        -9.80613    5.91658  -1.657
## site17R                        57.34356   13.65283   4.200
## site18R                        -6.73468    9.67534  -0.696
## site19R                       -10.26337    6.50515  -1.578
## site20R                        -5.65347    5.70400  -0.991
## site21R                       -12.56797   12.68816  -0.991
## site22R                       -12.64599    4.31471  -2.931
## site23R                       -21.41439    6.24157  -3.431
## site24R                        -1.11060    5.26256  -0.211
## site25R                        -8.51312    5.66635  -1.502
## site28R                       -17.53270    7.89892  -2.220
## site29R                        -2.22407   13.34833  -0.167
## site31R                        -1.83897    5.84820  -0.314
## site32R                         1.77505    6.85251   0.259
## site33R                       -11.36376    6.72988  -1.689
## site34R                        -7.48066    5.15322  -1.452
## site35R                       -17.31250    8.02127  -2.158
## site36R                         2.62823    5.96254   0.441
## site37R                         0.91776    6.50436   0.141
## site38R                        -3.33715    4.50260  -0.741
## site39R                         2.15744   13.40448   0.161
## site40R                         1.95604    9.26809   0.211
## site41R                       -14.35549    7.71660  -1.860
## site42R                        -9.96084    4.37926  -2.275
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreCensor   3.21863    1.92926   1.668
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -34.14714   18.54095  -1.842
## time_firstPFT:site03R          -0.69853    5.94769  -0.117
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -1.12302    6.28500  -0.179
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -3.00554    7.56676  -0.397
## time_firstPFT:site06R           2.89670    5.05035   0.574
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -1.77263    1.54060  -1.151
## time_firstPFT:site09R           1.50817    4.23391   0.356
## time_firstPFT:site101           0.14098    1.30042   0.108
## time_firstPFT:site102          -0.26992    2.34354  -0.115
## time_firstPFT:site103           2.35303    1.20134   1.959
## time_firstPFT:site104           3.48492    3.77788   0.922
## time_firstPFT:site105           0.96251    1.33177   0.723
## time_firstPFT:site106           2.14359    1.71105   1.253
## time_firstPFT:site107         -12.16581    8.20426  -1.483
## time_firstPFT:site108           5.57007    3.58517   1.554
## time_firstPFT:site11R           5.13768    2.77405   1.852
## time_firstPFT:site12R           2.59243    4.10210   0.632
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -0.07377    3.96310  -0.019
## time_firstPFT:site14R         -10.29155   23.69141  -0.434
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -1.64382   14.15960  -0.116
## time_firstPFT:site16R          -0.62914    2.66264  -0.236
## time_firstPFT:site18R         -10.13726   12.98537  -0.781
## time_firstPFT:site19R           3.89808    4.92054   0.792
## time_firstPFT:site20R           1.83219    3.46493   0.529
## time_firstPFT:site21R           5.31454    4.76089   1.116
## time_firstPFT:site22R           4.90441    2.81253   1.744
## time_firstPFT:site23R          -0.07305    5.41833  -0.013
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -2.37594    2.59776  -0.915
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -1.18363    3.06269  -0.386
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -9.32445   13.07176  -0.713
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -2.06364    5.12960  -0.402
## time_firstPFT:site31R           1.87649    2.02107   0.928
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -0.36636    3.59640  -0.102
## time_firstPFT:site33R          -2.30602    3.83628  -0.601
## time_firstPFT:site34R           1.59434    2.44231   0.653
## time_firstPFT:site35R           9.80505    4.70616   2.083
## time_firstPFT:site36R           5.35018    2.96783   1.803
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -1.34378    2.86028  -0.470
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -1.53649    1.94091  -0.792
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -28.76968   10.48012  -2.745
## time_firstPFT:site40R           2.81172    4.67412   0.602
## time_firstPFT:site41R           3.89395    6.66248   0.584
## time_firstPFT:site42R          -2.45904    5.93519  -0.414
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.531
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 48.24 (95% CI [41.39,
## 55.10], t(2068) = 13.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.06, 95% CI [-10.45, -3.67], t(2068) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.76, -0.46])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -9.20, 95% CI [-16.79, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-30.39, 22.88], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -3.77,
## 95% CI [-7.16, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.79, 95% CI [4.38, 43.20], t(2068) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.55, 95%
## CI [0.28, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.22, 95% CI [-25.44, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.34, 95% CI [-29.61, 0.93], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.55, 24.32], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.87, 10.39], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = 5.31e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-29.59, 7.56], t(2068) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.73, 95% CI [10.93, 22.52], t(2068) = 5.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-5.35, 15.22], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.30, 95% CI [-10.56, -0.05], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.08, 95% CI [-25.00, -3.15], t(2068) = -2.53, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.89, 95% CI [-7.70, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.11, 95% CI [-13.07, 0.86], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 25.78], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-28.49, 2.32], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-29.46, 23.48], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-12.16, 10.35], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.69, 5.61], t(2068) = -1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.48, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.90], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-38.27, 20.59], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.76, 95% CI [-51.49, 1.97], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-21.41, 1.80], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.34, 95% CI [30.57, 84.12], t(2068) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.90, 95%
## CI [2.08, 5.72])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-25.71, 12.24], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-23.02, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.57, 95% CI [-37.45, 12.31], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-21.11, -4.18], t(2068) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.41, 95% CI [-33.65, -9.17], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.46,
## 95% CI [-2.63, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-11.43, 9.21], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.51, 95% CI [-19.63, 2.60], t(2068) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.53, 95% CI [-33.02, -2.04], t(2068) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.15,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-28.40, 23.95], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.84, 95% CI [-13.31, 9.63], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-11.66, 15.21], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-24.56, 1.83], t(2068) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.01, -6.26e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-17.59, 2.63], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.31, 95% CI [-33.04, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.06, 14.32], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-11.84, 13.67], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-12.17, 5.49], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-24.13, 28.45], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.96, 95% CI [-16.22, 20.13], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.36, 95% CI [-29.49, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.96, 95% CI [-18.55, -1.37], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-0.56, 7.00], t(2068) =
## 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.15, 95% CI [-70.51, 2.21], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066;
## Std. beta = -4.23, 95% CI [-8.73, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-12.36, 10.97], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.907;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-13.45, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.67, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-17.84, 11.83], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.691;
## Std. beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.21, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.80], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.77, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.25], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-6.79, 9.81], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.69], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-4.87, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.35, 95% CI [-2.92e-03, 4.71], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-3.63e-04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.48, 95% CI [-3.92, 10.89], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-1.65, 3.57], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.50], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.17, 95% CI [-28.26, 3.92], t(2068) = -1.48, p = 0.138;
## Std. beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-3.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.57, 95% CI [-1.46, 12.60], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-0.30, 10.58], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [-5.45, 10.64], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-7.85, 7.70], t(2068) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -9.13e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.75, 36.17], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.41, 26.12], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.64, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-5.85, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.14, 95% CI [-35.60, 15.33], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.435;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-5.75, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-4.96, 8.63], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-4.02, 14.65], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.61, 10.42], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-10.70, 10.55], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989;
## Std. beta = -9.04e-03, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.47, 2.72], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.82], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-34.96, 16.31], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.12, 8.00], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.50, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.09, 5.84], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-7.42, 6.69], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-9.83, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.81, 95% CI [0.58, 19.03], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.07, 2.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.47, 11.17], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.27], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.34, 2.27], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.77, 95% CI [-49.32, -8.22], t(2068) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-6.11, -1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.35, 11.98], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-9.17, 16.96], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-14.10, 9.18], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## BC_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to BC_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 48.24 (95% CI [41.39, 55.10],
## t(2068) = 13.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.06, 95% CI [-10.45, -3.67], t(2068) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.76, -0.46])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -9.20, 95% CI [-16.79, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-30.39, 22.88], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -3.77,
## 95% CI [-7.16, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.79, 95% CI [4.38, 43.20], t(2068) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.55, 95%
## CI [0.28, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.22, 95% CI [-25.44, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.34, 95% CI [-29.61, 0.93], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.55, 24.32], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.87, 10.39], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = 5.31e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-29.59, 7.56], t(2068) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.73, 95% CI [10.93, 22.52], t(2068) = 5.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-5.35, 15.22], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.30, 95% CI [-10.56, -0.05], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.08, 95% CI [-25.00, -3.15], t(2068) = -2.53, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.89, 95% CI [-7.70, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.11, 95% CI [-13.07, 0.86], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 25.78], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-28.49, 2.32], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-29.46, 23.48], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-12.16, 10.35], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.69, 5.61], t(2068) = -1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.48, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.90], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-38.27, 20.59], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.76, 95% CI [-51.49, 1.97], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-21.41, 1.80], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.34, 95% CI [30.57, 84.12], t(2068) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.90, 95%
## CI [2.08, 5.72])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-25.71, 12.24], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-23.02, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.57, 95% CI [-37.45, 12.31], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-21.11, -4.18], t(2068) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.41, 95% CI [-33.65, -9.17], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.46,
## 95% CI [-2.63, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-11.43, 9.21], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.51, 95% CI [-19.63, 2.60], t(2068) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.53, 95% CI [-33.02, -2.04], t(2068) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.15,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-28.40, 23.95], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.84, 95% CI [-13.31, 9.63], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-11.66, 15.21], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-24.56, 1.83], t(2068) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.01, -6.26e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-17.59, 2.63], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.31, 95% CI [-33.04, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.06, 14.32], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-11.84, 13.67], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-12.17, 5.49], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-24.13, 28.45], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.96, 95% CI [-16.22, 20.13], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.36, 95% CI [-29.49, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.96, 95% CI [-18.55, -1.37], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-0.56, 7.00], t(2068) =
## 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.15, 95% CI [-70.51, 2.21], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066;
## Std. beta = -4.23, 95% CI [-8.73, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-12.36, 10.97], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.907;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-13.45, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.67, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-17.84, 11.83], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.691;
## Std. beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.21, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.80], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.77, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.25], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-6.79, 9.81], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.69], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-4.87, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.35, 95% CI [-2.92e-03, 4.71], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-3.63e-04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.48, 95% CI [-3.92, 10.89], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-1.65, 3.57], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.50], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.17, 95% CI [-28.26, 3.92], t(2068) = -1.48, p = 0.138;
## Std. beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-3.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.57, 95% CI [-1.46, 12.60], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-0.30, 10.58], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [-5.45, 10.64], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-7.85, 7.70], t(2068) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -9.13e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.75, 36.17], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.41, 26.12], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.64, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-5.85, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.14, 95% CI [-35.60, 15.33], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.435;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-5.75, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-4.96, 8.63], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-4.02, 14.65], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.61, 10.42], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-10.70, 10.55], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989;
## Std. beta = -9.04e-03, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.47, 2.72], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.82], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-34.96, 16.31], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.12, 8.00], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.50, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.09, 5.84], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-7.42, 6.69], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-9.83, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.81, 95% CI [0.58, 19.03], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.07, 2.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.47, 11.17], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.27], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.34, 2.27], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.77, 95% CI [-49.32, -8.22], t(2068) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-6.11, -1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.35, 11.98], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-9.17, 16.96], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-14.10, 9.18], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 48.24 (95% CI [41.39, 55.10], t(2068) = 13.80, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.06, 95% CI [-10.45, -3.67], t(2068) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.76, -0.46])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -9.20, 95% CI [-16.79, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-30.39, 22.88], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -3.77,
## 95% CI [-7.16, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.79, 95% CI [4.38, 43.20], t(2068) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.55, 95%
## CI [0.28, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.22, 95% CI [-25.44, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.34, 95% CI [-29.61, 0.93], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.55, 24.32], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.87, 10.39], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = 5.31e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-29.59, 7.56], t(2068) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.73, 95% CI [10.93, 22.52], t(2068) = 5.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-5.35, 15.22], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.30, 95% CI [-10.56, -0.05], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.08, 95% CI [-25.00, -3.15], t(2068) = -2.53, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.89, 95% CI [-7.70, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.11, 95% CI [-13.07, 0.86], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 25.78], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-28.49, 2.32], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-29.46, 23.48], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-12.16, 10.35], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.69, 5.61], t(2068) = -1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.48, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.90], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-38.27, 20.59], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.76, 95% CI [-51.49, 1.97], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-21.41, 1.80], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.34, 95% CI [30.57, 84.12], t(2068) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.90, 95%
## CI [2.08, 5.72])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-25.71, 12.24], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-23.02, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.57, 95% CI [-37.45, 12.31], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-21.11, -4.18], t(2068) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.41, 95% CI [-33.65, -9.17], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.46,
## 95% CI [-2.63, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-11.43, 9.21], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.51, 95% CI [-19.63, 2.60], t(2068) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.53, 95% CI [-33.02, -2.04], t(2068) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.15,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-28.40, 23.95], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.84, 95% CI [-13.31, 9.63], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-11.66, 15.21], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-24.56, 1.83], t(2068) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.01, -6.26e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-17.59, 2.63], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.31, 95% CI [-33.04, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.06, 14.32], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-11.84, 13.67], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-12.17, 5.49], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-24.13, 28.45], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.96, 95% CI [-16.22, 20.13], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.36, 95% CI [-29.49, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.96, 95% CI [-18.55, -1.37], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-0.56, 7.00], t(2068) =
## 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.15, 95% CI [-70.51, 2.21], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066;
## Std. beta = -4.23, 95% CI [-8.73, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-12.36, 10.97], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.907;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-13.45, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.67, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-17.84, 11.83], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.691;
## Std. beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.21, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.80], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.77, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.25], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-6.79, 9.81], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.69], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-4.87, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.35, 95% CI [-2.92e-03, 4.71], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-3.63e-04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.48, 95% CI [-3.92, 10.89], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-1.65, 3.57], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.50], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.17, 95% CI [-28.26, 3.92], t(2068) = -1.48, p = 0.138;
## Std. beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-3.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.57, 95% CI [-1.46, 12.60], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-0.30, 10.58], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [-5.45, 10.64], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-7.85, 7.70], t(2068) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -9.13e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.75, 36.17], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.41, 26.12], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.64, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-5.85, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.14, 95% CI [-35.60, 15.33], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.435;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-5.75, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-4.96, 8.63], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-4.02, 14.65], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.61, 10.42], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-10.70, 10.55], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989;
## Std. beta = -9.04e-03, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.47, 2.72], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.82], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-34.96, 16.31], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.12, 8.00], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.50, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.09, 5.84], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-7.42, 6.69], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-9.83, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.81, 95% CI [0.58, 19.03], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.07, 2.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.47, 11.17], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.27], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.34, 2.27], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.77, 95% CI [-49.32, -8.22], t(2068) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-6.11, -1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.35, 11.98], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-9.17, 16.96], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-14.10, 9.18], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 48.24 (95% CI [41.39, 55.10], t(2068)
## = 13.80, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.06, 95% CI [-10.45, -3.67], t(2068) = -4.08, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-0.76, -0.46])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -9.20, 95% CI [-16.79, -1.61], t(2068) = -2.38, p = 0.018; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.06])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.76, 95% CI [-30.39, 22.88], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.782; Std. beta = -3.77,
## 95% CI [-7.16, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 23.79, 95% CI [4.38, 43.20], t(2068) = 2.40, p = 0.016; Std. beta = 1.55, 95%
## CI [0.28, 2.81])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.22, 95% CI [-25.44, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.437; Std. beta = -0.61,
## 95% CI [-2.05, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.34, 95% CI [-29.61, 0.93], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.21])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.38, 95% CI [-13.55, 24.32], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.577; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.03])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.76, 95% CI [-4.87, 10.39], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std. beta = 5.31e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.49, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.02, 95% CI [-29.59, 7.56], t(2068) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std. beta = -0.59,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.68])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 16.73, 95% CI [10.93, 22.52], t(2068) = 5.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.15, 95%
## CI [0.76, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.93, 95% CI [-5.35, 15.22], t(2068) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std. beta = 0.31, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.30, 95% CI [-10.56, -0.05], t(2068) = -1.98, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.48, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.08, 95% CI [-25.00, -3.15], t(2068) = -2.53, p = 0.012; Std. beta = -0.60,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.89, 95% CI [-7.70, 3.93], t(2068) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.42, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.11, 95% CI [-13.07, 0.86], t(2068) = -1.72, p = 0.086; Std. beta = -0.19,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.69, 95% CI [-12.40, 25.78], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.80,
## 95% CI [-2.44, 0.84])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.09, 95% CI [-28.49, 2.32], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-29.46, 23.48], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.825; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-12.16, 10.35], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.32, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.04, 95% CI [-31.69, 5.61], t(2068) = -1.37, p = 0.170; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.48, 95% CI [-25.86, 2.90], t(2068) = -1.57, p = 0.118; Std. beta = -0.79,
## 95% CI [-1.74, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.84, 95% CI [-38.27, 20.59], t(2068) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -1.66,
## 95% CI [-5.08, 1.76])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -24.76, 95% CI [-51.49, 1.97], t(2068) = -1.82, p = 0.069; Std. beta = -1.85,
## 95% CI [-4.48, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.81, 95% CI [-21.41, 1.80], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.098; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 57.34, 95% CI [30.57, 84.12], t(2068) = 4.20, p < .001; Std. beta = 3.90, 95%
## CI [2.08, 5.72])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.73, 95% CI [-25.71, 12.24], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.486; Std. beta = -1.50,
## 95% CI [-4.02, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-23.02, 2.49], t(2068) = -1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.65, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.53], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.63])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.57, 95% CI [-37.45, 12.31], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta =
## -0.31, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.65, 95% CI [-21.11, -4.18], t(2068) = -2.93, p = 0.003; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -21.41, 95% CI [-33.65, -9.17], t(2068) = -3.43, p < .001; Std. beta = -1.46,
## 95% CI [-2.63, -0.29])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.11, 95% CI [-11.43, 9.21], t(2068) = -0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.51, 95% CI [-19.63, 2.60], t(2068) = -1.50, p = 0.133; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.47, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.53, 95% CI [-33.02, -2.04], t(2068) = -2.22, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -2.15,
## 95% CI [-4.71, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.22, 95% CI [-28.40, 23.95], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.868; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.84, 95% CI [-13.31, 9.63], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.753; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.66, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.78, 95% CI [-11.66, 15.21], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.796; Std. beta = 0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.86, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.36, 95% CI [-24.56, 1.83], t(2068) = -1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = -1.01,
## 95% CI [-2.01, -6.26e-03])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.48, 95% CI [-17.59, 2.63], t(2068) = -1.45, p = 0.147; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.31, 95% CI [-33.04, -1.58], t(2068) = -2.16, p = 0.031; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.29, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.63, 95% CI [-9.06, 14.32], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = 0.73, 95%
## CI [-0.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.92, 95% CI [-11.84, 13.67], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = -0.08,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.34, 95% CI [-12.17, 5.49], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.459; Std. beta = -0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.16, 95% CI [-24.13, 28.45], t(2068) = 0.16, p = 0.872; Std. beta = -2.81,
## 95% CI [-4.98, -0.64])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.96, 95% CI [-16.22, 20.13], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.833; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 1.75])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.36, 95% CI [-29.49, 0.78], t(2068) = -1.86, p = 0.063; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.96, 95% CI [-18.55, -1.37], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.93,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 3.22, 95% CI [-0.56, 7.00], t(2068) =
## 1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.15, 95% CI [-70.51, 2.21], t(2068) = -1.84, p = 0.066;
## Std. beta = -4.23, 95% CI [-8.73, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.70, 95% CI [-12.36, 10.97], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.907;
## Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.53, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.12, 95% CI [-13.45, 11.20], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.67, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.01, 95% CI [-17.84, 11.83], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.691;
## Std. beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-2.21, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.90, 95% CI [-7.01, 12.80], t(2068) = 0.57, p = 0.566; Std.
## beta = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.77, 95% CI [-4.79, 1.25], t(2068) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.59, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.51, 95% CI [-6.79, 9.81], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.722; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.84, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-2.41, 2.69], t(2068) = 0.11, p = 0.914; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-4.87, 4.33], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.60, 0.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.35, 95% CI [-2.92e-03, 4.71], t(2068) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 0.29, 95% CI [-3.63e-04, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.48, 95% CI [-3.92, 10.89], t(2068) = 0.92, p = 0.356; Std.
## beta = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.49, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-1.65, 3.57], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.470; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.50], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.17, 95% CI [-28.26, 3.92], t(2068) = -1.48, p = 0.138;
## Std. beta = -1.51, 95% CI [-3.50, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.57, 95% CI [-1.46, 12.60], t(2068) = 1.55, p = 0.120; Std.
## beta = 0.69, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-0.30, 10.58], t(2068) = 1.85, p = 0.064; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [-5.45, 10.64], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.527; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-7.85, 7.70], t(2068) = -0.02, p = 0.985; Std.
## beta = -9.13e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.29, 95% CI [-56.75, 36.17], t(2068) = -0.43, p = 0.664;
## Std. beta = -1.27, 95% CI [-7.03, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.64, 95% CI [-29.41, 26.12], t(2068) = -0.12, p = 0.908;
## Std. beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-3.64, 3.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-5.85, 4.59], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.813; Std.
## beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.14, 95% CI [-35.60, 15.33], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.435;
## Std. beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-5.75, 13.55], t(2068) = 0.79, p = 0.428; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.71, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-4.96, 8.63], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.597; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.31, 95% CI [-4.02, 14.65], t(2068) = 1.12, p = 0.264; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.61, 10.42], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.081; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.08, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-10.70, 10.55], t(2068) = -0.01, p = 0.989;
## Std. beta = -9.04e-03, 95% CI [-1.33, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-7.47, 2.72], t(2068) = -0.91, p = 0.361; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.82], t(2068) = -0.39, p = 0.699; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.32, 95% CI [-34.96, 16.31], t(2068) = -0.71, p = 0.476;
## Std. beta = -1.16, 95% CI [-4.33, 2.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.06, 95% CI [-12.12, 8.00], t(2068) = -0.40, p = 0.688; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.50, 0.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.88, 95% CI [-2.09, 5.84], t(2068) = 0.93, p = 0.353; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-7.42, 6.69], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.919; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.92, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-9.83, 5.22], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.22, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.59, 95% CI [-3.20, 6.38], t(2068) = 0.65, p = 0.514; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.81, 95% CI [0.58, 19.03], t(2068) = 2.08, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 1.21, 95% CI [0.07, 2.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.35, 95% CI [-0.47, 11.17], t(2068) = 1.80, p = 0.072; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.06, 1.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.27], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.54, 95% CI [-5.34, 2.27], t(2068) = -0.79, p = 0.429; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.77, 95% CI [-49.32, -8.22], t(2068) = -2.75, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-6.11, -1.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.81, 95% CI [-6.35, 11.98], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.548; Std.
## beta = 0.35, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-9.17, 16.96], t(2068) = 0.58, p = 0.559; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.10])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.46, 95% CI [-14.10, 9.18], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-1.75, 1.14])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.5.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14885
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1243 -0.4910 -0.0112  0.4507  7.0876 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   137.79   11.738        
##           time_firstPFT  11.06    3.325   -0.28
##  Residual                41.83    6.468        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       43.93186    5.69229   7.718
## time_firstPFT                     -4.90400    2.65534  -1.847
## BC_5yrPreCensor                   -7.98584    3.88919  -2.053
## disadv                            -5.33336    2.32858  -2.290
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.61597    2.28641  -1.144
## sexF                              -2.34976    1.41512  -1.660
## age_dx                             0.14731    0.07402   1.990
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.80534    1.40653  -1.995
## smokeHxAlways                      8.33806    7.06167   1.181
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.89481    3.17336  -0.912
## site02R                           -7.36325   13.47291  -0.547
## site03R                           19.53579    9.89811   1.974
## site04R                           -6.57436    9.17868  -0.716
## site05R                          -14.56812    7.73508  -1.883
## site06R                           -7.56798   13.45876  -0.562
## site07R                            1.25272    3.87904   0.323
## site09R                          -12.99028    9.39425  -1.383
## site101                           17.21949    2.96707   5.804
## site102                            4.33869    5.23313   0.829
## site103                           -4.78246    2.76383  -1.730
## site104                          -12.55779    5.57212  -2.254
## site105                           -0.90777    2.96707  -0.306
## site106                           -7.83269    3.58427  -2.185
## site107                            4.74728    9.64655   0.492
## site108                           -7.58567    8.17875  -0.927
## site10R                           -1.78905   13.52988  -0.132
## site11R                           -2.04767    5.69805  -0.359
## site12R                          -11.21898    9.41420  -1.192
## site13R                          -12.89962    7.28473  -1.771
## site14R                          -10.56385   14.96308  -0.706
## site15R                          -21.29112   13.52580  -1.574
## site16R                           -9.39786    5.94496  -1.581
## site17R                           62.01242   13.61839   4.554
## site18R                           -5.06908    9.60852  -0.528
## site19R                          -10.97181    6.50202  -1.687
## site20R                           -5.66324    5.66205  -1.000
## site21R                          -12.30991   12.51693  -0.983
## site22R                          -15.17650    4.35257  -3.487
## site23R                          -27.57986    7.76650  -3.551
## site24R                           -1.22439    5.21165  -0.235
## site25R                          -10.84962    5.68413  -1.909
## site28R                          -16.14202    7.86552  -2.052
## site29R                           -5.52631   13.23540  -0.418
## site31R                           -2.34262    5.85147  -0.400
## site32R                            2.19844    6.84346   0.321
## site33R                          -11.60058    6.68956  -1.734
## site34R                           -7.23110    5.11092  -1.415
## site35R                          -17.68116    7.98667  -2.214
## site36R                            2.22874    5.92686   0.376
## site37R                           -0.87763    6.52634  -0.134
## site38R                           -2.62646    4.46529  -0.588
## site39R                           10.15316   13.52070   0.751
## site40R                            0.29939    9.18491   0.033
## site41R                          -15.29167    7.70345  -1.985
## site42R                          -11.76042    4.38844  -2.680
## time_firstPFT:BC_5yrPreCensor      2.77699    1.99073   1.395
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.40605    1.10718   1.270
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.72408    1.11778  -0.648
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.62169    0.66088   0.941
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.04262    0.03438  -1.240
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.63342    0.67144  -0.943
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -5.81250    6.05513  -0.960
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.19496    1.66796   1.316
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -32.49554   18.56093  -1.751
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.25573    5.98735  -0.043
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -1.88076    6.31238  -0.298
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -2.83520    7.58600  -0.374
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.26089    1.57289  -0.802
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.53425    4.25096   0.596
## time_firstPFT:site101              0.20429    1.32605   0.154
## time_firstPFT:site102              0.21744    2.36022   0.092
## time_firstPFT:site103              2.59124    1.28137   2.022
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.99269    3.84964   0.777
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.94543    1.34571   0.703
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.66281    1.75925   1.514
## time_firstPFT:site107            -11.44325    8.21262  -1.393
## time_firstPFT:site108              6.20626    3.82209   1.624
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.86897    2.82320   2.079
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.95313    4.11712   0.717
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.02037    3.98893  -0.005
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.18227   23.71325  -0.387
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -1.88884   14.17715  -0.133
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -0.79899    2.70865  -0.295
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.01046   13.00320  -0.770
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.78547    4.99048   0.759
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.60376    3.50663   0.457
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.93258    4.75830   1.247
## time_firstPFT:site22R              6.13807    2.85790   2.148
## time_firstPFT:site23R             24.13028   26.75143   0.902
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.14556    2.60208  -0.825
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -0.23134    3.12626  -0.074
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.35323   13.15526  -0.635
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.51665    5.15675  -0.100
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.62956    2.06972   1.270
## time_firstPFT:site32R              0.14595    3.63966   0.040
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -2.84154    3.89423  -0.730
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.70890    2.48654   0.687
## time_firstPFT:site35R             10.55826    4.75920   2.218
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.42379    2.98361   1.818
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -0.84233    2.96120  -0.284
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.47182    1.95292  -0.754
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -28.87773   10.57454  -2.731
## time_firstPFT:site40R              2.42129    4.73531   0.511
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.84920    6.68730   0.725
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -2.79700    5.95805  -0.469
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.800
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.524
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77, 55.10], t(2038)
## = 7.72, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## BC_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## BC_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77, 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77,
## 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77, 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77,
## 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77,
## 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77, 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77,
## 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * BC_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.35. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 43.93 (95% CI [32.77, 55.10], t(2038) = 7.72, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.90, 95% CI [-10.11, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.85, p = 0.065; Std. beta =
## -0.61, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.41])
##   - The effect of BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-15.61, -0.36], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.20, 0.07])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.33,
## 95% CI [-9.90, -0.77], t(2038) = -2.29, p = 0.022; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.10, 1.87], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.253; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.57, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.35, 95% CI [-5.12, 0.43], t(2038) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [2.15e-03, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.81, 95% CI [-5.56, -0.05], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.046; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.34, 95% CI [-5.51, 22.19], t(2038) = 1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-1.29, 1.22])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.12, 3.33], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.362; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.36, 95% CI [-33.79, 19.06], t(2038) = -0.55, p = 0.585; Std. beta = -3.85,
## 95% CI [-7.27, -0.44])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.54, 95% CI [0.12, 38.95], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.02, 2.58])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-24.57, 11.43], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.474; Std. beta = -0.64,
## 95% CI [-2.09, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.57, 95% CI [-29.74, 0.60], t(2038) = -1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-2.78, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.57, 95% CI [-33.96, 18.83], t(2038) = -0.56, p = 0.574; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.25, 95% CI [-6.35, 8.86], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.747; Std. beta = -0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.55, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.99, 95% CI [-31.41, 5.43], t(2038) = -1.38, p = 0.167; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 17.22, 95% CI [11.40, 23.04], t(2038) = 5.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.19, 95%
## CI [0.79, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.34, 95% CI [-5.92, 14.60], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std. beta = 0.32, 95%
## CI [-0.38, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.78, 95% CI [-10.20, 0.64], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.084; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-0.44, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.56, 95% CI [-23.49, -1.63], t(2038) = -2.25, p = 0.024; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.36])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.91, 95% CI [-6.73, 4.91], t(2038) = -0.31, p = 0.760; Std. beta = 0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.36, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -7.83, 95% CI [-14.86, -0.80], t(2038) = -2.19, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.75, 95% CI [-14.17, 23.67], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.623; Std. beta = -0.86,
## 95% CI [-2.50, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.59, 95% CI [-23.63, 8.45], t(2038) = -0.93, p = 0.354; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 1.20])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.79, 95% CI [-28.32, 24.74], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.895; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.68])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.05, 95% CI [-13.22, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std. beta = 0.47,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-29.68, 7.24], t(2038) = -1.19, p = 0.234; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.75, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.90, 95% CI [-27.19, 1.39], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -0.88,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.56, 95% CI [-39.91, 18.78], t(2038) = -0.71, p = 0.480; Std. beta =
## -1.66, 95% CI [-5.10, 1.77])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -21.29, 95% CI [-47.82, 5.23], t(2038) = -1.57, p = 0.116; Std. beta = -1.64,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 0.99])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.40, 95% CI [-21.06, 2.26], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.72,
## 95% CI [-1.54, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 62.01, 95% CI [35.31, 88.72], t(2038) = 4.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.21, 95%
## CI [2.40, 6.03])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.07, 95% CI [-23.91, 13.77], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -1.38,
## 95% CI [-3.91, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.97, 95% CI [-23.72, 1.78], t(2038) = -1.69, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.66, 95% CI [-16.77, 5.44], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.317; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 0.62])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.31, 95% CI [-36.86, 12.24], t(2038) = -0.98, p = 0.325; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.18, 95% CI [-23.71, -6.64], t(2038) = -3.49, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.05, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -27.58, 95% CI [-42.81, -12.35], t(2038) = -3.55, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.61,
## 95% CI [-4.38, 5.61])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.22, 95% CI [-11.45, 9.00], t(2038) = -0.23, p = 0.814; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.85, 95% CI [-22.00, 0.30], t(2038) = -1.91, p = 0.056; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-1.55, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.14, 95% CI [-31.57, -0.72], t(2038) = -2.05, p = 0.040; Std. beta = -1.96,
## 95% CI [-4.55, 0.64])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.53, 95% CI [-31.48, 20.43], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.676; Std. beta = -0.43,
## 95% CI [-2.04, 1.19])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.34, 95% CI [-13.82, 9.13], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689; Std. beta = 0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.20, 95% CI [-11.22, 15.62], t(2038) = 0.32, p = 0.748; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.79, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.60, 95% CI [-24.72, 1.52], t(2038) = -1.73, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -1.08,
## 95% CI [-2.10, -0.07])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.23, 95% CI [-17.25, 2.79], t(2038) = -1.41, p = 0.157; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.68, 95% CI [-33.34, -2.02], t(2038) = -2.21, p = 0.027; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 1.02])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-9.39, 13.85], t(2038) = 0.38, p = 0.707; Std. beta = 0.71, 95%
## CI [-0.12, 1.55])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.88, 95% CI [-13.68, 11.92], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.01, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.63, 95% CI [-11.38, 6.13], t(2038) = -0.59, p = 0.556; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.15, 95% CI [-16.36, 36.67], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = -2.29,
## 95% CI [-4.50, -0.08])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.30, 95% CI [-17.71, 18.31], t(2038) = 0.03, p = 0.974; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.07, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.29, 95% CI [-30.40, -0.18], t(2038) = -1.99, p = 0.047; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.76, 95% CI [-20.37, -3.15], t(2038) = -2.68, p = 0.007; Std. beta = -1.09,
## 95% CI [-2.19, 0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × BC 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.78, 95% CI [-1.13, 6.68], t(2038) =
## 1.39, p = 0.163; Std. beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.41, 95% CI [-0.77, 3.58], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.92, 1.47], t(2038) =
## -0.65, p = 0.517; Std. beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.67, 1.92], t(2038) = 0.94, p = 0.347; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.02], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.215; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.95, 0.68], t(2038) =
## -0.94, p = 0.346; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.81, 95% CI [-17.69, 6.06], t(2038) =
## -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = -0.72, 95% CI [-2.19, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-1.08, 5.47], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.188; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -32.50, 95% CI [-68.90, 3.90], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.080;
## Std. beta = -4.03, 95% CI [-8.55, 0.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-12.00, 11.49], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.966;
## Std. beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.49, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.88, 95% CI [-14.26, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.766;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-17.71, 12.04], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.709;
## Std. beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-2.20, 1.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.26, 95% CI [-4.35, 1.82], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.423; Std.
## beta = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.54, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.53, 95% CI [-5.80, 10.87], t(2038) = 0.60, p = 0.551; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-2.40, 2.80], t(2038) = 0.15, p = 0.878; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-4.41, 4.85], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.55, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 2.59, 95% CI [0.08, 5.10], t(2038) = 2.02, p = 0.043; Std.
## beta = 0.32, 95% CI [9.72e-03, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-4.56, 10.54], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.437; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.57, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.95, 95% CI [-1.69, 3.58], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.482; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.66, 95% CI [-0.79, 6.11], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.44, 95% CI [-27.55, 4.66], t(2038) = -1.39, p = 0.164;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-3.42, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 6.21, 95% CI [-1.29, 13.70], t(2038) = 1.62, p = 0.105; Std.
## beta = 0.77, 95% CI [-0.16, 1.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.87, 95% CI [0.33, 11.41], t(2038) = 2.08, p = 0.038; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.04, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.95, 95% CI [-5.12, 11.03], t(2038) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std.
## beta = 0.37, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 7.80], t(2038) = -5.11e-03, p = 0.996;
## Std. beta = -2.53e-03, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.97])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.18, 95% CI [-55.69, 37.32], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.699;
## Std. beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.91, 4.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.89, 95% CI [-29.69, 25.91], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.894;
## Std. beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-3.68, 3.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-6.11, 4.51], t(2038) = -0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.01, 95% CI [-35.51, 15.49], t(2038) = -0.77, p = 0.441;
## Std. beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-4.41, 1.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.79, 95% CI [-6.00, 13.57], t(2038) = 0.76, p = 0.448; Std.
## beta = 0.47, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.60, 95% CI [-5.27, 8.48], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.647; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.93, 95% CI [-3.40, 15.26], t(2038) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.74, 95% CI [-0.42, 1.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 6.14, 95% CI [0.53, 11.74], t(2038) = 2.15, p = 0.032; Std.
## beta = 0.76, 95% CI [0.07, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 24.13, 95% CI [-28.33, 76.59], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.367; Std.
## beta = 2.99, 95% CI [-3.52, 9.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.25, 2.96], t(2038) = -0.82, p = 0.410; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-6.36, 5.90], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.941; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.79, 0.73])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.35, 95% CI [-34.15, 17.45], t(2038) = -0.63, p = 0.526;
## Std. beta = -1.04, 95% CI [-4.24, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-10.63, 9.60], t(2038) = -0.10, p = 0.920; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-1.32, 1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.63, 95% CI [-1.43, 6.69], t(2038) = 1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 7.28], t(2038) = 0.04, p = 0.968; Std.
## beta = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.84, 95% CI [-10.48, 4.80], t(2038) = -0.73, p = 0.466; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.71, 95% CI [-3.17, 6.59], t(2038) = 0.69, p = 0.492; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 10.56, 95% CI [1.22, 19.89], t(2038) = 2.22, p = 0.027; Std.
## beta = 1.31, 95% CI [0.15, 2.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.42, 95% CI [-0.43, 11.28], t(2038) = 1.82, p = 0.069; Std.
## beta = 0.67, 95% CI [-0.05, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.84, 95% CI [-6.65, 4.96], t(2038) = -0.28, p = 0.776; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.83, 0.62])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.30, 2.36], t(2038) = -0.75, p = 0.451; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -28.88, 95% CI [-49.62, -8.14], t(2038) = -2.73, p = 0.006;
## Std. beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-6.16, -1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.42, 95% CI [-6.87, 11.71], t(2038) = 0.51, p = 0.609; Std.
## beta = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.85, 95% CI [-8.27, 17.96], t(2038) = 0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-1.03, 2.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.80, 95% CI [-14.48, 8.89], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.6 OM

10.6.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15062
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1455 -0.4978 -0.0109  0.4434  7.1034 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   142.12   11.922        
##           time_firstPFT  11.06    3.325   -0.30
##  Residual                41.78    6.464        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                               Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    46.4566     2.6278  17.679
## time_firstPFT                  -6.6662     1.2372  -5.388
## OM_5yrPreCensor                -1.8495     0.7269  -2.544
## site02R                        -1.5570    13.5402  -0.115
## site03R                        25.0213     9.8602   2.538
## site04R                        -6.3693     9.2477  -0.689
## site05R                       -13.2744     7.7421  -1.715
## site06R                         7.9278     9.7090   0.817
## site07R                         4.5225     3.7039   1.221
## site09R                        -9.6051     9.3999  -1.022
## site101                        18.7735     2.5879   7.254
## site102                         8.0270     4.9351   1.627
## site103                        -2.0628     2.1534  -0.958
## site104                       -10.8065     5.1932  -2.081
## site105                         1.4683     2.4791   0.592
## site106                        -4.0827     3.3624  -1.214
## site107                         9.2742     9.5827   0.968
## site108                        -9.8323     7.5250  -1.307
## site10R                        -2.0217    13.3629  -0.151
## site11R                         1.3828     5.7470   0.241
## site12R                       -11.1237     9.3618  -1.188
## site13R                       -10.4468     7.2840  -1.434
## site14R                        -8.0467    14.9765  -0.537
## site15R                       -22.6517    13.5968  -1.666
## site16R                        -9.0727     5.8745  -1.544
## site17R                        59.2116    13.6008   4.354
## site18R                        -4.6668     9.6168  -0.485
## site19R                        -8.5206     6.2563  -1.362
## site20R                        -3.8299     5.5630  -0.688
## site21R                       -10.7483    12.6865  -0.847
## site22R                       -12.2298     4.2761  -2.860
## site23R                       -19.3842     6.1143  -3.170
## site24R                         0.6928     5.0665   0.137
## site25R                        -5.9863     5.5309  -1.082
## site28R                       -16.6948     7.8846  -2.117
## site29R                        -1.3080    13.2927  -0.098
## site31R                        -0.3193     5.7647  -0.055
## site32R                         3.6432     6.6859   0.545
## site33R                        -9.6398     6.6055  -1.459
## site34R                        -5.9995     5.0142  -1.196
## site35R                       -15.2948     7.8500  -1.948
## site36R                         3.7454     5.9291   0.632
## site37R                         1.7724     6.4705   0.274
## site38R                        -1.4002     4.4047  -0.318
## site39R                         4.4326    13.2671   0.334
## site40R                         2.4698     9.2576   0.267
## site41R                       -13.8143     7.6919  -1.796
## site42R                        -9.2572     4.3342  -2.136
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreCensor   0.7233     0.3495   2.070
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -34.9461    18.5338  -1.886
## time_firstPFT:site03R          -1.1434     5.9336  -0.193
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -1.4500     6.2578  -0.232
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -3.3694     7.5517  -0.446
## time_firstPFT:site06R           1.8158     5.0750   0.358
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -2.3791     1.4132  -1.684
## time_firstPFT:site09R           0.9717     4.2035   0.231
## time_firstPFT:site101          -0.5492     1.0878  -0.505
## time_firstPFT:site102          -1.3343     2.1734  -0.614
## time_firstPFT:site103           1.1767     0.9451   1.245
## time_firstPFT:site104           2.2259     3.7204   0.598
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.1941     1.0628  -0.183
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.4570     1.6048   0.908
## time_firstPFT:site107         -13.0314     8.1580  -1.597
## time_firstPFT:site108           4.5560     3.4002   1.340
## time_firstPFT:site11R           4.1067     2.7798   1.477
## time_firstPFT:site12R           1.8499     4.0062   0.462
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -0.4110     3.9318  -0.105
## time_firstPFT:site14R         -10.5141    23.6890  -0.444
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -2.4205    14.1512  -0.171
## time_firstPFT:site16R          -0.9021     2.6213  -0.344
## time_firstPFT:site18R         -10.8741    12.9779  -0.838
## time_firstPFT:site19R           3.3592     4.8495   0.693
## time_firstPFT:site20R           1.2129     3.3963   0.357
## time_firstPFT:site21R           4.5913     4.7547   0.966
## time_firstPFT:site22R           4.7391     2.7799   1.705
## time_firstPFT:site23R          -0.8527     5.3698  -0.159
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -2.9740     2.4904  -1.194
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -2.0666     2.9619  -0.698
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -9.6220    13.0702  -0.736
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -2.3058     5.0856  -0.453
## time_firstPFT:site31R           1.3683     1.9546   0.700
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -1.0039     3.5455  -0.283
## time_firstPFT:site33R          -2.8493     3.7614  -0.758
## time_firstPFT:site34R           1.1061     2.3695   0.467
## time_firstPFT:site35R           9.1761     4.6186   1.987
## time_firstPFT:site36R           4.9480     2.9452   1.680
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -1.6185     2.8435  -0.569
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -2.2578     1.8851  -1.198
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -29.4749    10.4333  -2.825
## time_firstPFT:site40R           2.4715     4.5892   0.539
## time_firstPFT:site41R           3.7288     6.6539   0.560
## time_firstPFT:site42R          -2.7087     5.9242  -0.457
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.531
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 46.46 (95% CI [41.30,
## 51.61], t(2068) = 17.68, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-9.09, -4.24], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.44])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-3.28, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-28.11, 25.00], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -3.70,
## 95% CI [-7.10, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.02, 95% CI [5.68, 44.36], t(2068) = 2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.85])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-24.51, 11.77], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-28.46, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.93, 95% CI [-11.11, 26.97], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.52, 95% CI [-2.74, 11.79], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.61, 95% CI [-28.04, 8.83], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.77, 95% CI [13.70, 23.85], t(2068) = 7.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.22, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.03, 95% CI [-1.65, 17.71], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.29, 2.16], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.81, 95% CI [-20.99, -0.62], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-3.39, 6.33], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-10.68, 2.51], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-9.52, 28.07], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.33, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-24.59, 4.93], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-28.23, 24.18], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.89, 12.65], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.12, 95% CI [-29.48, 7.24], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-24.73, 3.84], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.05, 95% CI [-37.42, 21.32], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.65, 95% CI [-49.32, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -1.79,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-20.59, 2.45], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.21, 95% CI [32.54, 85.88], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.84])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-23.53, 14.19], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std. beta = -1.44,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-20.79, 3.75], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.83, 95% CI [-14.74, 7.08], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-35.63, 14.13], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.23, 95% CI [-20.62, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-31.37, -7.39], t(2068) = -3.17, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.56, -0.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.69, 95% CI [-9.24, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.83, 4.86], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.69, 95% CI [-32.16, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-27.38, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-11.62, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-9.47, 16.76], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.64, 95% CI [-22.59, 3.31], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.29, 95% CI [-30.69, 0.10], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-7.88, 15.37], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.77, 95% CI [-10.92, 14.46], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-10.04, 7.24], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-21.59, 30.45], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -2.73,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.57])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-15.69, 20.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.81, 95% CI [-28.90, 1.27], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.26, 95% CI [-17.76, -0.76], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.04, 1.41], t(2068) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [4.29e-03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.95, 95% CI [-71.29, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-8.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.78, 10.49], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.72, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-18.18, 11.44], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.14, 11.77], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-5.15, 0.39], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.22], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.58], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-5.60, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.03], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-5.07, 9.52], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.89], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.69, 4.60], t(2068) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.03, 95% CI [-29.03, 2.97], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110;
## Std. beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-3.60, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-2.11, 11.22], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [-1.34, 9.56], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-6.01, 9.71], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.30], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.51, 95% CI [-56.97, 35.94], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.657;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.33], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.74, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.87, 95% CI [-36.33, 14.58], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-6.15, 12.87], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.87], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.59, 95% CI [-4.73, 13.92], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.74, 95% CI [-0.71, 10.19], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.68], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.86, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.88, 3.74], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.25, 16.01], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-12.28, 7.67], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.37, 95% CI [-2.46, 5.20], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-7.96, 5.95], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-10.23, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-3.54, 5.75], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.18, 95% CI [0.12, 18.23], t(2068) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 1.14, 95% CI [0.01, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.95, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.72], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.96], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-5.95, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.47, 95% CI [-49.94, -9.01], t(2068) = -2.83, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-6.53, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.32, 16.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.15, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-14.33, 8.91], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## OM_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to OM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 46.46 (95% CI [41.30, 51.61],
## t(2068) = 17.68, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-9.09, -4.24], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.44])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-3.28, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-28.11, 25.00], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -3.70,
## 95% CI [-7.10, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.02, 95% CI [5.68, 44.36], t(2068) = 2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.85])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-24.51, 11.77], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-28.46, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.93, 95% CI [-11.11, 26.97], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.52, 95% CI [-2.74, 11.79], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.61, 95% CI [-28.04, 8.83], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.77, 95% CI [13.70, 23.85], t(2068) = 7.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.22, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.03, 95% CI [-1.65, 17.71], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.29, 2.16], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.81, 95% CI [-20.99, -0.62], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-3.39, 6.33], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-10.68, 2.51], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-9.52, 28.07], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.33, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-24.59, 4.93], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-28.23, 24.18], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.89, 12.65], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.12, 95% CI [-29.48, 7.24], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-24.73, 3.84], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.05, 95% CI [-37.42, 21.32], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.65, 95% CI [-49.32, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -1.79,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-20.59, 2.45], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.21, 95% CI [32.54, 85.88], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.84])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-23.53, 14.19], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std. beta = -1.44,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-20.79, 3.75], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.83, 95% CI [-14.74, 7.08], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-35.63, 14.13], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.23, 95% CI [-20.62, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-31.37, -7.39], t(2068) = -3.17, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.56, -0.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.69, 95% CI [-9.24, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.83, 4.86], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.69, 95% CI [-32.16, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-27.38, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-11.62, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-9.47, 16.76], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.64, 95% CI [-22.59, 3.31], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.29, 95% CI [-30.69, 0.10], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-7.88, 15.37], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.77, 95% CI [-10.92, 14.46], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-10.04, 7.24], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-21.59, 30.45], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -2.73,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.57])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-15.69, 20.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.81, 95% CI [-28.90, 1.27], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.26, 95% CI [-17.76, -0.76], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.04, 1.41], t(2068) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [4.29e-03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.95, 95% CI [-71.29, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-8.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.78, 10.49], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.72, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-18.18, 11.44], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.14, 11.77], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-5.15, 0.39], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.22], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.58], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-5.60, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.03], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-5.07, 9.52], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.89], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.69, 4.60], t(2068) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.03, 95% CI [-29.03, 2.97], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110;
## Std. beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-3.60, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-2.11, 11.22], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [-1.34, 9.56], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-6.01, 9.71], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.30], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.51, 95% CI [-56.97, 35.94], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.657;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.33], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.74, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.87, 95% CI [-36.33, 14.58], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-6.15, 12.87], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.87], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.59, 95% CI [-4.73, 13.92], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.74, 95% CI [-0.71, 10.19], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.68], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.86, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.88, 3.74], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.25, 16.01], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-12.28, 7.67], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.37, 95% CI [-2.46, 5.20], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-7.96, 5.95], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-10.23, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-3.54, 5.75], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.18, 95% CI [0.12, 18.23], t(2068) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 1.14, 95% CI [0.01, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.95, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.72], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.96], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-5.95, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.47, 95% CI [-49.94, -9.01], t(2068) = -2.83, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-6.53, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.32, 16.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.15, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-14.33, 8.91], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 46.46 (95% CI [41.30, 51.61], t(2068) = 17.68, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-9.09, -4.24], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.44])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-3.28, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-28.11, 25.00], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -3.70,
## 95% CI [-7.10, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.02, 95% CI [5.68, 44.36], t(2068) = 2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.85])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-24.51, 11.77], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-28.46, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.93, 95% CI [-11.11, 26.97], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.52, 95% CI [-2.74, 11.79], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.61, 95% CI [-28.04, 8.83], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.77, 95% CI [13.70, 23.85], t(2068) = 7.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.22, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.03, 95% CI [-1.65, 17.71], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.29, 2.16], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.81, 95% CI [-20.99, -0.62], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-3.39, 6.33], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-10.68, 2.51], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-9.52, 28.07], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.33, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-24.59, 4.93], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-28.23, 24.18], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.89, 12.65], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.12, 95% CI [-29.48, 7.24], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-24.73, 3.84], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.05, 95% CI [-37.42, 21.32], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.65, 95% CI [-49.32, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -1.79,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-20.59, 2.45], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.21, 95% CI [32.54, 85.88], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.84])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-23.53, 14.19], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std. beta = -1.44,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-20.79, 3.75], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.83, 95% CI [-14.74, 7.08], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-35.63, 14.13], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.23, 95% CI [-20.62, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-31.37, -7.39], t(2068) = -3.17, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.56, -0.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.69, 95% CI [-9.24, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.83, 4.86], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.69, 95% CI [-32.16, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-27.38, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-11.62, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-9.47, 16.76], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.64, 95% CI [-22.59, 3.31], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.29, 95% CI [-30.69, 0.10], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-7.88, 15.37], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.77, 95% CI [-10.92, 14.46], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-10.04, 7.24], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-21.59, 30.45], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -2.73,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.57])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-15.69, 20.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.81, 95% CI [-28.90, 1.27], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.26, 95% CI [-17.76, -0.76], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.04, 1.41], t(2068) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [4.29e-03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.95, 95% CI [-71.29, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-8.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.78, 10.49], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.72, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-18.18, 11.44], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.14, 11.77], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-5.15, 0.39], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.22], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.58], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-5.60, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.03], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-5.07, 9.52], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.89], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.69, 4.60], t(2068) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.03, 95% CI [-29.03, 2.97], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110;
## Std. beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-3.60, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-2.11, 11.22], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [-1.34, 9.56], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-6.01, 9.71], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.30], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.51, 95% CI [-56.97, 35.94], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.657;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.33], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.74, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.87, 95% CI [-36.33, 14.58], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-6.15, 12.87], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.87], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.59, 95% CI [-4.73, 13.92], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.74, 95% CI [-0.71, 10.19], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.68], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.86, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.88, 3.74], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.25, 16.01], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-12.28, 7.67], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.37, 95% CI [-2.46, 5.20], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-7.96, 5.95], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-10.23, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-3.54, 5.75], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.18, 95% CI [0.12, 18.23], t(2068) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 1.14, 95% CI [0.01, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.95, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.72], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.96], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-5.95, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.47, 95% CI [-49.94, -9.01], t(2068) = -2.83, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-6.53, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.32, 16.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.15, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-14.33, 8.91], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 46.46 (95% CI [41.30, 51.61], t(2068)
## = 17.68, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -6.67, 95% CI [-9.09, -4.24], t(2068) = -5.39, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.55, 95%
## CI [-0.67, -0.44])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.85, 95% CI [-3.28, -0.42], t(2068) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.14, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-28.11, 25.00], t(2068) = -0.11, p = 0.908; Std. beta = -3.70,
## 95% CI [-7.10, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.02, 95% CI [5.68, 44.36], t(2068) = 2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = 1.58, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.85])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.37, 95% CI [-24.51, 11.77], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.27, 95% CI [-28.46, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.71, p = 0.087; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.93, 95% CI [-11.11, 26.97], t(2068) = 0.82, p = 0.414; Std. beta = 0.73,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 2.10])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.52, 95% CI [-2.74, 11.79], t(2068) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.06, 95%
## CI [-0.41, 0.53])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.61, 95% CI [-28.04, 8.83], t(2068) = -1.02, p = 0.307; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 18.77, 95% CI [13.70, 23.85], t(2068) = 7.25, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.22, 95%
## CI [0.88, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.03, 95% CI [-1.65, 17.71], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.104; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.06, 95% CI [-6.29, 2.16], t(2068) = -0.96, p = 0.338; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.81, 95% CI [-20.99, -0.62], t(2068) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.35])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.47, 95% CI [-3.39, 6.33], t(2068) = 0.59, p = 0.554; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 0.40])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.08, 95% CI [-10.68, 2.51], t(2068) = -1.21, p = 0.225; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.31])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.27, 95% CI [-9.52, 28.07], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.333; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-2.33, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.83, 95% CI [-24.59, 4.93], t(2068) = -1.31, p = 0.191; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.02, 95% CI [-28.23, 24.18], t(2068) = -0.15, p = 0.880; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.38, 95% CI [-9.89, 12.65], t(2068) = 0.24, p = 0.810; Std. beta = 0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.28, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.12, 95% CI [-29.48, 7.24], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.235; Std. beta = -0.57,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.45, 95% CI [-24.73, 3.84], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = -0.75,
## 95% CI [-1.70, 0.20])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.05, 95% CI [-37.42, 21.32], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.04, 1.79])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.65, 95% CI [-49.32, 4.01], t(2068) = -1.67, p = 0.096; Std. beta = -1.79,
## 95% CI [-4.41, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.07, 95% CI [-20.59, 2.45], t(2068) = -1.54, p = 0.123; Std. beta = -0.71,
## 95% CI [-1.51, 0.09])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.21, 95% CI [32.54, 85.88], t(2068) = 4.35, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.84])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-23.53, 14.19], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std. beta = -1.44,
## 95% CI [-3.95, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.52, 95% CI [-20.79, 3.75], t(2068) = -1.36, p = 0.173; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.83, 95% CI [-14.74, 7.08], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.491; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.75, 95% CI [-35.63, 14.13], t(2068) = -0.85, p = 0.397; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.23, 95% CI [-20.62, -3.84], t(2068) = -2.86, p = 0.004; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -19.38, 95% CI [-31.37, -7.39], t(2068) = -3.17, p = 0.002; Std. beta = -1.41,
## 95% CI [-2.56, -0.25])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.69, 95% CI [-9.24, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.14, p = 0.891; Std. beta = -0.26,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-16.83, 4.86], t(2068) = -1.08, p = 0.279; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.69, 95% CI [-32.16, -1.23], t(2068) = -2.12, p = 0.034; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.69, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.31, 95% CI [-27.38, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.922; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-1.93, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.32, 95% CI [-11.62, 10.99], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.956; Std. beta = 0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.60, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-9.47, 16.76], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.586; Std. beta = 0.14, 95%
## CI [-0.78, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.64, 95% CI [-22.59, 3.31], t(2068) = -1.46, p = 0.145; Std. beta = -0.95,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.04])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-15.83, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.232; Std. beta = -0.29,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.29, 95% CI [-30.69, 0.10], t(2068) = -1.95, p = 0.052; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-1.19, 1.00])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.75, 95% CI [-7.88, 15.37], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.528; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.77, 95% CI [-10.92, 14.46], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.784; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.40, 95% CI [-10.04, 7.24], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.751; Std. beta = -0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.43, 95% CI [-21.59, 30.45], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -2.73,
## 95% CI [-4.89, -0.57])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.47, 95% CI [-15.69, 20.62], t(2068) = 0.27, p = 0.790; Std. beta = 0.42,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 1.74])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.81, 95% CI [-28.90, 1.27], t(2068) = -1.80, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.56,
## 95% CI [-1.92, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.26, 95% CI [-17.76, -0.76], t(2068) = -2.14, p = 0.033; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant
## and positive (beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.04, 1.41], t(2068) = 2.07, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [4.29e-03, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.95, 95% CI [-71.29, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.89, p = 0.059;
## Std. beta = -4.33, 95% CI [-8.83, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-12.78, 10.49], t(2068) = -0.19, p = 0.847;
## Std. beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.58, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-13.72, 10.82], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.817;
## Std. beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.37, 95% CI [-18.18, 11.44], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.656;
## Std. beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-8.14, 11.77], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.22, 95% CI [-1.01, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.38, 95% CI [-5.15, 0.39], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.05])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.97, 95% CI [-7.27, 9.22], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.817; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.55, 95% CI [-2.68, 1.58], t(2068) = -0.50, p = 0.614; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.33, 95% CI [-5.60, 2.93], t(2068) = -0.61, p = 0.539; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.18, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.03], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.213; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.23, 95% CI [-5.07, 9.52], t(2068) = 0.60, p = 0.550; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.89], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.855; Std.
## beta = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.46, 95% CI [-1.69, 4.60], t(2068) = 0.91, p = 0.364; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.03, 95% CI [-29.03, 2.97], t(2068) = -1.60, p = 0.110;
## Std. beta = -1.61, 95% CI [-3.60, 0.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.56, 95% CI [-2.11, 11.22], t(2068) = 1.34, p = 0.180; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.26, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.11, 95% CI [-1.34, 9.56], t(2068) = 1.48, p = 0.140; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.17, 1.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.85, 95% CI [-6.01, 9.71], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.74, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.30], t(2068) = -0.10, p = 0.917; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.51, 95% CI [-56.97, 35.94], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.657;
## Std. beta = -1.30, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.42, 95% CI [-30.17, 25.33], t(2068) = -0.17, p = 0.864;
## Std. beta = -0.30, 95% CI [-3.74, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.90, 95% CI [-6.04, 4.24], t(2068) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.87, 95% CI [-36.33, 14.58], t(2068) = -0.84, p = 0.402;
## Std. beta = -1.35, 95% CI [-4.50, 1.81])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.36, 95% CI [-6.15, 12.87], t(2068) = 0.69, p = 0.489; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 1.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-5.45, 7.87], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.721; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.59, 95% CI [-4.73, 13.92], t(2068) = 0.97, p = 0.334; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.59, 1.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.74, 95% CI [-0.71, 10.19], t(2068) = 1.70, p = 0.088; Std.
## beta = 0.59, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.85, 95% CI [-11.38, 9.68], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.41, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.97, 95% CI [-7.86, 1.91], t(2068) = -1.19, p = 0.233; Std.
## beta = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.07, 95% CI [-7.88, 3.74], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.98, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.62, 95% CI [-35.25, 16.01], t(2068) = -0.74, p = 0.462;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.37, 1.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.31, 95% CI [-12.28, 7.67], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.95])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.37, 95% CI [-2.46, 5.20], t(2068) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.00, 95% CI [-7.96, 5.95], t(2068) = -0.28, p = 0.777; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-10.23, 4.53], t(2068) = -0.76, p = 0.449; Std.
## beta = -0.35, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.56])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.11, 95% CI [-3.54, 5.75], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.44, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.18, 95% CI [0.12, 18.23], t(2068) = 1.99, p = 0.047; Std.
## beta = 1.14, 95% CI [0.01, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.95, 95% CI [-0.83, 10.72], t(2068) = 1.68, p = 0.093; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-7.19, 3.96], t(2068) = -0.57, p = 0.569; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.49])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.26, 95% CI [-5.95, 1.44], t(2068) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.47, 95% CI [-49.94, -9.01], t(2068) = -2.83, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.65, 95% CI [-6.19, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-6.53, 11.47], t(2068) = 0.54, p = 0.590; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.73, 95% CI [-9.32, 16.78], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std.
## beta = 0.46, 95% CI [-1.15, 2.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.71, 95% CI [-14.33, 8.91], t(2068) = -0.46, p = 0.648; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.6.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14891.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1226 -0.4945 -0.0112  0.4428  7.0984 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   137.62   11.731        
##           time_firstPFT  11.01    3.318   -0.27
##  Residual                41.83    6.468        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       42.15949    5.28601   7.976
## time_firstPFT                     -4.40274    2.40883  -1.828
## OM_5yrPreCensor                   -1.54872    0.74625  -2.075
## disadv                            -4.92708    2.33876  -2.107
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.66593    2.28326  -1.168
## sexF                              -2.40303    1.41252  -1.701
## age_dx                             0.14562    0.07392   1.970
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.91205    1.40596  -2.071
## smokeHxAlways                      8.05448    7.06852   1.139
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.78246    3.17238  -0.877
## site02R                           -5.22876   13.44365  -0.389
## site03R                           20.72100    9.86341   2.101
## site04R                           -5.80880    9.14723  -0.635
## site05R                          -13.61443    7.69440  -1.769
## site06R                           -5.45932   13.50046  -0.404
## site07R                            2.86625    3.70041   0.775
## site09R                          -11.54038    9.32846  -1.237
## site101                           19.06050    2.60575   7.315
## site102                            7.21156    4.93971   1.460
## site103                           -1.92222    2.25403  -0.853
## site104                           -9.68285    5.18403  -1.868
## site105                            2.04852    2.49237   0.822
## site106                           -5.98792    3.40459  -1.759
## site107                            7.12369    9.50775   0.749
## site108                           -4.67013    7.82042  -0.597
## site10R                           -0.95544   13.39685  -0.071
## site11R                           -0.12395    5.71160  -0.022
## site12R                           -9.45205    9.27026  -1.020
## site13R                          -11.89982    7.24694  -1.642
## site14R                           -9.65322   14.93378  -0.646
## site15R                          -19.46876   13.49717  -1.442
## site16R                           -8.69172    5.90587  -1.472
## site17R                           63.79100   13.57895   4.698
## site18R                           -3.36873    9.55854  -0.352
## site19R                           -9.34845    6.25654  -1.494
## site20R                           -3.96010    5.52198  -0.717
## site21R                          -10.76432   12.53059  -0.859
## site22R                          -14.67884    4.31235  -3.404
## site23R                          -25.87377    7.66811  -3.374
## site24R                            0.46376    5.02017   0.092
## site25R                           -8.53903    5.54698  -1.539
## site28R                          -15.49700    7.85476  -1.973
## site29R                           -4.41885   13.18388  -0.335
## site31R                           -0.80908    5.76534  -0.140
## site32R                            3.88477    6.67232   0.582
## site33R                          -10.08301    6.56997  -1.535
## site34R                           -5.86651    4.97291  -1.180
## site35R                          -15.77294    7.81174  -2.019
## site36R                            3.16965    5.89696   0.538
## site37R                           -0.15021    6.49674  -0.023
## site38R                           -0.92810    4.36927  -0.212
## site39R                           12.25347   13.37192   0.916
## site40R                            0.65320    9.18138   0.071
## site41R                          -14.72390    7.67882  -1.917
## site42R                          -11.03463    4.34468  -2.540
## time_firstPFT:OM_5yrPreCensor      0.57639    0.36336   1.586
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.20775    1.12118   1.077
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.62997    1.10587  -0.570
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.64603    0.65747   0.983
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.04186    0.03429  -1.221
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.58350    0.67200  -0.868
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -5.54422    6.06542  -0.914
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.10275    1.66853   1.260
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -33.27501   18.55664  -1.793
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.67833    5.97701  -0.113
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.14976    6.29422  -0.342
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.18733    7.57084  -0.421
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -1.82564    1.45578  -1.254
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.01078    4.23636   0.475
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.41955    1.11273  -0.377
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.79575    2.20132  -0.361
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.54987    1.00255   1.546
## time_firstPFT:site104              1.96754    3.77921   0.521
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.07412    1.07771  -0.069
## time_firstPFT:site106              2.03116    1.65057   1.231
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.26371    8.17154  -1.501
## time_firstPFT:site108              5.20503    3.59758   1.447
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.02456    2.84369   1.767
## time_firstPFT:site12R              2.26986    4.03370   0.563
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.33391    3.96917  -0.084
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.48922   23.70981  -0.400
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.53104   14.16914  -0.179
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.06757    2.67752  -0.399
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -10.58074   12.99781  -0.814
## time_firstPFT:site19R              3.25827    4.91870   0.662
## time_firstPFT:site20R              1.00783    3.44088   0.293
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.35895    4.76785   1.124
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.91879    2.82953   2.092
## time_firstPFT:site23R             23.93008   26.74263   0.895
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -2.71693    2.50222  -1.086
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -1.06243    3.01946  -0.352
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.63198   13.15345  -0.656
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -0.88709    5.12127  -0.173
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.07400    2.00175   1.036
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -0.42772    3.58694  -0.119
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -3.27408    3.83447  -0.854
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.27510    2.41701   0.528
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.95497    4.67410   2.130
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.09855    2.97061   1.716
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.10549    2.94749  -0.375
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.09082    1.89919  -1.101
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -29.62886   10.51365  -2.818
## time_firstPFT:site40R              2.15269    4.66445   0.462
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.66872    6.68035   0.699
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.07898    5.94870  -0.518
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.800
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.524
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79, 52.53], t(2038)
## = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## OM_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## OM_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79, 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79,
## 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79, 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79,
## 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79,
## 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79, 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79,
## 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * OM_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 42.16 (95% CI [31.79, 52.53], t(2038) = 7.98, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.40, 95% CI [-9.13, 0.32], t(2038) = -1.83, p = 0.068; Std. beta =
## -0.56, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.38])
##   - The effect of OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically significant and negative (beta
## = -1.55, 95% CI [-3.01, -0.09], t(2038) = -2.08, p = 0.038; Std. beta = -0.04,
## 95% CI [-0.13, 0.05])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -4.93,
## 95% CI [-9.51, -0.34], t(2038) = -2.11, p = 0.035; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-7.14, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.56, 0.07])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.40, 95% CI [-5.17, 0.37], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.10])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.15,
## 95% CI [6.53e-04, 0.29], t(2038) = 1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI
## [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.67, -0.15], t(2038) = -2.07, p = 0.038; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.07])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 8.05, 95% CI [-5.81, 21.92], t(2038) = 1.14, p = 0.255; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.24])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.78, 95% CI [-9.00, 3.44], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.23, 95% CI [-31.59, 21.14], t(2038) = -0.39, p = 0.697; Std. beta = -3.79,
## 95% CI [-7.20, -0.37])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.72, 95% CI [1.38, 40.06], t(2038) = 2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = 1.34, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.81, 95% CI [-23.75, 12.13], t(2038) = -0.64, p = 0.525; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-2.06, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.70, 1.48], t(2038) = -1.77, p = 0.077; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.75, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.46, 95% CI [-31.94, 21.02], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-2.17, 1.43])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.87, 95% CI [-4.39, 10.12], t(2038) = 0.77, p = 0.439; Std. beta = 6.48e-03,
## 95% CI [-0.47, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.54, 95% CI [-29.83, 6.75], t(2038) = -1.24, p = 0.216; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 0.70])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.06, 95% CI [13.95, 24.17], t(2038) = 7.31, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.25, 95%
## CI [0.90, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.21, 95% CI [-2.48, 16.90], t(2038) = 1.46, p = 0.144; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.24, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.92, 95% CI [-6.34, 2.50], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.394; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.68, 95% CI [-19.85, 0.48], t(2038) = -1.87, p = 0.062; Std. beta = -0.46,
## 95% CI [-1.33, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.05, 95% CI [-2.84, 6.94], t(2038) = 0.82, p = 0.411; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.20, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.99, 95% CI [-12.66, 0.69], t(2038) = -1.76, p = 0.079; Std. beta = -0.20,
## 95% CI [-0.65, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.12, 95% CI [-11.52, 25.77], t(2038) = 0.75, p = 0.454; Std. beta = -0.78,
## 95% CI [-2.41, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.67, 95% CI [-20.01, 10.67], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.550; Std. beta = 0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.80, 1.24])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.96, 95% CI [-27.23, 25.32], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = -0.06,
## 95% CI [-1.85, 1.72])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.12, 95% CI [-11.33, 11.08], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.983; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.45, 95% CI [-27.63, 8.73], t(2038) = -1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.41,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.11, 2.31], t(2038) = -1.64, p = 0.101; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.65, 95% CI [-38.94, 19.63], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.518; Std. beta = -1.63,
## 95% CI [-5.07, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.47, 95% CI [-45.94, 7.00], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.58,
## 95% CI [-4.22, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.69, 95% CI [-20.27, 2.89], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.52, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.79, 95% CI [37.16, 90.42], t(2038) = 4.70, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.33, 95%
## CI [2.53, 6.14])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.37, 95% CI [-22.11, 15.38], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-3.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.35, 95% CI [-21.62, 2.92], t(2038) = -1.49, p = 0.135; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.96, 95% CI [-14.79, 6.87], t(2038) = -0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.76, 95% CI [-35.34, 13.81], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.390; Std. beta =
## -0.18, 95% CI [-1.76, 1.40])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.68, 95% CI [-23.14, -6.22], t(2038) = -3.40, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-1.04, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -25.87, 95% CI [-40.91, -10.84], t(2038) = -3.37, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.71,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.70])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.46, 95% CI [-9.38, 10.31], t(2038) = 0.09, p = 0.926; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.54, 95% CI [-19.42, 2.34], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.124; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.45, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.50, 95% CI [-30.90, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049; Std. beta = -1.94,
## 95% CI [-4.54, 0.65])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.42, 95% CI [-30.27, 21.44], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.738; Std. beta = -0.39,
## 95% CI [-2.00, 1.22])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.81, 95% CI [-12.12, 10.50], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.888; Std. beta = 0.16,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.88])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.88, 95% CI [-9.20, 16.97], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.560; Std. beta = 0.22, 95%
## CI [-0.71, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.08, 95% CI [-22.97, 2.80], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.02, -0.02])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.87, 95% CI [-15.62, 3.89], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.238; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 0.41])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.77, 95% CI [-31.09, -0.45], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.15, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.17, 95% CI [-8.40, 14.73], t(2038) = 0.54, p = 0.591; Std. beta = 0.74, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.57])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.15, 95% CI [-12.89, 12.59], t(2038) = -0.02, p = 0.982; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.98, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.93, 95% CI [-9.50, 7.64], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.832; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.25, 95% CI [-13.97, 38.48], t(2038) = 0.92, p = 0.360; Std. beta = -2.22,
## 95% CI [-4.41, -0.03])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.65, 95% CI [-17.35, 18.66], t(2038) = 0.07, p = 0.943; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-1.06, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.72, 95% CI [-29.78, 0.34], t(2038) = -1.92, p = 0.055; Std. beta = -0.52,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.03, 95% CI [-19.56, -2.51], t(2038) = -2.54, p = 0.011; Std. beta = -1.07,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × OM 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.29], t(2038) =
## 1.59, p = 0.113; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.21, 95% CI [-0.99, 3.41], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.63, 95% CI [-2.80, 1.54], t(2038) =
## -0.57, p = 0.569; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.64, 1.94], t(2038) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.90, 0.73], t(2038) =
## -0.87, p = 0.385; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -5.54, 95% CI [-17.44, 6.35], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.361; Std. beta = -0.69, 95% CI [-2.16, 0.79])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.10, 95% CI [-1.17, 5.37], t(2038) =
## 1.26, p = 0.208; Std. beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.28, 95% CI [-69.67, 3.12], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073;
## Std. beta = -4.13, 95% CI [-8.64, 0.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-12.40, 11.04], t(2038) = -0.11, p = 0.910;
## Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-1.54, 1.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-14.49, 10.19], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.733;
## Std. beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-1.80, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.19, 95% CI [-18.03, 11.66], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.674;
## Std. beta = -0.40, 95% CI [-2.24, 1.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.83, 95% CI [-4.68, 1.03], t(2038) = -1.25, p = 0.210; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.01, 95% CI [-6.30, 10.32], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.635; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.78, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.42, 95% CI [-2.60, 1.76], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.80, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.52], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.55, 95% CI [-0.42, 3.52], t(2038) = 1.55, p = 0.122; Std.
## beta = 0.19, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.97, 95% CI [-5.44, 9.38], t(2038) = 0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.68, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.04], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.945; Std.
## beta = -9.20e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.03, 95% CI [-1.21, 5.27], t(2038) = 1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.65])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.26, 95% CI [-28.29, 3.76], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134;
## Std. beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-3.51, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.21, 95% CI [-1.85, 12.26], t(2038) = 1.45, p = 0.148; Std.
## beta = 0.65, 95% CI [-0.23, 1.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.55, 10.60], t(2038) = 1.77, p = 0.077; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.27, 95% CI [-5.64, 10.18], t(2038) = 0.56, p = 0.574; Std.
## beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-0.70, 1.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-8.12, 7.45], t(2038) = -0.08, p = 0.933; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.92])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.49, 95% CI [-55.99, 37.01], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.689;
## Std. beta = -1.18, 95% CI [-6.95, 4.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.53, 95% CI [-30.32, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-6.32, 4.18], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.690; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.58, 95% CI [-36.07, 14.91], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416;
## Std. beta = -1.31, 95% CI [-4.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.26, 95% CI [-6.39, 12.90], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.508; Std.
## beta = 0.40, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-5.74, 7.76], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.770; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.96])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.36, 95% CI [-3.99, 14.71], t(2038) = 1.12, p = 0.261; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.50, 1.83])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.92, 95% CI [0.37, 11.47], t(2038) = 2.09, p = 0.037; Std.
## beta = 0.73, 95% CI [0.05, 1.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 23.93, 95% CI [-28.52, 76.38], t(2038) = 0.89, p = 0.371; Std.
## beta = 2.97, 95% CI [-3.54, 9.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.72, 95% CI [-7.62, 2.19], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.278; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.95, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.98, 4.86], t(2038) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.63, 95% CI [-34.43, 17.16], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.512;
## Std. beta = -1.07, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.89, 95% CI [-10.93, 9.16], t(2038) = -0.17, p = 0.862; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.36, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.00], t(2038) = 1.04, p = 0.300; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-7.46, 6.61], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.905; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.82])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.27, 95% CI [-10.79, 4.25], t(2038) = -0.85, p = 0.393; Std.
## beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.34, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.28, 95% CI [-3.46, 6.02], t(2038) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.75])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.95, 95% CI [0.79, 19.12], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std.
## beta = 1.24, 95% CI [0.10, 2.37])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.73, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.72, p = 0.086; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.09, 1.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-6.89, 4.67], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.708; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.09, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.63], t(2038) = -1.10, p = 0.271; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -29.63, 95% CI [-50.25, -9.01], t(2038) = -2.82, p = 0.005;
## Std. beta = -3.68, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-6.99, 11.30], t(2038) = 0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.67, 95% CI [-8.43, 17.77], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.485; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-1.05, 2.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-14.75, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.605; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.7 SS

10.7.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15060.2
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1439 -0.4956 -0.0078  0.4482  7.1089 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   144.24   12.010        
##           time_firstPFT  11.32    3.364   -0.32
##  Residual                41.81    6.466        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                               Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                    41.7063     1.5192  27.453
## time_firstPFT                  -4.7110     0.7064  -6.669
## SS_5yrPreCensor                -6.8811     5.4816  -1.255
## site02R                        14.1836    18.6385   0.761
## site03R                        25.5306     9.9131   2.575
## site04R                        -4.9274     9.2961  -0.530
## site05R                       -12.9412     7.7940  -1.660
## site06R                         4.8776     9.6995   0.503
## site07R                         5.9523     3.6964   1.610
## site09R                        -6.5409     9.5273  -0.687
## site101                        20.6128     2.5214   8.175
## site102                         8.4375     4.9861   1.692
## site103                        -1.0442     2.1875  -0.477
## site104                        -8.9888     5.1758  -1.737
## site105                         2.1442     2.4893   0.861
## site106                        -2.9907     3.3810  -0.885
## site107                        11.0237     9.6182   1.146
## site108                        -8.4385     7.5627  -1.116
## site10R                         2.9644    15.5285   0.191
## site11R                         0.4324     5.7718   0.075
## site12R                        -9.2972     9.3836  -0.991
## site13R                        -9.6907     7.3226  -1.323
## site14R                        -4.8894    15.0292  -0.325
## site15R                       -22.9730    13.6749  -1.680
## site16R                        -6.6642     5.9861  -1.113
## site17R                        59.3076    13.6825   4.335
## site18R                        -2.4033     9.8103  -0.245
## site19R                        -5.1098     6.1269  -0.834
## site20R                        -3.0320     5.5889  -0.543
## site21R                       -12.1354    12.7560  -0.951
## site22R                        -9.5264     4.3709  -2.180
## site23R                       -17.3699     6.1873  -2.807
## site24R                         2.2261     5.0496   0.441
## site25R                         3.5916     9.2054   0.390
## site28R                       -17.0583     7.9319  -2.151
## site29R                         3.5392    13.4859   0.262
## site31R                         0.5544     5.7936   0.096
## site32R                         5.9447     6.6748   0.891
## site33R                        -5.9965     6.8196  -0.879
## site34R                        -4.1390     5.0034  -0.827
## site35R                       -12.6744     7.8450  -1.616
## site36R                         3.8265     5.9667   0.641
## site37R                         2.6456     6.5131   0.406
## site38R                        -1.1645     4.4321  -0.263
## site39R                         6.1463    13.3280   0.461
## site40R                         3.2878     9.3691   0.351
## site41R                       -11.9200     7.7756  -1.533
## site42R                        -7.6192     4.3734  -1.742
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreCensor   2.2548     2.7734   0.813
## time_firstPFT:site02R         -40.0970    19.6447  -2.041
## time_firstPFT:site03R          -1.3431     5.9456  -0.226
## time_firstPFT:site04R          -2.0081     6.2649  -0.321
## time_firstPFT:site05R          -3.5489     7.5598  -0.469
## time_firstPFT:site06R           3.0788     5.0532   0.609
## time_firstPFT:site07R          -2.9126     1.4112  -2.064
## time_firstPFT:site09R           0.2561     4.2634   0.060
## time_firstPFT:site101          -1.2096     1.0672  -1.133
## time_firstPFT:site102          -1.5241     2.1925  -0.695
## time_firstPFT:site103           0.9627     0.9679   0.995
## time_firstPFT:site104           2.0685     3.7274   0.555
## time_firstPFT:site105          -0.4531     1.0713  -0.423
## time_firstPFT:site106           1.0246     1.6151   0.634
## time_firstPFT:site107         -13.7007     8.1638  -1.678
## time_firstPFT:site108           3.8889     3.4063   1.142
## time_firstPFT:site11R           4.5995     2.7876   1.650
## time_firstPFT:site12R           1.3063     4.0196   0.325
## time_firstPFT:site13R          -0.7118     3.9449  -0.180
## time_firstPFT:site14R         -11.6979    23.6976  -0.494
## time_firstPFT:site15R          -2.2945    14.1639  -0.162
## time_firstPFT:site16R          -1.7510     2.6596  -0.658
## time_firstPFT:site18R         -11.7333    13.0029  -0.902
## time_firstPFT:site19R           2.1414     4.8310   0.443
## time_firstPFT:site20R           0.8507     3.4002   0.250
## time_firstPFT:site21R           5.1415     4.7737   1.077
## time_firstPFT:site22R           3.6203     2.8909   1.252
## time_firstPFT:site23R          -1.6166     5.4078  -0.299
## time_firstPFT:site24R          -3.5514     2.4866  -1.428
## time_firstPFT:site25R          -5.2886     4.5258  -1.169
## time_firstPFT:site28R          -9.4845    13.0734  -0.725
## time_firstPFT:site29R          -4.0521     5.1991  -0.779
## time_firstPFT:site31R           1.0348     1.9636   0.527
## time_firstPFT:site32R          -1.6739     3.5689  -0.469
## time_firstPFT:site33R          -4.1788     3.8330  -1.090
## time_firstPFT:site34R           0.4870     2.3737   0.205
## time_firstPFT:site35R           8.1769     4.6046   1.776
## time_firstPFT:site36R           4.8588     2.9568   1.643
## time_firstPFT:site37R          -1.8593     2.8652  -0.649
## time_firstPFT:site38R          -2.3166     1.8971  -1.221
## time_firstPFT:site39R         -30.2134    10.4426  -2.893
## time_firstPFT:site40R           1.6517     4.5778   0.361
## time_firstPFT:site41R           3.0328     6.6790   0.454
## time_firstPFT:site42R          -3.1789     5.9422  -0.535
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.536
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 41.71 (95% CI [38.73,
## 44.69], t(2068) = 27.45, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.71, 95% CI [-6.10, -3.33], t(2068) = -6.67, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.64, -0.40])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-17.63, 3.87], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-22.37, 50.74], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = -3.16,
## 95% CI [-6.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.53, 95% CI [6.09, 44.97], t(2068) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.33, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-23.16, 13.30], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.94, 95% CI [-28.23, 2.34], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-14.14, 23.90], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.615; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-1.30, 13.20], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-25.22, 12.14], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [15.67, 25.56], t(2068) = 8.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-1.34, 18.22], t(2068) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-5.33, 3.25], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.99, 95% CI [-19.14, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-2.74, 7.03], t(2068) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 29.89], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.44, 95% CI [-23.27, 6.39], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-27.49, 33.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-10.89, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-27.70, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-24.05, 4.67], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-34.36, 24.58], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.95, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.97, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.85], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.66, 95% CI [-18.40, 5.08], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.31, 95% CI [32.47, 86.14], t(2068) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.84], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.89, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.11, 95% CI [-17.13, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-13.99, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.14, 95% CI [-37.15, 12.88], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta =
## -0.30, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.53, 95% CI [-18.10, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.37, 95% CI [-29.50, -5.24], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.51, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-7.68, 12.13], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.59, 95% CI [-14.46, 21.64], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.06, 95% CI [-32.61, -1.50], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-22.91, 29.99], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-10.81, 11.92], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.94, 95% CI [-7.15, 19.03], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-19.37, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.14, 95% CI [-13.95, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.67, 95% CI [-28.06, 2.71], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.83, 95% CI [-7.87, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.65, 95% CI [-10.13, 15.42], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-9.86, 7.53], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-19.99, 32.28], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -2.69,
## 95% CI [-4.84, -0.53])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-15.09, 21.66], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.17, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.62, 95% CI [-16.20, 0.96], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.25, 95% CI [-3.18, 7.69], t(2068) =
## 0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -40.10, 95% CI [-78.62, -1.57], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-9.74, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-13.00, 10.32], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.29, 10.28], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.37, 11.28], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-6.83, 12.99], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.68, -0.15], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-8.10, 8.62], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-3.30, 0.88], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-5.82, 2.78], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.86], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-5.24, 9.38], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.65], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.14, 4.19], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.70, 95% CI [-29.71, 2.31], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-3.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-2.79, 10.57], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-0.87, 10.07], t(2068) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.19], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-8.45, 7.02], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.70, 95% CI [-58.17, 34.78], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-7.21, 4.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.29, 95% CI [-30.07, 25.48], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.73, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-6.97, 3.46], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.73, 95% CI [-37.23, 13.77], t(2068) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-4.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-7.33, 11.62], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-5.82, 7.52], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-4.22, 14.50], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.05, 9.29], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-8.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.16, 3.59], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.48, 95% CI [-35.12, 16.15], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.35, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.05, 95% CI [-14.25, 6.14], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.03, 95% CI [-2.82, 4.89], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-8.67, 5.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-11.70, 3.34], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-4.17, 5.14], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 17.21], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-0.11, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-0.94, 10.66], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.48, 3.76], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-6.04, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.21, 95% CI [-50.69, -9.73], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.28, -1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-7.33, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-10.07, 16.13], t(2068) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-1.25, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-14.83, 8.47], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SS_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to SS_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 41.71 (95% CI [38.73, 44.69],
## t(2068) = 27.45, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.71, 95% CI [-6.10, -3.33], t(2068) = -6.67, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.64, -0.40])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-17.63, 3.87], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-22.37, 50.74], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = -3.16,
## 95% CI [-6.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.53, 95% CI [6.09, 44.97], t(2068) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.33, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-23.16, 13.30], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.94, 95% CI [-28.23, 2.34], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-14.14, 23.90], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.615; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-1.30, 13.20], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-25.22, 12.14], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [15.67, 25.56], t(2068) = 8.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-1.34, 18.22], t(2068) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-5.33, 3.25], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.99, 95% CI [-19.14, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-2.74, 7.03], t(2068) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 29.89], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.44, 95% CI [-23.27, 6.39], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-27.49, 33.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-10.89, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-27.70, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-24.05, 4.67], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-34.36, 24.58], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.95, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.97, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.85], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.66, 95% CI [-18.40, 5.08], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.31, 95% CI [32.47, 86.14], t(2068) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.84], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.89, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.11, 95% CI [-17.13, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-13.99, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.14, 95% CI [-37.15, 12.88], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta =
## -0.30, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.53, 95% CI [-18.10, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.37, 95% CI [-29.50, -5.24], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.51, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-7.68, 12.13], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.59, 95% CI [-14.46, 21.64], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.06, 95% CI [-32.61, -1.50], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-22.91, 29.99], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-10.81, 11.92], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.94, 95% CI [-7.15, 19.03], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-19.37, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.14, 95% CI [-13.95, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.67, 95% CI [-28.06, 2.71], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.83, 95% CI [-7.87, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.65, 95% CI [-10.13, 15.42], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-9.86, 7.53], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-19.99, 32.28], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -2.69,
## 95% CI [-4.84, -0.53])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-15.09, 21.66], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.17, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.62, 95% CI [-16.20, 0.96], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.25, 95% CI [-3.18, 7.69], t(2068) =
## 0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -40.10, 95% CI [-78.62, -1.57], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-9.74, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-13.00, 10.32], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.29, 10.28], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.37, 11.28], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-6.83, 12.99], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.68, -0.15], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-8.10, 8.62], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-3.30, 0.88], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-5.82, 2.78], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.86], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-5.24, 9.38], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.65], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.14, 4.19], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.70, 95% CI [-29.71, 2.31], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-3.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-2.79, 10.57], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-0.87, 10.07], t(2068) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.19], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-8.45, 7.02], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.70, 95% CI [-58.17, 34.78], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-7.21, 4.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.29, 95% CI [-30.07, 25.48], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.73, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-6.97, 3.46], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.73, 95% CI [-37.23, 13.77], t(2068) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-4.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-7.33, 11.62], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-5.82, 7.52], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-4.22, 14.50], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.05, 9.29], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-8.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.16, 3.59], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.48, 95% CI [-35.12, 16.15], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.35, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.05, 95% CI [-14.25, 6.14], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.03, 95% CI [-2.82, 4.89], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-8.67, 5.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-11.70, 3.34], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-4.17, 5.14], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 17.21], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-0.11, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-0.94, 10.66], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.48, 3.76], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-6.04, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.21, 95% CI [-50.69, -9.73], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.28, -1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-7.33, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-10.07, 16.13], t(2068) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-1.25, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-14.83, 8.47], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 41.71 (95% CI [38.73, 44.69], t(2068) = 27.45, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.71, 95% CI [-6.10, -3.33], t(2068) = -6.67, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.64, -0.40])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-17.63, 3.87], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-22.37, 50.74], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = -3.16,
## 95% CI [-6.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.53, 95% CI [6.09, 44.97], t(2068) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.33, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-23.16, 13.30], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.94, 95% CI [-28.23, 2.34], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-14.14, 23.90], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.615; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-1.30, 13.20], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-25.22, 12.14], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [15.67, 25.56], t(2068) = 8.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-1.34, 18.22], t(2068) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-5.33, 3.25], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.99, 95% CI [-19.14, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-2.74, 7.03], t(2068) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 29.89], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.44, 95% CI [-23.27, 6.39], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-27.49, 33.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-10.89, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-27.70, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-24.05, 4.67], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-34.36, 24.58], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.95, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.97, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.85], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.66, 95% CI [-18.40, 5.08], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.31, 95% CI [32.47, 86.14], t(2068) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.84], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.89, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.11, 95% CI [-17.13, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-13.99, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.14, 95% CI [-37.15, 12.88], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta =
## -0.30, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.53, 95% CI [-18.10, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.37, 95% CI [-29.50, -5.24], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.51, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-7.68, 12.13], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.59, 95% CI [-14.46, 21.64], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.06, 95% CI [-32.61, -1.50], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-22.91, 29.99], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-10.81, 11.92], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.94, 95% CI [-7.15, 19.03], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-19.37, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.14, 95% CI [-13.95, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.67, 95% CI [-28.06, 2.71], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.83, 95% CI [-7.87, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.65, 95% CI [-10.13, 15.42], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-9.86, 7.53], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-19.99, 32.28], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -2.69,
## 95% CI [-4.84, -0.53])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-15.09, 21.66], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.17, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.62, 95% CI [-16.20, 0.96], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.25, 95% CI [-3.18, 7.69], t(2068) =
## 0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -40.10, 95% CI [-78.62, -1.57], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-9.74, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-13.00, 10.32], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.29, 10.28], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.37, 11.28], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-6.83, 12.99], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.68, -0.15], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-8.10, 8.62], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-3.30, 0.88], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-5.82, 2.78], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.86], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-5.24, 9.38], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.65], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.14, 4.19], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.70, 95% CI [-29.71, 2.31], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-3.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-2.79, 10.57], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-0.87, 10.07], t(2068) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.19], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-8.45, 7.02], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.70, 95% CI [-58.17, 34.78], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-7.21, 4.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.29, 95% CI [-30.07, 25.48], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.73, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-6.97, 3.46], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.73, 95% CI [-37.23, 13.77], t(2068) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-4.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-7.33, 11.62], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-5.82, 7.52], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-4.22, 14.50], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.05, 9.29], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-8.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.16, 3.59], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.48, 95% CI [-35.12, 16.15], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.35, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.05, 95% CI [-14.25, 6.14], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.03, 95% CI [-2.82, 4.89], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-8.67, 5.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-11.70, 3.34], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-4.17, 5.14], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 17.21], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-0.11, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-0.94, 10.66], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.48, 3.76], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-6.04, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.21, 95% CI [-50.69, -9.73], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.28, -1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-7.33, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-10.07, 16.13], t(2068) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-1.25, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-14.83, 8.47], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 41.71 (95% CI [38.73, 44.69], t(2068)
## = 27.45, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -4.71, 95% CI [-6.10, -3.33], t(2068) = -6.67, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.52, 95%
## CI [-0.64, -0.40])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.88, 95% CI [-17.63, 3.87], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.210; Std. beta =
## -0.05, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.10])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.18, 95% CI [-22.37, 50.74], t(2068) = 0.76, p = 0.447; Std. beta = -3.16,
## 95% CI [-6.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 25.53, 95% CI [6.09, 44.97], t(2068) = 2.58, p = 0.010; Std. beta = 1.60, 95%
## CI [0.33, 2.86])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.93, 95% CI [-23.16, 13.30], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.596; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.94, 95% CI [-28.23, 2.34], t(2068) = -1.66, p = 0.097; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.24])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.88, 95% CI [-14.14, 23.90], t(2068) = 0.50, p = 0.615; Std. beta = 0.65,
## 95% CI [-0.71, 2.01])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.95, 95% CI [-1.30, 13.20], t(2068) = 1.61, p = 0.107; Std. beta = 0.11, 95%
## CI [-0.36, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.54, 95% CI [-25.22, 12.14], t(2068) = -0.69, p = 0.492; Std. beta = -0.42,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.61, 95% CI [15.67, 25.56], t(2068) = 8.18, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.28, 95%
## CI [0.95, 1.61])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.44, 95% CI [-1.34, 18.22], t(2068) = 1.69, p = 0.091; Std. beta = 0.42, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.04, 95% CI [-5.33, 3.25], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.633; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.26, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.99, 95% CI [-19.14, 1.16], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.083; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.14, 95% CI [-2.74, 7.03], t(2068) = 0.86, p = 0.389; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.22, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.99, 95% CI [-9.62, 3.64], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.376; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.53, 0.34])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 11.02, 95% CI [-7.84, 29.89], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.252; Std. beta = -0.66,
## 95% CI [-2.28, 0.96])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.44, 95% CI [-23.27, 6.39], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std. beta = -0.17,
## 95% CI [-1.14, 0.79])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.96, 95% CI [-27.49, 33.42], t(2068) = 0.19, p = 0.849; Std. beta = 0.20,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.43, 95% CI [-10.89, 11.75], t(2068) = 0.07, p = 0.940; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.29])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.30, 95% CI [-27.70, 9.11], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.322; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.69, 95% CI [-24.05, 4.67], t(2068) = -1.32, p = 0.186; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.68, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-34.36, 24.58], t(2068) = -0.33, p = 0.745; Std. beta = -1.54,
## 95% CI [-4.95, 1.88])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.97, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.85], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.66, 95% CI [-18.40, 5.08], t(2068) = -1.11, p = 0.266; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.44, 0.18])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 59.31, 95% CI [32.47, 86.14], t(2068) = 4.33, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.03, 95%
## CI [2.21, 5.86])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.40, 95% CI [-21.64, 16.84], t(2068) = -0.24, p = 0.806; Std. beta = -1.37,
## 95% CI [-3.89, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.11, 95% CI [-17.13, 6.91], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.404; Std. beta = -0.13,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.03, 95% CI [-13.99, 7.93], t(2068) = -0.54, p = 0.588; Std. beta = -0.12,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.69])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.14, 95% CI [-37.15, 12.88], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.342; Std. beta =
## -0.30, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.53, 95% CI [-18.10, -0.95], t(2068) = -2.18, p = 0.029; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.38])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.37, 95% CI [-29.50, -5.24], t(2068) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -1.35,
## 95% CI [-2.51, -0.19])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.23, 95% CI [-7.68, 12.13], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.659; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.59, 95% CI [-14.46, 21.64], t(2068) = 0.39, p = 0.696; Std. beta = -0.30,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -17.06, 95% CI [-32.61, -1.50], t(2068) = -2.15, p = 0.032; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.70, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.54, 95% CI [-22.91, 29.99], t(2068) = 0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 1.45])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.55, 95% CI [-10.81, 11.92], t(2068) = 0.10, p = 0.924; Std. beta = 0.14,
## 95% CI [-0.57, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.94, 95% CI [-7.15, 19.03], t(2068) = 0.89, p = 0.373; Std. beta = 0.23, 95%
## CI [-0.69, 1.15])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.00, 95% CI [-19.37, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.379; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.14, 95% CI [-13.95, 5.67], t(2068) = -0.83, p = 0.408; Std. beta = -0.23,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.43])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.67, 95% CI [-28.06, 2.71], t(2068) = -1.62, p = 0.106; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.11, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.83, 95% CI [-7.87, 15.53], t(2068) = 0.64, p = 0.521; Std. beta = 0.76, 95%
## CI [-0.07, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.65, 95% CI [-10.13, 15.42], t(2068) = 0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-9.86, 7.53], t(2068) = -0.26, p = 0.793; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.15, 95% CI [-19.99, 32.28], t(2068) = 0.46, p = 0.645; Std. beta = -2.69,
## 95% CI [-4.84, -0.53])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.29, 95% CI [-15.09, 21.66], t(2068) = 0.35, p = 0.726; Std. beta = 0.39,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 1.71])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.92, 95% CI [-27.17, 3.33], t(2068) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.86, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.62, 95% CI [-16.20, 0.96], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.94, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.25, 95% CI [-3.18, 7.69], t(2068) =
## 0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -40.10, 95% CI [-78.62, -1.57], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.041;
## Std. beta = -4.97, 95% CI [-9.74, -0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.34, 95% CI [-13.00, 10.32], t(2068) = -0.23, p = 0.821;
## Std. beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-1.61, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.29, 10.28], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-18.37, 11.28], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.28, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.08, 95% CI [-6.83, 12.99], t(2068) = 0.61, p = 0.542; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-0.85, 1.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.91, 95% CI [-5.68, -0.15], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-8.10, 8.62], t(2068) = 0.06, p = 0.952; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 1.07])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.21, 95% CI [-3.30, 0.88], t(2068) = -1.13, p = 0.257; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.52, 95% CI [-5.82, 2.78], t(2068) = -0.70, p = 0.487; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.94, 2.86], t(2068) = 0.99, p = 0.320; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.07, 95% CI [-5.24, 9.38], t(2068) = 0.55, p = 0.579; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.45, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.65], t(2068) = -0.42, p = 0.672; Std.
## beta = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.32, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.02, 95% CI [-2.14, 4.19], t(2068) = 0.63, p = 0.526; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.52])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.70, 95% CI [-29.71, 2.31], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093;
## Std. beta = -1.70, 95% CI [-3.68, 0.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.89, 95% CI [-2.79, 10.57], t(2068) = 1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.35, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-0.87, 10.07], t(2068) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.31, 95% CI [-6.58, 9.19], t(2068) = 0.32, p = 0.745; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.71, 95% CI [-8.45, 7.02], t(2068) = -0.18, p = 0.857; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-1.05, 0.87])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.70, 95% CI [-58.17, 34.78], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.622;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-7.21, 4.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.29, 95% CI [-30.07, 25.48], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.871;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.73, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.75, 95% CI [-6.97, 3.46], t(2068) = -0.66, p = 0.510; Std.
## beta = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.86, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.73, 95% CI [-37.23, 13.77], t(2068) = -0.90, p = 0.367;
## Std. beta = -1.45, 95% CI [-4.61, 1.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-7.33, 11.62], t(2068) = 0.44, p = 0.658; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-5.82, 7.52], t(2068) = 0.25, p = 0.802; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.14, 95% CI [-4.22, 14.50], t(2068) = 1.08, p = 0.282; Std.
## beta = 0.64, 95% CI [-0.52, 1.80])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.62, 95% CI [-2.05, 9.29], t(2068) = 1.25, p = 0.211; Std.
## beta = 0.45, 95% CI [-0.25, 1.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.62, 95% CI [-12.22, 8.99], t(2068) = -0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = -0.20, 95% CI [-1.51, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.55, 95% CI [-8.43, 1.33], t(2068) = -1.43, p = 0.153; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -5.29, 95% CI [-14.16, 3.59], t(2068) = -1.17, p = 0.243; Std.
## beta = -0.66, 95% CI [-1.75, 0.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.48, 95% CI [-35.12, 16.15], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468;
## Std. beta = -1.17, 95% CI [-4.35, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.05, 95% CI [-14.25, 6.14], t(2068) = -0.78, p = 0.436; Std.
## beta = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.76, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.03, 95% CI [-2.82, 4.89], t(2068) = 0.53, p = 0.598; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.67, 95% CI [-8.67, 5.33], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.639; Std.
## beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.18, 95% CI [-11.70, 3.34], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.276; Std.
## beta = -0.52, 95% CI [-1.45, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-4.17, 5.14], t(2068) = 0.21, p = 0.837; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.52, 0.64])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.18, 95% CI [-0.85, 17.21], t(2068) = 1.78, p = 0.076; Std.
## beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-0.11, 2.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.86, 95% CI [-0.94, 10.66], t(2068) = 1.64, p = 0.100; Std.
## beta = 0.60, 95% CI [-0.12, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.86, 95% CI [-7.48, 3.76], t(2068) = -0.65, p = 0.516; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.93, 0.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.32, 95% CI [-6.04, 1.40], t(2068) = -1.22, p = 0.222; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.75, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.21, 95% CI [-50.69, -9.73], t(2068) = -2.89, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.74, 95% CI [-6.28, -1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-7.33, 10.63], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.718; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.91, 1.32])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.03, 95% CI [-10.07, 16.13], t(2068) = 0.45, p = 0.650; Std.
## beta = 0.38, 95% CI [-1.25, 2.00])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.18, 95% CI [-14.83, 8.47], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.593; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.84, 1.05])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.7.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14886.9
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1207 -0.4893 -0.0068  0.4452  7.0958 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   138.99   11.789        
##           time_firstPFT  11.14    3.338   -0.29
##  Residual                41.84    6.469        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       39.02615    4.99053   7.820
## time_firstPFT                     -3.21638    2.23611  -1.438
## SS_5yrPreCensor                   -6.34125    5.50907  -1.151
## disadv                            -5.64149    2.34448  -2.406
## dich_RaceNon-White                -3.03463    2.28237  -1.330
## sexF                              -2.54122    1.41650  -1.794
## age_dx                             0.13883    0.07413   1.873
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.74239    1.41437  -1.939
## smokeHxAlways                      9.18867    7.06944   1.300
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.75786    3.18903  -0.865
## site02R                            8.92472   18.53265   0.482
## site03R                           21.11241    9.89805   2.133
## site04R                           -4.55636    9.17739  -0.496
## site05R                          -13.30063    7.72690  -1.721
## site06R                           -8.03944   13.50456  -0.595
## site07R                            3.98606    3.69177   1.080
## site09R                           -9.18530    9.43778  -0.973
## site101                           20.61678    2.53728   8.126
## site102                            7.16607    4.99451   1.435
## site103                           -1.01289    2.29086  -0.442
## site104                           -7.98854    5.14633  -1.552
## site105                            2.58234    2.50161   1.032
## site106                           -5.13353    3.42346  -1.500
## site107                            8.34802    9.53134   0.876
## site108                           -3.17338    7.81340  -0.406
## site10R                            2.78249   15.64028   0.178
## site11R                           -0.79753    5.72650  -0.139
## site12R                           -7.95992    9.26805  -0.859
## site13R                          -11.49790    7.27445  -1.581
## site14R                           -7.24151   14.97614  -0.484
## site15R                          -19.54967   13.54929  -1.443
## site16R                           -6.56746    6.00617  -1.093
## site17R                           63.54318   13.63630   4.660
## site18R                           -1.15626    9.74907  -0.119
## site19R                           -6.39184    6.09522  -1.049
## site20R                           -3.42283    5.53951  -0.618
## site21R                          -11.99801   12.56736  -0.955
## site22R                          -12.38300    4.39923  -2.815
## site23R                          -24.03353    7.72074  -3.113
## site24R                            1.56332    4.99941   0.313
## site25R                            0.16342    9.21813   0.018
## site28R                          -15.57096    7.88579  -1.975
## site29R                           -0.55713   13.34778  -0.042
## site31R                           -0.29668    5.78449  -0.051
## site32R                            5.99698    6.63367   0.904
## site33R                           -6.77068    6.78021  -0.999
## site34R                           -4.28871    4.95097  -0.866
## site35R                          -13.60562    7.78652  -1.747
## site36R                            3.34525    5.92062   0.565
## site37R                            0.79428    6.52536   0.122
## site38R                           -0.70161    4.38738  -0.160
## site39R                           14.06489   13.38544   1.051
## site40R                            1.58923    9.28371   0.171
## site41R                          -12.92822    7.73826  -1.671
## site42R                           -9.74423    4.37907  -2.225
## time_firstPFT:SS_5yrPreCensor      2.43384    2.81209   0.865
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.49490    1.10709   1.350
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.58372    1.11383  -0.524
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.72600    0.65617   1.106
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03946    0.03437  -1.148
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.67622    0.67351  -1.004
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.24985    6.04387  -1.034
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.15075    1.67212   1.286
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -38.71181   19.69570  -1.965
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -0.86419    5.98360  -0.144
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.63981    6.29402  -0.419
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.31903    7.57445  -0.438
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.23662    1.45642  -1.536
## time_firstPFT:site09R              1.42778    4.28729   0.333
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.98419    1.08828  -0.904
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.76236    2.21829  -0.344
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.33129    1.01815   1.308
## time_firstPFT:site104              1.65268    3.78442   0.437
## time_firstPFT:site105             -0.28279    1.08541  -0.261
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.65465    1.65872   0.998
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.71441    8.17511  -1.555
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.69871    3.60040   1.305
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.34455    2.84126   1.881
## time_firstPFT:site12R              1.90106    4.03672   0.471
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.53304    3.97509  -0.134
## time_firstPFT:site14R            -10.40444   23.71611  -0.439
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.54391   14.17639  -0.179
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.81437    2.71225  -0.669
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -11.51204   13.01965  -0.884
## time_firstPFT:site19R              2.21024    4.89659   0.451
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.77640    3.44013   0.226
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.80582    4.77013   1.217
## time_firstPFT:site22R              4.90251    2.94911   1.662
## time_firstPFT:site23R             22.24237   26.79822   0.830
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -3.07929    2.49550  -1.234
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -4.38880    4.58596  -0.957
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.49194   13.15250  -0.646
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -2.34847    5.23583  -0.449
## time_firstPFT:site31R              1.90191    2.00696   0.948
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -1.08226    3.59965  -0.301
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -4.60815    3.89719  -1.182
## time_firstPFT:site34R              0.70924    2.40870   0.294
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.13013    4.65122   1.963
## time_firstPFT:site36R              5.02224    2.97611   1.688
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.38236    2.96004  -0.467
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -2.17687    1.90694  -1.142
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.24438   10.51441  -2.876
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.38430    4.63118   0.299
## time_firstPFT:site41R              3.97279    6.69990   0.593
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.44301    5.96652  -0.577
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.800
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.528
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24, 48.81], t(2038)
## = 7.82, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## SS_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## SS_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24, 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24,
## 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24, 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24,
## 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24,
## 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24, 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *
## disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24,
## 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * SS_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 39.03 (95% CI [29.24, 48.81], t(2038) = 7.82, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.22, 95% CI [-7.60, 1.17], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std. beta =
## -0.53, 95% CI [-0.72, -0.34])
##   - The effect of SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -6.34, 95% CI [-17.15, 4.46], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.250; Std. beta =
## -0.03, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.11])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.64,
## 95% CI [-10.24, -1.04], t(2038) = -2.41, p = 0.016; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI
## [-0.16, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.03, 95% CI [-7.51, 1.44], t(2038) = -1.33, p = 0.184; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.54, 95% CI [-5.32, 0.24], t(2038) = -1.79, p = 0.073; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.54e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.87, p = 0.061; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.74, 95% CI [-5.52, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.94, p = 0.053; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.19, 95% CI [-4.68, 23.05], t(2038) = 1.30, p = 0.194; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-1.28, 1.23])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.76, 95% CI [-9.01, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.387; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.92, 95% CI [-27.42, 45.27], t(2038) = 0.48, p = 0.630; Std. beta = -3.39,
## 95% CI [-7.22, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 21.11, 95% CI [1.70, 40.52], t(2038) = 2.13, p = 0.033; Std. beta = 1.35, 95%
## CI [0.07, 2.62])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.56, 95% CI [-22.55, 13.44], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.620; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.03, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.30, 95% CI [-28.45, 1.85], t(2038) = -1.72, p = 0.085; Std. beta = -1.25,
## 95% CI [-2.74, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.04, 95% CI [-34.52, 18.44], t(2038) = -0.60, p = 0.552; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-2.35, 1.25])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.99, 95% CI [-3.25, 11.23], t(2038) = 1.08, p = 0.280; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.43, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.19, 95% CI [-27.69, 9.32], t(2038) = -0.97, p = 0.331; Std. beta = -0.48,
## 95% CI [-1.76, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.62, 95% CI [15.64, 25.59], t(2038) = 8.13, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.30, 95%
## CI [0.96, 1.64])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.17, 95% CI [-2.63, 16.96], t(2038) = 1.43, p = 0.152; Std. beta = 0.41, 95%
## CI [-0.25, 1.06])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.01, 95% CI [-5.51, 3.48], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.658; Std. beta = 0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.24, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-18.08, 2.10], t(2038) = -1.55, p = 0.121; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.24, 0.50])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.58, 95% CI [-2.32, 7.49], t(2038) = 1.03, p = 0.302; Std. beta = 0.15, 95%
## CI [-0.18, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.13, 95% CI [-11.85, 1.58], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.134; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.35, 95% CI [-10.34, 27.04], t(2038) = 0.88, p = 0.381; Std. beta = -0.74,
## 95% CI [-2.37, 0.89])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.17, 95% CI [-18.50, 12.15], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.685; Std. beta = 0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.75, 1.28])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.78, 95% CI [-27.89, 33.46], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std. beta = 0.19,
## 95% CI [-1.90, 2.27])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.03, 10.43], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.889; Std. beta = 0.50,
## 95% CI [-0.30, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.96, 95% CI [-26.14, 10.22], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.391; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.61, 0.92])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.50, 95% CI [-25.76, 2.77], t(2038) = -1.58, p = 0.114; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.24, 95% CI [-36.61, 22.13], t(2038) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.57,
## 95% CI [-5.00, 1.87])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.55, 95% CI [-46.12, 7.02], t(2038) = -1.44, p = 0.149; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.04])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.57, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.21], t(2038) = -1.09, p = 0.274; Std. beta = -0.63,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.19])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 63.54, 95% CI [36.80, 90.29], t(2038) = 4.66, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.32, 95%
## CI [2.50, 6.13])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.16, 95% CI [-20.28, 17.96], t(2038) = -0.12, p = 0.906; Std. beta = -1.27,
## 95% CI [-3.80, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.39, 95% CI [-18.35, 5.56], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.294; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-1.26, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.42, 95% CI [-14.29, 7.44], t(2038) = -0.62, p = 0.537; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-0.97, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.00, 95% CI [-36.64, 12.65], t(2038) = -0.95, p = 0.340; Std. beta =
## -0.22, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.36])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -12.38, 95% CI [-21.01, -3.76], t(2038) = -2.81, p = 0.005; Std. beta = -0.34,
## 95% CI [-1.00, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -24.03, 95% CI [-39.17, -8.89], t(2038) = -3.11, p = 0.002; Std. beta = 0.66,
## 95% CI [-4.33, 5.66])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.56, 95% CI [-8.24, 11.37], t(2038) = 0.31, p = 0.755; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.46])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.16, 95% CI [-17.91, 18.24], t(2038) = 0.02, p = 0.986; Std. beta = -0.44,
## 95% CI [-1.67, 0.78])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.57, 95% CI [-31.04, -0.11], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.048; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.66])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.56, 95% CI [-26.73, 25.62], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.967; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-1.91, 1.35])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.30, 95% CI [-11.64, 11.05], t(2038) = -0.05, p = 0.959; Std. beta = 0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.55, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.00, 95% CI [-7.01, 19.01], t(2038) = 0.90, p = 0.366; Std. beta = 0.30, 95%
## CI [-0.63, 1.23])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -6.77, 95% CI [-20.07, 6.53], t(2038) = -1.00, p = 0.318; Std. beta = -0.94,
## 95% CI [-1.95, 0.08])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.29, 95% CI [-14.00, 5.42], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.386; Std. beta = -0.22,
## 95% CI [-0.89, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.61, 95% CI [-28.88, 1.66], t(2038) = -1.75, p = 0.081; Std. beta = 0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.12])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.35, 95% CI [-8.27, 14.96], t(2038) = 0.57, p = 0.572; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.09, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.79, 95% CI [-12.00, 13.59], t(2038) = 0.12, p = 0.903; Std. beta = -0.09,
## 95% CI [-0.95, 0.77])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.70, 95% CI [-9.31, 7.90], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = -0.27,
## 95% CI [-0.84, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 14.06, 95% CI [-12.19, 40.32], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.293; Std. beta = -2.16,
## 95% CI [-4.35, 0.02])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.59, 95% CI [-16.62, 19.80], t(2038) = 0.17, p = 0.864; Std. beta = 0.25,
## 95% CI [-1.08, 1.58])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.93, 95% CI [-28.10, 2.25], t(2038) = -1.67, p = 0.095; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 0.91])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -9.74, 95% CI [-18.33, -1.16], t(2038) = -2.23, p = 0.026; Std. beta = -1.02,
## 95% CI [-2.12, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × SS 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.43, 95% CI [-3.08, 7.95], t(2038) =
## 0.87, p = 0.387; Std. beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.49, 95% CI [-0.68, 3.67], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.60], t(2038) =
## -0.52, p = 0.600; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.73, 95% CI [-0.56, 2.01], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.269; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.15, p = 0.251; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.68, 95% CI [-2.00, 0.64], t(2038) =
## -1.00, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.25, 95% CI [-18.10, 5.60], t(2038) =
## -1.03, p = 0.301; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.70])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.15, 95% CI [-1.13, 5.43], t(2038) =
## 1.29, p = 0.199; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -38.71, 95% CI [-77.34, -0.09], t(2038) = -1.97, p = 0.049;
## Std. beta = -4.80, 95% CI [-9.60, -0.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.86, 95% CI [-12.60, 10.87], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.885;
## Std. beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-1.56, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.64, 95% CI [-14.98, 9.70], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.675; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.86, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.32, 95% CI [-18.17, 11.54], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.25, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.24, 95% CI [-5.09, 0.62], t(2038) = -1.54, p = 0.125; Std.
## beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.43, 95% CI [-6.98, 9.84], t(2038) = 0.33, p = 0.739; Std.
## beta = 0.18, 95% CI [-0.87, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.98, 95% CI [-3.12, 1.15], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.366; Std.
## beta = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.39, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.76, 95% CI [-5.11, 3.59], t(2038) = -0.34, p = 0.731; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.63, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-0.67, 3.33], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.191; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-5.77, 9.07], t(2038) = 0.44, p = 0.662; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.72, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-2.41, 1.85], t(2038) = -0.26, p = 0.794; Std.
## beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.65, 95% CI [-1.60, 4.91], t(2038) = 1.00, p = 0.319; Std.
## beta = 0.21, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.61])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.71, 95% CI [-28.75, 3.32], t(2038) = -1.56, p = 0.120;
## Std. beta = -1.58, 95% CI [-3.57, 0.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.70, 95% CI [-2.36, 11.76], t(2038) = 1.31, p = 0.192; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.29, 1.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.34, 95% CI [-0.23, 10.92], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std.
## beta = 0.66, 95% CI [-0.03, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-6.02, 9.82], t(2038) = 0.47, p = 0.638; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.53, 95% CI [-8.33, 7.26], t(2038) = -0.13, p = 0.893; Std.
## beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.90])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.40, 95% CI [-56.91, 36.11], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.661;
## Std. beta = -1.29, 95% CI [-7.06, 4.48])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.54, 95% CI [-30.35, 25.26], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.858;
## Std. beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-3.77, 3.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.81, 95% CI [-7.13, 3.50], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.51, 95% CI [-37.05, 14.02], t(2038) = -0.88, p = 0.377;
## Std. beta = -1.43, 95% CI [-4.60, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.21, 95% CI [-7.39, 11.81], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.652; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.47])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.78, 95% CI [-5.97, 7.52], t(2038) = 0.23, p = 0.821; Std.
## beta = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.74, 0.93])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.81, 95% CI [-3.55, 15.16], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.224; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [-0.44, 1.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.90, 95% CI [-0.88, 10.69], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.097; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 22.24, 95% CI [-30.31, 74.80], t(2038) = 0.83, p = 0.407; Std.
## beta = 2.76, 95% CI [-3.76, 9.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.08, 95% CI [-7.97, 1.81], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.217; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.23])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.39, 95% CI [-13.38, 4.60], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.339; Std.
## beta = -0.54, 95% CI [-1.66, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.49, 95% CI [-34.29, 17.30], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.519;
## Std. beta = -1.05, 95% CI [-4.25, 2.15])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.35, 95% CI [-12.62, 7.92], t(2038) = -0.45, p = 0.654; Std.
## beta = -0.29, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.98])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.90, 95% CI [-2.03, 5.84], t(2038) = 0.95, p = 0.343; Std.
## beta = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.25, 0.72])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.08, 95% CI [-8.14, 5.98], t(2038) = -0.30, p = 0.764; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.61, 95% CI [-12.25, 3.03], t(2038) = -1.18, p = 0.237; Std.
## beta = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.52, 0.38])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-4.01, 5.43], t(2038) = 0.29, p = 0.768; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.67])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.13, 95% CI [8.48e-03, 18.25], t(2038) = 1.96, p = 0.050;
## Std. beta = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05e-03, 2.26])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.02, 95% CI [-0.81, 10.86], t(2038) = 1.69, p = 0.092; Std.
## beta = 0.62, 95% CI [-0.10, 1.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.38, 95% CI [-7.19, 4.42], t(2038) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.55])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.18, 95% CI [-5.92, 1.56], t(2038) = -1.14, p = 0.254; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.73, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.24, 95% CI [-50.86, -9.62], t(2038) = -2.88, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.75, 95% CI [-6.31, -1.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.38, 95% CI [-7.70, 10.47], t(2038) = 0.30, p = 0.765; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.96, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.97, 95% CI [-9.17, 17.11], t(2038) = 0.59, p = 0.553; Std.
## beta = 0.49, 95% CI [-1.14, 2.12])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.44, 95% CI [-15.14, 8.26], t(2038) = -0.58, p = 0.564; Std.
## beta = -0.43, 95% CI [-1.88, 1.02])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.8 Soil

10.8.1 Base Model

DLCO_lmer1 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
summary(DLCO_lmer1)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 15061.3
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1379 -0.4983 -0.0082  0.4445  7.0970 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   144.12   12.005        
##           time_firstPFT  11.08    3.329   -0.31
##  Residual                41.85    6.469        
## Number of obs: 2164, groups:  ID, 462
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                      42.495976   2.263441  18.775
## time_firstPFT                    -5.331948   1.104932  -4.826
## Soil_5yrPreCensor                -4.550448   4.166075  -1.092
## site02R                          -1.944669  13.616936  -0.143
## site03R                          27.843043  10.124584   2.750
## site04R                          -4.889371   9.295163  -0.526
## site05R                         -12.739536   7.786320  -1.636
## site06R                           6.079765   9.742735   0.624
## site07R                           5.830071   3.692953   1.579
## site09R                          -9.013422   9.470428  -0.952
## site101                          19.955917   2.557769   7.802
## site102                           8.648126   4.972127   1.739
## site103                          -2.616935   2.383428  -1.098
## site104                         -10.428292   5.319543  -1.960
## site105                           1.214682   2.586142   0.470
## site106                          -3.301261   3.370010  -0.980
## site107                           9.862771   9.662600   1.021
## site108                          -7.994272   7.531892  -1.061
## site10R                          -0.791439  13.378258  -0.059
## site11R                           1.320108   5.892630   0.224
## site12R                          -8.850668   9.365834  -0.945
## site13R                         -10.255651   7.340834  -1.397
## site14R                          -7.266235  15.034760  -0.483
## site15R                         -22.978796  13.672177  -1.681
## site16R                          -8.374056   5.905984  -1.418
## site17R                          60.619798  13.698017   4.425
## site18R                          -2.430193   9.846755  -0.247
## site19R                          -1.477724   6.856296  -0.216
## site20R                          -1.732259   5.612113  -0.309
## site21R                         -11.222833  12.793948  -0.877
## site22R                         -11.573973   4.326532  -2.675
## site23R                         -15.316470   6.734076  -2.274
## site24R                           2.364516   5.044039   0.469
## site25R                          -5.919256   5.567767  -1.063
## site28R                         -16.663542   7.930448  -2.101
## site29R                          -0.074874  13.378171  -0.006
## site31R                          -0.195250   5.827547  -0.034
## site32R                          12.025302   8.852764   1.358
## site33R                          -4.448508   7.406191  -0.601
## site34R                          -5.003357   5.039701  -0.993
## site35R                         -13.754351   7.885141  -1.744
## site36R                           4.287081   5.970753   0.718
## site37R                           1.897680   6.520247   0.291
## site38R                          -1.564428   4.445011  -0.352
## site39R                           7.461247  13.307019   0.561
## site40R                           3.512089   9.410947   0.373
## site41R                         -13.022070   7.729777  -1.685
## site42R                          -8.913389   4.379050  -2.035
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreCensor   2.184614   2.058863   1.061
## time_firstPFT:site02R           -34.761973  18.548986  -1.874
## time_firstPFT:site03R            -2.515661   6.076815  -0.414
## time_firstPFT:site04R            -2.005375   6.253997  -0.321
## time_firstPFT:site05R            -3.522427   7.557314  -0.466
## time_firstPFT:site06R             2.471599   5.067296   0.488
## time_firstPFT:site07R            -2.886255   1.399666  -2.062
## time_firstPFT:site09R             0.983783   4.204956   0.234
## time_firstPFT:site101            -0.925273   1.068678  -0.866
## time_firstPFT:site102            -1.468587   2.179828  -0.674
## time_firstPFT:site103             1.608652   1.055979   1.523
## time_firstPFT:site104             2.691246   3.740814   0.719
## time_firstPFT:site105            -0.008689   1.114359  -0.008
## time_firstPFT:site106             1.170062   1.598668   0.732
## time_firstPFT:site107           -13.154578   8.171618  -1.610
## time_firstPFT:site108             3.903772   3.387030   1.153
## time_firstPFT:site11R             4.128746   2.830201   1.459
## time_firstPFT:site12R             1.304886   3.996791   0.326
## time_firstPFT:site13R            -0.363347   3.948345  -0.092
## time_firstPFT:site14R           -10.694888  23.709609  -0.451
## time_firstPFT:site15R            -2.284873  14.162582  -0.161
## time_firstPFT:site16R            -1.143246   2.621581  -0.436
## time_firstPFT:site18R           -11.941507  13.027001  -0.917
## time_firstPFT:site19R             0.279263   5.172520   0.054
## time_firstPFT:site20R             0.443356   3.392472   0.131
## time_firstPFT:site21R             4.692868   4.776217   0.983
## time_firstPFT:site22R             4.549708   2.790448   1.630
## time_firstPFT:site23R            -2.689154   5.543321  -0.485
## time_firstPFT:site24R            -3.560986   2.472294  -1.440
## time_firstPFT:site25R            -2.154135   2.966536  -0.726
## time_firstPFT:site28R            -9.567567  13.079423  -0.731
## time_firstPFT:site29R            -2.668250   5.098741  -0.523
## time_firstPFT:site31R             1.404214   1.981000   0.709
## time_firstPFT:site32R            -4.709423   4.766096  -0.988
## time_firstPFT:site33R            -4.994872   3.955467  -1.263
## time_firstPFT:site34R             0.852588   2.370001   0.360
## time_firstPFT:site35R             8.451757   4.602107   1.836
## time_firstPFT:site36R             4.681375   2.948039   1.588
## time_firstPFT:site37R            -1.559959   2.847734  -0.548
## time_firstPFT:site38R            -2.110171   1.892014  -1.115
## time_firstPFT:site39R           -30.672798  10.431913  -2.940
## time_firstPFT:site40R             1.332572   4.568996   0.292
## time_firstPFT:site41R             3.417684   6.656618   0.513
## time_firstPFT:site42R            -2.772386   5.937954  -0.467
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 92 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
icc(DLCO_lmer1)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.801
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.534
report(DLCO_lmer1)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 4 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included
## time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's
## total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part
## related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's
## intercept, corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 42.50 (95% CI [38.06,
## 46.93], t(2068) = 18.77, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.33, 95% CI [-7.50, -3.17], t(2068) = -4.83, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.65, -0.42])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.55, 95% CI [-12.72, 3.62], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.94, 95% CI [-28.65, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = -3.71,
## 95% CI [-7.11, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.84, 95% CI [7.99, 47.70], t(2068) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-23.12, 13.34], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.01, 2.53], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.72, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.08, 95% CI [-13.03, 25.19], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-1.41, 13.07], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-27.59, 9.56], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.96, 95% CI [14.94, 24.97], t(2068) = 7.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-1.10, 18.40], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.06], t(2068) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.43, 95% CI [-20.86, 3.93e-03], t(2068) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-9.91, 3.31], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.86, 95% CI [-9.09, 28.81], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.77, 6.78], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-27.03, 25.44], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.32, 95% CI [-10.24, 12.88], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.85, 95% CI [-27.22, 9.52], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-24.65, 4.14], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-36.75, 22.22], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.98, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.37, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.21], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.62, 95% CI [33.76, 87.48], t(2068) = 4.43, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.12, 95%
## CI [2.30, 5.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.43, 95% CI [-21.74, 16.88], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -1.39,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.92, 11.97], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-12.74, 9.27], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-36.31, 13.87], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.87, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.57, 95% CI [-20.06, -3.09], t(2068) = -2.68, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.32, 95% CI [-28.52, -2.11], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-2.53, -0.10])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.53, 12.26], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.92, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.00], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.66, 95% CI [-32.22, -1.11], t(2068) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.07, 95% CI [-26.31, 26.16], t(2068) = -5.60e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-11.62, 11.23], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.973; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.03, 95% CI [-5.34, 29.39], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-18.97, 10.08], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-14.89, 4.88], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.75, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.71], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-7.42, 16.00], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = 0.77, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-10.89, 14.68], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-10.28, 7.15], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.46, 95% CI [-18.64, 33.56], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -2.65,
## 95% CI [-4.80, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-14.94, 21.97], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.18, 2.14], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.91, 95% CI [-17.50, -0.33], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.22], t(2068) =
## 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.76, 95% CI [-71.14, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-8.81, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-14.43, 9.40], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.26], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-18.34, 11.30], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-7.47, 12.41], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-5.63, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-7.26, 9.23], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-3.02, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.81], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-0.46, 3.68], t(2068) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-4.64, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.69e-03, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.18], t(2068) = -7.80e-03, p =
## 0.994; Std. beta = -1.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.31], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.15, 95% CI [-29.18, 2.87], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-3.61, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-2.74, 10.55], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.13, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.68], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-6.53, 9.14], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-8.11, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-57.19, 35.80], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-7.08, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-30.06, 25.49], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.28, 4.00], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-37.49, 13.61], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.42], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.21, 7.10], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-4.67, 14.06], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.55, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.02], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.18], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-8.41, 1.29], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.97, 3.66], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.22, 16.08], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.465;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.36, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-12.67, 7.33], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-2.48, 5.29], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-14.06, 4.64], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-12.75, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.80, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.45, 95% CI [-0.57, 17.48], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.07, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.68, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.46], t(2068) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.02], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.67, 95% CI [-51.13, -10.21], t(2068) = -2.94, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.33, -1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-7.63, 10.29], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.42, 95% CI [-9.64, 16.47], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.19, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.87], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to Soil_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 42.50 (95% CI [38.06, 46.93],
## t(2068) = 18.77, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.33, 95% CI [-7.50, -3.17], t(2068) = -4.83, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.65, -0.42])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.55, 95% CI [-12.72, 3.62], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.94, 95% CI [-28.65, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = -3.71,
## 95% CI [-7.11, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.84, 95% CI [7.99, 47.70], t(2068) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-23.12, 13.34], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.01, 2.53], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.72, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.08, 95% CI [-13.03, 25.19], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-1.41, 13.07], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-27.59, 9.56], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.96, 95% CI [14.94, 24.97], t(2068) = 7.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-1.10, 18.40], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.06], t(2068) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.43, 95% CI [-20.86, 3.93e-03], t(2068) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-9.91, 3.31], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.86, 95% CI [-9.09, 28.81], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.77, 6.78], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-27.03, 25.44], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.32, 95% CI [-10.24, 12.88], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.85, 95% CI [-27.22, 9.52], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-24.65, 4.14], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-36.75, 22.22], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.98, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.37, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.21], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.62, 95% CI [33.76, 87.48], t(2068) = 4.43, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.12, 95%
## CI [2.30, 5.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.43, 95% CI [-21.74, 16.88], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -1.39,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.92, 11.97], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-12.74, 9.27], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-36.31, 13.87], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.87, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.57, 95% CI [-20.06, -3.09], t(2068) = -2.68, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.32, 95% CI [-28.52, -2.11], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-2.53, -0.10])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.53, 12.26], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.92, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.00], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.66, 95% CI [-32.22, -1.11], t(2068) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.07, 95% CI [-26.31, 26.16], t(2068) = -5.60e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-11.62, 11.23], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.973; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.03, 95% CI [-5.34, 29.39], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-18.97, 10.08], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-14.89, 4.88], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.75, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.71], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-7.42, 16.00], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = 0.77, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-10.89, 14.68], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-10.28, 7.15], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.46, 95% CI [-18.64, 33.56], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -2.65,
## 95% CI [-4.80, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-14.94, 21.97], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.18, 2.14], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.91, 95% CI [-17.50, -0.33], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.22], t(2068) =
## 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.76, 95% CI [-71.14, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-8.81, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-14.43, 9.40], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.26], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-18.34, 11.30], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-7.47, 12.41], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-5.63, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-7.26, 9.23], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-3.02, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.81], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-0.46, 3.68], t(2068) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-4.64, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.69e-03, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.18], t(2068) = -7.80e-03, p =
## 0.994; Std. beta = -1.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.31], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.15, 95% CI [-29.18, 2.87], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-3.61, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-2.74, 10.55], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.13, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.68], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-6.53, 9.14], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-8.11, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-57.19, 35.80], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-7.08, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-30.06, 25.49], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.28, 4.00], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-37.49, 13.61], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.42], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.21, 7.10], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-4.67, 14.06], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.55, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.02], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.18], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-8.41, 1.29], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.97, 3.66], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.22, 16.08], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.465;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.36, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-12.67, 7.33], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-2.48, 5.29], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-14.06, 4.64], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-12.75, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.80, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.45, 95% CI [-0.57, 17.48], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.07, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.68, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.46], t(2068) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.02], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.67, 95% CI [-51.13, -10.21], t(2068) = -2.94, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.33, -1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-7.63, 10.29], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.42, 95% CI [-9.64, 16.47], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.19, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.87], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects
## (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is
## substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects
## alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept, corresponding to site =
## Simmons, is at 42.50 (95% CI [38.06, 46.93], t(2068) = 18.77, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.33, 95% CI [-7.50, -3.17], t(2068) = -4.83, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.65, -0.42])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.55, 95% CI [-12.72, 3.62], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.94, 95% CI [-28.65, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = -3.71,
## 95% CI [-7.11, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.84, 95% CI [7.99, 47.70], t(2068) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-23.12, 13.34], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.01, 2.53], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.72, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.08, 95% CI [-13.03, 25.19], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-1.41, 13.07], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-27.59, 9.56], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.96, 95% CI [14.94, 24.97], t(2068) = 7.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-1.10, 18.40], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.06], t(2068) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.43, 95% CI [-20.86, 3.93e-03], t(2068) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-9.91, 3.31], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.86, 95% CI [-9.09, 28.81], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.77, 6.78], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-27.03, 25.44], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.32, 95% CI [-10.24, 12.88], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.85, 95% CI [-27.22, 9.52], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-24.65, 4.14], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-36.75, 22.22], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.98, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.37, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.21], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.62, 95% CI [33.76, 87.48], t(2068) = 4.43, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.12, 95%
## CI [2.30, 5.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.43, 95% CI [-21.74, 16.88], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -1.39,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.92, 11.97], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-12.74, 9.27], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-36.31, 13.87], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.87, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.57, 95% CI [-20.06, -3.09], t(2068) = -2.68, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.32, 95% CI [-28.52, -2.11], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-2.53, -0.10])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.53, 12.26], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.92, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.00], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.66, 95% CI [-32.22, -1.11], t(2068) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.07, 95% CI [-26.31, 26.16], t(2068) = -5.60e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-11.62, 11.23], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.973; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.03, 95% CI [-5.34, 29.39], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-18.97, 10.08], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-14.89, 4.88], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.75, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.71], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-7.42, 16.00], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = 0.77, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-10.89, 14.68], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-10.28, 7.15], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.46, 95% CI [-18.64, 33.56], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -2.65,
## 95% CI [-4.80, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-14.94, 21.97], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.18, 2.14], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.91, 95% CI [-17.50, -0.33], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.22], t(2068) =
## 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.76, 95% CI [-71.14, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-8.81, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-14.43, 9.40], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.26], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-18.34, 11.30], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-7.47, 12.41], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-5.63, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-7.26, 9.23], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-3.02, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.81], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-0.46, 3.68], t(2068) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-4.64, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.69e-03, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.18], t(2068) = -7.80e-03, p =
## 0.994; Std. beta = -1.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.31], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.15, 95% CI [-29.18, 2.87], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-3.61, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-2.74, 10.55], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.13, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.68], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-6.53, 9.14], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-8.11, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-57.19, 35.80], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-7.08, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-30.06, 25.49], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.28, 4.00], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-37.49, 13.61], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.42], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.21, 7.10], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-4.67, 14.06], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.55, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.02], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.18], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-8.41, 1.29], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.97, 3.66], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.22, 16.08], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.465;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.36, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-12.67, 7.33], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-2.48, 5.29], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-14.06, 4.64], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-12.75, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.80, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.45, 95% CI [-0.57, 17.48], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.07, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.68, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.46], t(2068) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.02], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.67, 95% CI [-51.13, -10.21], t(2068) = -2.94, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.33, -1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-7.63, 10.29], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.42, 95% CI [-9.64, 16.47], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.19, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.87], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.33. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to cohort = CARE-PF, is at 42.50 (95% CI [38.06, 46.93], t(2068)
## = 18.77, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -5.33, 95% CI [-7.50, -3.17], t(2068) = -4.83, p < .001; Std. beta = -0.54, 95%
## CI [-0.65, -0.42])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -4.55, 95% CI [-12.72, 3.62], t(2068) = -1.09, p = 0.275; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.94, 95% CI [-28.65, 24.76], t(2068) = -0.14, p = 0.886; Std. beta = -3.71,
## 95% CI [-7.11, -0.30])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 27.84, 95% CI [7.99, 47.70], t(2068) = 2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 1.64, 95%
## CI [0.32, 2.95])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.89, 95% CI [-23.12, 13.34], t(2068) = -0.53, p = 0.599; Std. beta = -0.54,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -12.74, 95% CI [-28.01, 2.53], t(2068) = -1.64, p = 0.102; Std. beta = -1.23,
## 95% CI [-2.72, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 6.08, 95% CI [-13.03, 25.19], t(2068) = 0.62, p = 0.533; Std. beta = 0.67,
## 95% CI [-0.70, 2.04])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 5.83, 95% CI [-1.41, 13.07], t(2068) = 1.58, p = 0.115; Std. beta = 0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.37, 0.57])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.01, 95% CI [-27.59, 9.56], t(2068) = -0.95, p = 0.341; Std. beta = -0.51,
## 95% CI [-1.78, 0.76])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 19.96, 95% CI [14.94, 24.97], t(2068) = 7.80, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.26, 95%
## CI [0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 8.65, 95% CI [-1.10, 18.40], t(2068) = 1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = 0.44, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.62, 95% CI [-7.29, 2.06], t(2068) = -1.10, p = 0.272; Std. beta = -0.01,
## 95% CI [-0.33, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.43, 95% CI [-20.86, 3.93e-03], t(2068) = -1.96, p = 0.050; Std. beta =
## -0.43, 95% CI [-1.30, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.21, 95% CI [-3.86, 6.29], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = 0.08, 95%
## CI [-0.26, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.30, 95% CI [-9.91, 3.31], t(2068) = -0.98, p = 0.327; Std. beta = -0.10,
## 95% CI [-0.54, 0.33])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 9.86, 95% CI [-9.09, 28.81], t(2068) = 1.02, p = 0.308; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-2.31, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.99, 95% CI [-22.77, 6.78], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = -0.14,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 0.82])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.79, 95% CI [-27.03, 25.44], t(2068) = -0.06, p = 0.953; Std. beta = -0.05,
## 95% CI [-1.84, 1.73])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.32, 95% CI [-10.24, 12.88], t(2068) = 0.22, p = 0.823; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.85, 95% CI [-27.22, 9.52], t(2068) = -0.94, p = 0.345; Std. beta = -0.47,
## 95% CI [-1.73, 0.80])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -10.26, 95% CI [-24.65, 4.14], t(2068) = -1.40, p = 0.163; Std. beta = -0.73,
## 95% CI [-1.69, 0.22])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.27, 95% CI [-36.75, 22.22], t(2068) = -0.48, p = 0.629; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-5.01, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -22.98, 95% CI [-49.79, 3.83], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.093; Std. beta = -1.80,
## 95% CI [-4.42, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.37, 95% CI [-19.96, 3.21], t(2068) = -1.42, p = 0.156; Std. beta = -0.69,
## 95% CI [-1.49, 0.11])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 60.62, 95% CI [33.76, 87.48], t(2068) = 4.43, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.12, 95%
## CI [2.30, 5.95])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.43, 95% CI [-21.74, 16.88], t(2068) = -0.25, p = 0.805; Std. beta = -1.39,
## 95% CI [-3.93, 1.14])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.48, 95% CI [-14.92, 11.97], t(2068) = -0.22, p = 0.829; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.21, 1.07])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.73, 95% CI [-12.74, 9.27], t(2068) = -0.31, p = 0.758; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.74])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.22, 95% CI [-36.31, 13.87], t(2068) = -0.88, p = 0.380; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.87, 1.31])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -11.57, 95% CI [-20.06, -3.09], t(2068) = -2.68, p = 0.008; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.96, 0.32])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -15.32, 95% CI [-28.52, -2.11], t(2068) = -2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -1.32,
## 95% CI [-2.53, -0.10])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 2.36, 95% CI [-7.53, 12.26], t(2068) = 0.47, p = 0.639; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.92, 95% CI [-16.84, 5.00], t(2068) = -1.06, p = 0.288; Std. beta = -0.62,
## 95% CI [-1.37, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -16.66, 95% CI [-32.22, -1.11], t(2068) = -2.10, p = 0.036; Std. beta = -2.12,
## 95% CI [-4.68, 0.45])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.07, 95% CI [-26.31, 26.16], t(2068) = -5.60e-03, p = 0.996; Std. beta =
## -0.28, 95% CI [-1.89, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.20, 95% CI [-11.62, 11.23], t(2068) = -0.03, p = 0.973; Std. beta = 0.13,
## 95% CI [-0.59, 0.85])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 12.03, 95% CI [-5.34, 29.39], t(2068) = 1.36, p = 0.174; Std. beta = 0.33,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.45, 95% CI [-18.97, 10.08], t(2068) = -0.60, p = 0.548; Std. beta = -0.82,
## 95% CI [-1.88, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.00, 95% CI [-14.89, 4.88], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.321; Std. beta = -0.25,
## 95% CI [-0.92, 0.42])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.75, 95% CI [-29.22, 1.71], t(2068) = -1.74, p = 0.081; Std. beta = -0.07,
## 95% CI [-1.16, 1.03])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 4.29, 95% CI [-7.42, 16.00], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.473; Std. beta = 0.77, 95%
## CI [-0.05, 1.60])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.90, 95% CI [-10.89, 14.68], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std. beta = -0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.87, 0.81])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-10.28, 7.15], t(2068) = -0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-0.90, 0.25])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.46, 95% CI [-18.64, 33.56], t(2068) = 0.56, p = 0.575; Std. beta = -2.65,
## 95% CI [-4.80, -0.49])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.51, 95% CI [-14.94, 21.97], t(2068) = 0.37, p = 0.709; Std. beta = 0.38,
## 95% CI [-0.94, 1.70])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.02, 95% CI [-28.18, 2.14], t(2068) = -1.68, p = 0.092; Std. beta = -0.53,
## 95% CI [-1.89, 0.83])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -8.91, 95% CI [-17.50, -0.33], t(2068) = -2.04, p = 0.042; Std. beta = -0.89,
## 95% CI [-1.98, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.18, 95% CI [-1.85, 6.22], t(2068) =
## 1.06, p = 0.289; Std. beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.19])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -34.76, 95% CI [-71.14, 1.61], t(2068) = -1.87, p = 0.061;
## Std. beta = -4.31, 95% CI [-8.81, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.52, 95% CI [-14.43, 9.40], t(2068) = -0.41, p = 0.679; Std.
## beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.01, 95% CI [-14.27, 10.26], t(2068) = -0.32, p = 0.749;
## Std. beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-1.77, 1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.52, 95% CI [-18.34, 11.30], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641;
## Std. beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-2.27, 1.40])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [06R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.47, 95% CI [-7.47, 12.41], t(2068) = 0.49, p = 0.626; Std.
## beta = 0.31, 95% CI [-0.92, 1.54])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-5.63, -0.14], t(2068) = -2.06, p = 0.039; Std.
## beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.02])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.98, 95% CI [-7.26, 9.23], t(2068) = 0.23, p = 0.815; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.90, 1.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.93, 95% CI [-3.02, 1.17], t(2068) = -0.87, p = 0.387; Std.
## beta = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.47, 95% CI [-5.74, 2.81], t(2068) = -0.67, p = 0.501; Std.
## beta = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.35])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.61, 95% CI [-0.46, 3.68], t(2068) = 1.52, p = 0.128; Std.
## beta = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.69, 95% CI [-4.64, 10.03], t(2068) = 0.72, p = 0.472; Std.
## beta = 0.33, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.69e-03, 95% CI [-2.19, 2.18], t(2068) = -7.80e-03, p =
## 0.994; Std. beta = -1.08e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.17, 95% CI [-1.97, 4.31], t(2068) = 0.73, p = 0.464; Std.
## beta = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.53])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -13.15, 95% CI [-29.18, 2.87], t(2068) = -1.61, p = 0.108;
## Std. beta = -1.63, 95% CI [-3.61, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.90, 95% CI [-2.74, 10.55], t(2068) = 1.15, p = 0.249; Std.
## beta = 0.48, 95% CI [-0.34, 1.31])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.13, 95% CI [-1.42, 9.68], t(2068) = 1.46, p = 0.145; Std.
## beta = 0.51, 95% CI [-0.18, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.30, 95% CI [-6.53, 9.14], t(2068) = 0.33, p = 0.744; Std.
## beta = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.81, 1.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.36, 95% CI [-8.11, 7.38], t(2068) = -0.09, p = 0.927; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -10.69, 95% CI [-57.19, 35.80], t(2068) = -0.45, p = 0.652;
## Std. beta = -1.32, 95% CI [-7.08, 4.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.28, 95% CI [-30.06, 25.49], t(2068) = -0.16, p = 0.872;
## Std. beta = -0.28, 95% CI [-3.72, 3.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.14, 95% CI [-6.28, 4.00], t(2068) = -0.44, p = 0.663; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.94, 95% CI [-37.49, 13.61], t(2068) = -0.92, p = 0.359;
## Std. beta = -1.48, 95% CI [-4.64, 1.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.28, 95% CI [-9.86, 10.42], t(2068) = 0.05, p = 0.957; Std.
## beta = 0.03, 95% CI [-1.22, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.21, 7.10], t(2068) = 0.13, p = 0.896; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.77, 0.88])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.69, 95% CI [-4.67, 14.06], t(2068) = 0.98, p = 0.326; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.58, 1.74])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.55, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.02], t(2068) = 1.63, p = 0.103; Std.
## beta = 0.56, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.69, 95% CI [-13.56, 8.18], t(2068) = -0.49, p = 0.628; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.68, 1.01])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.56, 95% CI [-8.41, 1.29], t(2068) = -1.44, p = 0.150; Std.
## beta = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.04, 0.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.15, 95% CI [-7.97, 3.66], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.468; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.99, 0.45])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.57, 95% CI [-35.22, 16.08], t(2068) = -0.73, p = 0.465;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-4.36, 1.99])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.67, 95% CI [-12.67, 7.33], t(2068) = -0.52, p = 0.601; Std.
## beta = -0.33, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.91])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.40, 95% CI [-2.48, 5.29], t(2068) = 0.71, p = 0.479; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.31, 0.66])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.71, 95% CI [-14.06, 4.64], t(2068) = -0.99, p = 0.323; Std.
## beta = -0.58, 95% CI [-1.74, 0.57])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.99, 95% CI [-12.75, 2.76], t(2068) = -1.26, p = 0.207; Std.
## beta = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.58, 0.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.85, 95% CI [-3.80, 5.50], t(2068) = 0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.47, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 8.45, 95% CI [-0.57, 17.48], t(2068) = 1.84, p = 0.066; Std.
## beta = 1.05, 95% CI [-0.07, 2.16])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.68, 95% CI [-1.10, 10.46], t(2068) = 1.59, p = 0.112; Std.
## beta = 0.58, 95% CI [-0.14, 1.30])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.56, 95% CI [-7.14, 4.02], t(2068) = -0.55, p = 0.584; Std.
## beta = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.89, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.11, 95% CI [-5.82, 1.60], t(2068) = -1.12, p = 0.265; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.72, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.67, 95% CI [-51.13, -10.21], t(2068) = -2.94, p = 0.003;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.33, -1.27])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.33, 95% CI [-7.63, 10.29], t(2068) = 0.29, p = 0.771; Std.
## beta = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.94, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 3.42, 95% CI [-9.64, 16.47], t(2068) = 0.51, p = 0.608; Std.
## beta = 0.42, 95% CI [-1.19, 2.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.77, 95% CI [-14.42, 8.87], t(2068) = -0.47, p = 0.641; Std.
## beta = -0.34, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.10])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.

10.8.2 Complete Model

DLCO_lmer2 <- lmer(dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT*Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT*disadv + time_firstPFT*dich_Race + time_firstPFT*sex + time_firstPFT*age_dx + time_firstPFT*smokeHx + time_firstPFT*site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT| ID), data=pft)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Warning: Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider
## rescaling
summary(DLCO_lmer2)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT *  
##     disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +  
##     time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT *  
##     site + cluster(cohort) + (1 + time_firstPFT | ID)
##    Data: pft
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 14888.6
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.1151 -0.4927 -0.0112  0.4466  7.0903 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups   Name          Variance Std.Dev. Corr 
##  ID       (Intercept)   139.01   11.790        
##           time_firstPFT  11.00    3.316   -0.28
##  Residual                41.88    6.472        
## Number of obs: 2147, groups:  ID, 457
## 
## Fixed effects:
##                                   Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                       39.37103    5.17649   7.606
## time_firstPFT                     -3.49912    2.37353  -1.474
## Soil_5yrPreCensor                 -3.58251    4.15018  -0.863
## disadv                            -5.34022    2.33930  -2.283
## dich_RaceNon-White                -2.96296    2.29297  -1.292
## sexF                              -2.55179    1.41659  -1.801
## age_dx                             0.13943    0.07421   1.879
## smokeHxFormer                     -2.84915    1.41169  -2.018
## smokeHxAlways                      9.53086    7.06147   1.350
## smokeHxUnknown                    -2.88594    3.18598  -0.906
## site02R                           -5.78579   13.49669  -0.429
## site03R                           22.93565   10.10990   2.269
## site04R                           -4.60776    9.17948  -0.502
## site05R                          -13.12465    7.72490  -1.699
## site06R                           -7.16074   13.52853  -0.529
## site07R                            3.85520    3.68918   1.045
## site09R                          -11.24254    9.38546  -1.198
## site101                           20.03427    2.57247   7.788
## site102                            7.52571    4.97178   1.514
## site103                           -2.38805    2.48528  -0.961
## site104                           -9.21358    5.30214  -1.738
## site105                            1.81240    2.59117   0.699
## site106                           -5.45081    3.41145  -1.598
## site107                            7.45148    9.57238   0.778
## site108                           -2.79488    7.80057  -0.358
## site10R                            0.17721   13.40625   0.013
## site11R                           -0.23770    5.84331  -0.041
## site12R                           -7.52705    9.25462  -0.813
## site13R                          -11.90001    7.29200  -1.632
## site14R                           -9.17440   14.98167  -0.612
## site15R                          -19.62211   13.55122  -1.448
## site16R                           -8.11742    5.92862  -1.369
## site17R                           64.73006   13.66194   4.738
## site18R                           -1.55520    9.77018  -0.159
## site19R                           -3.58325    6.80237  -0.527
## site20R                           -2.31524    5.56750  -0.416
## site21R                          -11.32128   12.61309  -0.898
## site22R                          -14.16041    4.35813  -3.249
## site23R                          -22.50471    8.17806  -2.752
## site24R                            1.75946    4.99443   0.352
## site25R                           -8.54806    5.57653  -1.533
## site28R                          -15.36779    7.88711  -1.948
## site29R                           -3.59362   13.25125  -0.271
## site31R                           -0.80392    5.82050  -0.138
## site32R                           10.69109    8.75548   1.221
## site33R                           -5.90359    7.33999  -0.804
## site34R                           -5.01541    4.98885  -1.005
## site35R                          -14.44990    7.83288  -1.845
## site36R                            3.63778    5.92638   0.614
## site37R                            0.03879    6.53634   0.006
## site38R                           -1.06175    4.40254  -0.241
## site39R                           15.11915   13.35999   1.132
## site40R                            1.48777    9.31685   0.160
## site41R                          -13.97336    7.70100  -1.814
## site42R                          -10.82952    4.38587  -2.469
## time_firstPFT:Soil_5yrPreCensor    1.58383    2.10948   0.751
## time_firstPFT:disadv               1.41828    1.10835   1.280
## time_firstPFT:dich_RaceNon-White  -0.59420    1.11081  -0.535
## time_firstPFT:sexF                 0.71498    0.65455   1.092
## time_firstPFT:age_dx              -0.03982    0.03425  -1.163
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxFormer       -0.61125    0.67187  -0.910
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxAlways       -6.30536    6.04136  -1.044
## time_firstPFT:smokeHxUnknown       2.19685    1.66436   1.320
## time_firstPFT:site02R            -33.02728   18.56642  -1.779
## time_firstPFT:site03R             -1.66304    6.12420  -0.272
## time_firstPFT:site04R             -2.58914    6.28735  -0.412
## time_firstPFT:site05R             -3.33905    7.57401  -0.441
## time_firstPFT:site07R             -2.18573    1.44744  -1.510
## time_firstPFT:site09R              2.09074    4.23281   0.494
## time_firstPFT:site101             -0.72961    1.09227  -0.668
## time_firstPFT:site102             -0.83266    2.20574  -0.377
## time_firstPFT:site103              1.86701    1.12734   1.656
## time_firstPFT:site104              2.19243    3.80975   0.575
## time_firstPFT:site105              0.06545    1.12590   0.058
## time_firstPFT:site106              1.82462    1.64416   1.110
## time_firstPFT:site107            -12.30952    8.18252  -1.504
## time_firstPFT:site108              4.59675    3.58296   1.283
## time_firstPFT:site11R              5.10390    2.89298   1.764
## time_firstPFT:site12R              1.82885    4.02158   0.455
## time_firstPFT:site13R             -0.26528    3.98332  -0.067
## time_firstPFT:site14R             -9.57911   23.72533  -0.404
## time_firstPFT:site15R             -2.50201   14.17693  -0.176
## time_firstPFT:site16R             -1.23599    2.67818  -0.462
## time_firstPFT:site18R            -11.40527   13.04629  -0.874
## time_firstPFT:site19R              0.93350    5.24722   0.178
## time_firstPFT:site20R              0.44461    3.43862   0.129
## time_firstPFT:site21R              5.50417    4.78671   1.150
## time_firstPFT:site22R              5.78716    2.83906   2.038
## time_firstPFT:site23R             21.83471   26.84115   0.813
## time_firstPFT:site24R             -3.15714    2.48453  -1.271
## time_firstPFT:site25R             -1.11108    3.02507  -0.367
## time_firstPFT:site28R             -8.58194   13.16016  -0.652
## time_firstPFT:site29R             -1.09865    5.13160  -0.214
## time_firstPFT:site31R              2.14150    2.02626   1.057
## time_firstPFT:site32R             -3.17065    4.81799  -0.658
## time_firstPFT:site33R             -4.93430    4.01229  -1.230
## time_firstPFT:site34R              1.00917    2.41200   0.418
## time_firstPFT:site35R              9.32291    4.65197   2.004
## time_firstPFT:site36R              4.91040    2.97271   1.652
## time_firstPFT:site37R             -1.06197    2.95384  -0.360
## time_firstPFT:site38R             -1.99144    1.90438  -1.046
## time_firstPFT:site39R            -30.66333   10.49965  -2.920
## time_firstPFT:site40R              1.21851    4.62706   0.263
## time_firstPFT:site41R              4.39457    6.68059   0.658
## time_firstPFT:site42R             -3.10085    5.95926  -0.520
## 
## Correlation matrix not shown by default, as p = 105 > 12.
## Use print(x, correlation=TRUE)  or
##     vcov(x)        if you need it
## fit warnings:
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## Some predictor variables are on very different scales: consider rescaling
icc(DLCO_lmer2)
## # Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
## 
##     Adjusted ICC: 0.800
##   Unadjusted ICC: 0.527
report(DLCO_lmer2)
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## fixed-effect model matrix is rank deficient so dropping 5 columns / coefficients
## We fitted a linear mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer)
## to predict dlco_pct with time_firstPFT (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT *
## Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race +
## time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx +
## time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as
## random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total
## explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related
## to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept,
## corresponding to time_firstPFT = 0, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038)
## = 7.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## Soil_5yrPreCensor (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to
## Soil_5yrPreCensor = 0, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p <
## .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## disadv (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to disadv = 0,
## is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## dich_Race (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to dich_Race =
## White, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## sex (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to sex = M, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22,
## 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## age_dx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to age_dx = 0,
## is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within this
## model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## smokeHx (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to smokeHx =
## Never, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation., We fitted a linear mixed
## model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct with
## site (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor + time_firstPFT
## * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex + time_firstPFT *
## age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site + cluster(cohort)). The
## model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula: ~1 + time_firstPFT |
## ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial (conditional R2 = 0.87)
## and the part related to the fixed effects alone (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The
## model's intercept, corresponding to site = Simmons, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22,
## 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation. and We fitted a linear
## mixed model (estimated using REML and nloptwrap optimizer) to predict dlco_pct
## with cohort (formula: dlco_pct ~ 1 + time_firstPFT * Soil_5yrPreCensor +
## time_firstPFT * disadv + time_firstPFT * dich_Race + time_firstPFT * sex +
## time_firstPFT * age_dx + time_firstPFT * smokeHx + time_firstPFT * site +
## cluster(cohort)). The model included time_firstPFT as random effects (formula:
## ~1 + time_firstPFT | ID). The model's total explanatory power is substantial
## (conditional R2 = 0.87) and the part related to the fixed effects alone
## (marginal R2) is of 0.34. The model's intercept, corresponding to cohort =
## CARE-PF, is at 39.37 (95% CI [29.22, 49.52], t(2038) = 7.61, p < .001). Within
## this model:
## 
##   - The effect of time firstPFT is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.50, 95% CI [-8.15, 1.16], t(2038) = -1.47, p = 0.141; Std. beta =
## -0.55, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.37])
##   - The effect of Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -3.58, 95% CI [-11.72, 4.56], t(2038) = -0.86, p = 0.388; Std. beta =
## -0.02, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.12])
##   - The effect of disadv is statistically significant and negative (beta = -5.34,
## 95% CI [-9.93, -0.75], t(2038) = -2.28, p = 0.023; Std. beta = -0.06, 95% CI
## [-0.15, 0.03])
##   - The effect of dich Race [Non-White] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.96, 95% CI [-7.46, 1.53], t(2038) = -1.29, p = 0.196; Std.
## beta = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.05])
##   - The effect of sex [F] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta =
## -2.55, 95% CI [-5.33, 0.23], t(2038) = -1.80, p = 0.072; Std. beta = -0.10, 95%
## CI [-0.29, 0.09])
##   - The effect of age dx is statistically non-significant and positive (beta =
## 0.14, 95% CI [-6.10e-03, 0.28], t(2038) = 1.88, p = 0.060; Std. beta = 0.05,
## 95% CI [-0.04, 0.14])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Former] is statistically significant and negative
## (beta = -2.85, 95% CI [-5.62, -0.08], t(2038) = -2.02, p = 0.044; Std. beta =
## -0.26, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.06])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Always] is statistically non-significant and positive
## (beta = 9.53, 95% CI [-4.32, 23.38], t(2038) = 1.35, p = 0.177; Std. beta =
## -2.67e-03, 95% CI [-1.26, 1.25])
##   - The effect of smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically non-significant and negative
## (beta = -2.89, 95% CI [-9.13, 3.36], t(2038) = -0.91, p = 0.365; Std. beta =
## 0.03, 95% CI [-0.43, 0.49])
##   - The effect of site [02R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.79, 95% CI [-32.25, 20.68], t(2038) = -0.43, p = 0.668; Std. beta = -3.80,
## 95% CI [-7.22, -0.38])
##   - The effect of site [03R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 22.94, 95% CI [3.11, 42.76], t(2038) = 2.27, p = 0.023; Std. beta = 1.39, 95%
## CI [0.06, 2.72])
##   - The effect of site [04R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -4.61, 95% CI [-22.61, 13.39], t(2038) = -0.50, p = 0.616; Std. beta = -0.58,
## 95% CI [-2.02, 0.86])
##   - The effect of site [05R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.12, 95% CI [-28.27, 2.02], t(2038) = -1.70, p = 0.089; Std. beta = -1.24,
## 95% CI [-2.73, 0.26])
##   - The effect of site [06R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.16, 95% CI [-33.69, 19.37], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.597; Std. beta = -0.49,
## 95% CI [-2.29, 1.32])
##   - The effect of site [07R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.86, 95% CI [-3.38, 11.09], t(2038) = 1.05, p = 0.296; Std. beta = 0.04, 95%
## CI [-0.44, 0.51])
##   - The effect of site [09R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.24, 95% CI [-29.65, 7.16], t(2038) = -1.20, p = 0.231; Std. beta = -0.55,
## 95% CI [-1.82, 0.73])
##   - The effect of site [101] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 20.03, 95% CI [14.99, 25.08], t(2038) = 7.79, p < .001; Std. beta = 1.29, 95%
## CI [0.94, 1.63])
##   - The effect of site [102] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.53, 95% CI [-2.22, 17.28], t(2038) = 1.51, p = 0.130; Std. beta = 0.43, 95%
## CI [-0.23, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [103] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.39, 95% CI [-7.26, 2.49], t(2038) = -0.96, p = 0.337; Std. beta = 0.03,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 0.37])
##   - The effect of site [104] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.21, 95% CI [-19.61, 1.18], t(2038) = -1.74, p = 0.082; Std. beta = -0.40,
## 95% CI [-1.28, 0.48])
##   - The effect of site [105] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.81, 95% CI [-3.27, 6.89], t(2038) = 0.70, p = 0.484; Std. beta = 0.13, 95%
## CI [-0.21, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [106] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.45, 95% CI [-12.14, 1.24], t(2038) = -1.60, p = 0.110; Std. beta = -0.18,
## 95% CI [-0.63, 0.27])
##   - The effect of site [107] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 7.45, 95% CI [-11.32, 26.22], t(2038) = 0.78, p = 0.436; Std. beta = -0.76,
## 95% CI [-2.40, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [108] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.79, 95% CI [-18.09, 12.50], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.720; Std. beta = 0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.73, 1.30])
##   - The effect of site [10R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.18, 95% CI [-26.11, 26.47], t(2038) = 0.01, p = 0.989; Std. beta = 0.01,
## 95% CI [-1.77, 1.80])
##   - The effect of site [11R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.24, 95% CI [-11.70, 11.22], t(2038) = -0.04, p = 0.968; Std. beta = 0.51,
## 95% CI [-0.31, 1.33])
##   - The effect of site [12R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -7.53, 95% CI [-25.68, 10.62], t(2038) = -0.81, p = 0.416; Std. beta = -0.32,
## 95% CI [-1.59, 0.95])
##   - The effect of site [13R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.90, 95% CI [-26.20, 2.40], t(2038) = -1.63, p = 0.103; Std. beta = -0.84,
## 95% CI [-1.80, 0.13])
##   - The effect of site [14R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -9.17, 95% CI [-38.56, 20.21], t(2038) = -0.61, p = 0.540; Std. beta = -1.61,
## 95% CI [-5.05, 1.83])
##   - The effect of site [15R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -19.62, 95% CI [-46.20, 6.95], t(2038) = -1.45, p = 0.148; Std. beta = -1.59,
## 95% CI [-4.23, 1.05])
##   - The effect of site [16R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.12, 95% CI [-19.74, 3.51], t(2038) = -1.37, p = 0.171; Std. beta = -0.68,
## 95% CI [-1.50, 0.14])
##   - The effect of site [17R] is statistically significant and positive (beta =
## 64.73, 95% CI [37.94, 91.52], t(2038) = 4.74, p < .001; Std. beta = 4.40, 95%
## CI [2.58, 6.22])
##   - The effect of site [18R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.56, 95% CI [-20.72, 17.61], t(2038) = -0.16, p = 0.874; Std. beta = -1.28,
## 95% CI [-3.83, 1.27])
##   - The effect of site [19R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.58, 95% CI [-16.92, 9.76], t(2038) = -0.53, p = 0.598; Std. beta = -0.15,
## 95% CI [-1.30, 1.01])
##   - The effect of site [20R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -2.32, 95% CI [-13.23, 8.60], t(2038) = -0.42, p = 0.678; Std. beta = -0.11,
## 95% CI [-0.93, 0.71])
##   - The effect of site [21R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -11.32, 95% CI [-36.06, 13.41], t(2038) = -0.90, p = 0.370; Std. beta =
## -0.20, 95% CI [-1.79, 1.38])
##   - The effect of site [22R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -14.16, 95% CI [-22.71, -5.61], t(2038) = -3.25, p = 0.001; Std. beta = -0.37,
## 95% CI [-1.02, 0.29])
##   - The effect of site [23R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -22.50, 95% CI [-38.54, -6.47], t(2038) = -2.75, p = 0.006; Std. beta = 0.72,
## 95% CI [-4.28, 5.73])
##   - The effect of site [24R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.76, 95% CI [-8.04, 11.55], t(2038) = 0.35, p = 0.725; Std. beta = -0.21,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 0.47])
##   - The effect of site [25R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -8.55, 95% CI [-19.48, 2.39], t(2038) = -1.53, p = 0.125; Std. beta = -0.70,
## 95% CI [-1.46, 0.07])
##   - The effect of site [28R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -15.37, 95% CI [-30.84, 0.10], t(2038) = -1.95, p = 0.051; Std. beta = -1.93,
## 95% CI [-4.53, 0.67])
##   - The effect of site [29R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -3.59, 95% CI [-29.58, 22.39], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786; Std. beta = -0.36,
## 95% CI [-1.97, 1.26])
##   - The effect of site [31R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -0.80, 95% CI [-12.22, 10.61], t(2038) = -0.14, p = 0.890; Std. beta = 0.17,
## 95% CI [-0.56, 0.90])
##   - The effect of site [32R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 10.69, 95% CI [-6.48, 27.86], t(2038) = 1.22, p = 0.222; Std. beta = 0.40,
## 95% CI [-0.88, 1.67])
##   - The effect of site [33R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.90, 95% CI [-20.30, 8.49], t(2038) = -0.80, p = 0.421; Std. beta = -0.91,
## 95% CI [-1.99, 0.17])
##   - The effect of site [34R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -5.02, 95% CI [-14.80, 4.77], t(2038) = -1.01, p = 0.315; Std. beta = -0.24,
## 95% CI [-0.91, 0.44])
##   - The effect of site [35R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -14.45, 95% CI [-29.81, 0.91], t(2038) = -1.84, p = 0.065; Std. beta = -0.02,
## 95% CI [-1.12, 1.08])
##   - The effect of site [36R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 3.64, 95% CI [-7.98, 15.26], t(2038) = 0.61, p = 0.539; Std. beta = 0.75, 95%
## CI [-0.08, 1.59])
##   - The effect of site [37R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 0.04, 95% CI [-12.78, 12.86], t(2038) = 5.94e-03, p = 0.995; Std. beta =
## -0.11, 95% CI [-0.97, 0.75])
##   - The effect of site [38R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -1.06, 95% CI [-9.70, 7.57], t(2038) = -0.24, p = 0.809; Std. beta = -0.28,
## 95% CI [-0.85, 0.30])
##   - The effect of site [39R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 15.12, 95% CI [-11.08, 41.32], t(2038) = 1.13, p = 0.258; Std. beta = -2.14,
## 95% CI [-4.32, 0.05])
##   - The effect of site [40R] is statistically non-significant and positive (beta
## = 1.49, 95% CI [-16.78, 19.76], t(2038) = 0.16, p = 0.873; Std. beta = 0.23,
## 95% CI [-1.10, 1.56])
##   - The effect of site [41R] is statistically non-significant and negative (beta
## = -13.97, 95% CI [-29.08, 1.13], t(2038) = -1.81, p = 0.070; Std. beta = -0.50,
## 95% CI [-1.87, 0.87])
##   - The effect of site [42R] is statistically significant and negative (beta =
## -10.83, 95% CI [-19.43, -2.23], t(2038) = -2.47, p = 0.014; Std. beta = -1.06,
## 95% CI [-2.16, 0.04])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × Soil 5yrPreCensor is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 1.58, 95% CI [-2.55, 5.72], t(2038) =
## 0.75, p = 0.453; Std. beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.08, 0.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × disadv is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.42, 95% CI [-0.76, 3.59], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.201; Std.
## beta = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.13])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × dich Race [Non-White] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.59, 95% CI [-2.77, 1.58], t(2038) =
## -0.53, p = 0.593; Std. beta = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.34, 0.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × sex [F] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.71, 95% CI [-0.57, 2.00], t(2038) = 1.09, p = 0.275; Std.
## beta = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × age dx is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.03], t(2038) = -1.16, p = 0.245; Std.
## beta = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.03])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Former] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.93, 0.71], t(2038) =
## -0.91, p = 0.363; Std. beta = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.24, 0.09])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Always] is statistically
## non-significant and negative (beta = -6.31, 95% CI [-18.15, 5.54], t(2038) =
## -1.04, p = 0.297; Std. beta = -0.78, 95% CI [-2.25, 0.69])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × smokeHx [Unknown] is statistically
## non-significant and positive (beta = 2.20, 95% CI [-1.07, 5.46], t(2038) =
## 1.32, p = 0.187; Std. beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.13, 0.68])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [02R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -33.03, 95% CI [-69.44, 3.38], t(2038) = -1.78, p = 0.075;
## Std. beta = -4.10, 95% CI [-8.62, 0.42])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [03R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.66, 95% CI [-13.67, 10.35], t(2038) = -0.27, p = 0.786;
## Std. beta = -0.21, 95% CI [-1.70, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [04R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.59, 95% CI [-14.92, 9.74], t(2038) = -0.41, p = 0.681; Std.
## beta = -0.32, 95% CI [-1.85, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [05R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.34, 95% CI [-18.19, 11.51], t(2038) = -0.44, p = 0.659;
## Std. beta = -0.41, 95% CI [-2.26, 1.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [07R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.19, 95% CI [-5.02, 0.65], t(2038) = -1.51, p = 0.131; Std.
## beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.08])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [09R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.09, 95% CI [-6.21, 10.39], t(2038) = 0.49, p = 0.621; Std.
## beta = 0.26, 95% CI [-0.77, 1.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [101] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.87, 1.41], t(2038) = -0.67, p = 0.504; Std.
## beta = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.18])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [102] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.83, 95% CI [-5.16, 3.49], t(2038) = -0.38, p = 0.706; Std.
## beta = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.43])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [103] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.87, 95% CI [-0.34, 4.08], t(2038) = 1.66, p = 0.098; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.51])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [104] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.19, 95% CI [-5.28, 9.66], t(2038) = 0.58, p = 0.565; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.65, 1.20])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [105] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.07, 95% CI [-2.14, 2.27], t(2038) = 0.06, p = 0.954; Std.
## beta = 8.11e-03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [106] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.82, 95% CI [-1.40, 5.05], t(2038) = 1.11, p = 0.267; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.17, 0.63])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [107] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -12.31, 95% CI [-28.36, 3.74], t(2038) = -1.50, p = 0.133;
## Std. beta = -1.53, 95% CI [-3.52, 0.46])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [108] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.60, 95% CI [-2.43, 11.62], t(2038) = 1.28, p = 0.200; Std.
## beta = 0.57, 95% CI [-0.30, 1.44])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [11R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.10, 95% CI [-0.57, 10.78], t(2038) = 1.76, p = 0.078; Std.
## beta = 0.63, 95% CI [-0.07, 1.34])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [12R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.83, 95% CI [-6.06, 9.72], t(2038) = 0.45, p = 0.649; Std.
## beta = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.75, 1.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [13R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -0.27, 95% CI [-8.08, 7.55], t(2038) = -0.07, p = 0.947; Std.
## beta = -0.03, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.94])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [14R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -9.58, 95% CI [-56.11, 36.95], t(2038) = -0.40, p = 0.686;
## Std. beta = -1.19, 95% CI [-6.96, 4.58])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [15R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -2.50, 95% CI [-30.30, 25.30], t(2038) = -0.18, p = 0.860;
## Std. beta = -0.31, 95% CI [-3.76, 3.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [16R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.24, 95% CI [-6.49, 4.02], t(2038) = -0.46, p = 0.644; Std.
## beta = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.81, 0.50])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [18R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -11.41, 95% CI [-36.99, 14.18], t(2038) = -0.87, p = 0.382;
## Std. beta = -1.42, 95% CI [-4.59, 1.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [19R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.93, 95% CI [-9.36, 11.22], t(2038) = 0.18, p = 0.859; Std.
## beta = 0.12, 95% CI [-1.16, 1.39])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [20R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 0.44, 95% CI [-6.30, 7.19], t(2038) = 0.13, p = 0.897; Std.
## beta = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.89])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [21R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 5.50, 95% CI [-3.88, 14.89], t(2038) = 1.15, p = 0.250; Std.
## beta = 0.68, 95% CI [-0.48, 1.85])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [22R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 5.79, 95% CI [0.22, 11.35], t(2038) = 2.04, p = 0.042; Std.
## beta = 0.72, 95% CI [0.03, 1.41])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [23R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 21.83, 95% CI [-30.80, 74.47], t(2038) = 0.81, p = 0.416; Std.
## beta = 2.71, 95% CI [-3.82, 9.24])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [24R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.16, 95% CI [-8.03, 1.72], t(2038) = -1.27, p = 0.204; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.00, 0.21])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [25R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.11, 95% CI [-7.04, 4.82], t(2038) = -0.37, p = 0.713; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-0.87, 0.60])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [28R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -8.58, 95% CI [-34.39, 17.23], t(2038) = -0.65, p = 0.514;
## Std. beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-4.27, 2.14])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [29R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.10, 95% CI [-11.16, 8.97], t(2038) = -0.21, p = 0.830; Std.
## beta = -0.14, 95% CI [-1.38, 1.11])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [31R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 2.14, 95% CI [-1.83, 6.12], t(2038) = 1.06, p = 0.291; Std.
## beta = 0.27, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.76])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [32R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.17, 95% CI [-12.62, 6.28], t(2038) = -0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.57, 0.78])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [33R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -4.93, 95% CI [-12.80, 2.93], t(2038) = -1.23, p = 0.219; Std.
## beta = -0.61, 95% CI [-1.59, 0.36])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [34R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.01, 95% CI [-3.72, 5.74], t(2038) = 0.42, p = 0.676; Std.
## beta = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.46, 0.71])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [35R] is statistically significant and
## positive (beta = 9.32, 95% CI [0.20, 18.45], t(2038) = 2.00, p = 0.045; Std.
## beta = 1.16, 95% CI [0.02, 2.29])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [36R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.91, 95% CI [-0.92, 10.74], t(2038) = 1.65, p = 0.099; Std.
## beta = 0.61, 95% CI [-0.11, 1.33])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [37R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.06, 95% CI [-6.85, 4.73], t(2038) = -0.36, p = 0.719; Std.
## beta = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.85, 0.59])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [38R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -1.99, 95% CI [-5.73, 1.74], t(2038) = -1.05, p = 0.296; Std.
## beta = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.22])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [39R] is statistically significant and
## negative (beta = -30.66, 95% CI [-51.25, -10.07], t(2038) = -2.92, p = 0.004;
## Std. beta = -3.80, 95% CI [-6.36, -1.25])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [40R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 1.22, 95% CI [-7.86, 10.29], t(2038) = 0.26, p = 0.792; Std.
## beta = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.97, 1.28])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [41R] is statistically non-significant and
## positive (beta = 4.39, 95% CI [-8.71, 17.50], t(2038) = 0.66, p = 0.511; Std.
## beta = 0.55, 95% CI [-1.08, 2.17])
##   - The effect of time firstPFT × site [42R] is statistically non-significant and
## negative (beta = -3.10, 95% CI [-14.79, 8.59], t(2038) = -0.52, p = 0.603; Std.
## beta = -0.38, 95% CI [-1.83, 1.07])
## 
## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized
## version of the dataset. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and p-values were
## computed using a Wald t-distribution approximation.